Release Of Bioactive Compounds Research Articles

Fabrication of biopolymer stabilized microcapsules for enhancing physicochemical stability, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of cinnamon essential oil

The current study entails the encapsulation validity to enclose naturally occurring food preservatives, such as cinnamon essential oil (CM), within various wall materials. This approach has demonstrated enhanced encapsulated compounds' stability, efficiency, and bioactivity. The base carrier system consisted of a solid lipid (Berry wax, RW) individually blended with whey protein (WYN), maltodextrin (MDN), and gum Arabic (GMC) as wall materials. The resulting formulations were freeze-dried: WYN/RW/CM, MDN/RW/CM, and GMC/RW/CM. The study comprehensively analyzed encapsulation efficiency, morphology, crystallinity, thermal, and physiochemical properties. When RW was combined with WYN, MDN, and GMC, the microcapsule WYN/RW/CM showed the highest efficiency at 93.4 %, while the GMC/RW/CM exhibited the highest relative crystallinity at 46.54 %. Furthermore, the investigation assessed storage stability, release of bioactive compounds, and oxidative stability during storage at 4 °C/ 25 % RH ± 5 % and 25 °C/40 % RH ± 5 % for 55 days, revealing optimal stability in the WYN/RW/CM microcapsule. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity was assessed at various concentrations of microcapsules, revealing their inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) bacteria. The WYN/RW/CM microcapsule exhibited the highest inhibition activity in both strains, reaching 40 mm. This study demonstrates that combining WYN with RW as a wall material has greater efficiency in encapsulation and potential uses in various industrial sectors.

Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds, Release Profiles, and Toxicity Test from Microcapsules Containing R. tuberosa L. Extracts Utilizing Gum Arabic

This study is essential to analyze the toxicity and release of bioactive compounds in R. tuberosa L. extract microcapsules coated with gum Arabic and to provide information on the use of microcapsules as a drug delivery system with controlled release of active ingredients. Investigations focused on the effect of pH and timing on discharge kinetics, as well as toxicity evaluation. The release of active ingredients from microcapsules was carried out in medium variations, namely pH 2.2 and pH 7.4, with release durations of 30, 60-, 90-, 120-, and 150-min. Bioactive compounds were released by 59.23% at pH 2.2 and 58.21% at pH 7.4 within 150 min. The BSLT (brine shrimp lethal toxicity) assay was used using brine shrimp larvae (Artemia salina L.), resulting in a non-toxic classification as evidenced by an LC50 value of 5729 μg/mL. Microcapsules in optimum conditions were then characterized using FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) instruments. The FTIR analysis showed variations in functional groups in R. tuberosa L. extracts, gum Arabic, and microcapsules. Furthermore, the SEM examination highlighted the morphology of microcapsules that were mostly spherical.

Comparison of Extraction Techniques for Determining Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Spirulina platensis

Spirulina platensis (S. platensis) is a high-nutrient blue-green algae that has been used as a food supplement for a long time. It contains carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds essential for basic human nutrition. It is known to have anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and hypocholesterolemic properties due to the bioactive compounds it contains. In this study, the effects of freeze-thawing, a rapid freezing (-20°C) and thawing (4°C) process, and ultrasonically assisted extraction techniques on the color, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, and phenolic composition of Spirulina platensis extracts were investigated. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts obtained was determined by two different methods, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazollin-6-sulfonic acid)). The sugar profile was determined by HPLC-RID and phenolic composition was determined by HPLC-ESI-DAD-MS/MS. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of samples prepared by the freeze-thawing were higher than those prepared by ultrasonic-assisted conventional extraction technique. In addition to ferulic acid 4-O-glucuronide and brevifolin carboxylate, an isocoumarin derivative, as the dominant phenolic compound in S. platensis extracts, a total of 10 phenolic compounds including catechin isomer, resveratrol C-hexoside, myricetin, ferulic acid, gallic acid, phloroglucinol, and lutein were detected. Glucose was the predominant sugar in both samples. The total sugar content was higher in the freeze-thawed samples (217.92 mg/100 g DW) than in the ultrasonic-assisted conventional extraction technique (182.91 mg/100 g DW). S. platensis has a significant amount of antioxidants, valuable secondary metabolites, and potential commercial applications and medicinal properties, but releasing these compounds is difficult due to the cell wall. This study was carried out to determine how different extraction techniques alter the release of bioactive compounds.

Edible oleogels for oral delivery of berberine in dairy food: In-vitro digestion study.

Oleogel is a viscoelastic, spreadable and semi-solid structure, which is used as a fat substitute and a controller the release of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to develop low fat dairy dessert enriched with berberine with applying oleogel system as delivery system and fat replacer. The oleogel prepared with an emulsion-templated methods based on soluble interaction of whey protein concentrate (WPC), WPC-basil seed gum (BSG), and WPC-xanthan gum (XG). In the first step, berberine release kinetic in in-vitro gastrointestinal environment was studied. The results showed that the mouth environment had the highest release rate of berberine. Cooperation of hydrocolloids in oleogel increase stability of structure in stomach condition in compared with WPC oleogel. The suitable model to fit the oleogels contain beberine was the Korsmeyer-Papas that was the highest R 2 (.98). According to release results of berberine from oleogel network, the oleogel 0.6BSG:WPC was chosen and applied in formulation of dairy dessert at different levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of oleogel) instead of cream. The dessert contained uncoated berberine had the unacceptable bitterness in comparison with samples containing coated berberine with oleogel. The overall acceptance decreased with increment of oleogel due to increasing of bitter taste. Appling berberine (therapeutic compound) and oleogel (fat-substitute) to achieve marketable consumer products showed positive effects on trend of the study, especially at low level of substitution.

Sustainable Valorization of Industrial Cherry Pomace: A Novel Cascade Approach Using Pulsed Electric Fields and Ultrasound Assisted-Extraction.

In this study, a two-stage cascade extraction process utilizing pulsed electric fields (PEF) (3 kV/cm, 10 kJ/kg) for initial extraction, followed by ultrasound (US) (200 W, 20 min)-assisted extraction (UAE) in a 50% (v/v) ethanol-water mixture (T = 50 °C, t = 60 min), was designed for the efficient release of valuable intracellular compounds from industrial cherry pomace. The extracted compounds were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (FC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), and antioxidant activity (FRAP), and were compared with conventional solid-liquid extraction (SLE). Results showed that the highest release of bioactive compounds occurred in the first stage, which was attributed to the impact of PEF pre-treatment, resulting in significant increases in TPC (79%), FC (79%), TAC (83%), and FRAP values (80%) of the total content observed in the post-cascade PEF-UAE process. The integration of UAE into the cascade process further augmented the extraction efficiency, yielding 21%, 49%, 56%, and 26% increases for TPC, FC, TAC, and FRAP, respectively, as compared to extracts obtained through a second-stage conventional SLE. HPLC analysis identified neochlorogenic acid, 4-p-coumaroylquinic, and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside as the predominant phenolic compounds in both untreated and cascade-treated cherry pomace extracts, and no degradation of the specific compounds occurred upon PEF and US application. SEM analysis revealed microstructural changes in cherry pomace induced by PEF and UAE treatments, enhancing the porosity and facilitating the extraction process. The study suggests the efficiency of the proposed cascade PEF-UAE extraction approach for phenolic compounds from industrial cherry pomace with potential applications to other plant-based biomasses.

Potential of barley straw pretreated with a lignin inhibitor as an adjunct during beer production

SummaryBarley straw is an agricultural residue of low added value used for alcohol production through chemical pretreatments. However, chemical pretreatments are expensive and generate residues, preventing the possible application of this product in the food. This study aims to use piperonylic acid as a lignin inhibitor applied in a barley field to obtain a pretreated straw more accessible to structural carbohydrates, releasing fermentable sugars and partially replacing malt in beer. Straws showed structural and chemical changes with SEM, FTIR and compositional analysis. These changes enabled the fermentable sugars release when inserted in wort with 2.5% of barley straw, using cellulase isolated or a xylanase and cellulase mixture in 1:2 proportion, maintaining a final enzyme concentration of 16 U mL−1. Barley straw pretreated with lignin inhibitor can be used as a brewing adjunct, increasing the release of fermentable sugars and bioactive compounds.

Chemical versus Natural Biocide Compounds - Minireview on Antifouling Coatings

Marine biofouling is an old problem, known and studied for centuries, since the beginning of navigation. The accumulation of marine biofouling begins on the submerged portion of an ocean-going vessel or on any installation (equipments, pipes, platforms, etc.) within minutes of contact with seawater. Over time, this accumulation increases the ship's resistance, leading to increases in the physical resistance of the ship in the water, with negative consequences on fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, high maintenance costs (due to corrosion), and a negative impact on the marine environment (due to the release of toic bioactive compounds into the environment and the transfer of invasive species). These environmental issues were identified and recognized by the IMO, which in the early 1990s, through the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), adopted a resolution recommending that member governments adopt measures to eliminate TBT-based antifouling paints. These recommendations have led to the identification, development, and application of new antifouling technologies that could provide the maritime industry with a significant potential opportunity with an innovative, cost-effective, and efficient approach to the effects of marine biofouling. Our study aimed to make a small incursion in time, through the specialized literature on methods used to combat marine fouling, to highlight new research approaches to the identification and use of natural biocides to replace chemical ones. The targeting of research directions towards the identification of the most environmentally friendly antifouling compounds, in particular natural marine compounds, has been a focus of international researchers in recent years. To achieve this goal, going back to nature is currently the best option, as it could provide us with very effective models for research and development of antifouling coatings. In the development and modeling of new antifouling paints, the influence of the physical-chemical parameters of seawater (pH, salinity, temperature) on the chemical components (active groups) of the biocides used should not be ignored. The aim of this study is to highlight the importance of developing new antifouling paint technologies using biodegradable, non-toic, and environmentally friendly compounds according to international legislation. In recent years there has been an increasing emphasis in research studies on the combination of natural biocides (obtained through the valorization of marine wastes) with natural or synthetic hydrogels whose action is to minimize the attachment of marine fouling.

Multifunctional Pomegranate Peel Microparticles with Health-Promoting Effects for the Sustainable Development of Novel Nutraceuticals and Pharmaceuticals.

Recovering the bioactive components from pomegranate peel (PP) in the fruit-processing industry has attracted great attention in terms of minimizing the waste burden, as well as providing a new source of a multitude of functional compounds. The present study aimed to develop a feasible microencapsulation process of PP extract by using pectin and a pectin/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) blend as coating materials. Microsized powders obtained by a spray drying technique were examined in terms of technological characteristics, exhibiting high powder yield and desirable moisture content, flowability, and cohesive properties. Assuming that the interactions with the used biopolymers occur on the surface hydrophobic domain, their presence significantly improved the thermal stability of the microencapsulated powders up to 200 °C. The health-promoting effects of PP have been associated with its high content in ellagitannins, particularly punicalagin. The obtained PP powders exhibited strong antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential, while an antimicrobial assay revealed their potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, an in vitro release study suggested that the used biopolymers can modify the release of target bioactive compounds, thus establishing a basis for developing an oral-controlled release system. Altogether, biowaste valorization from PP by the production of effective multifunctional microsized powders represents a sustainable way to obtain novel nutraceuticals and/or pharmaceuticals.

Understanding the physical breakdown and catechin bioaccessibility of third generation extruded snacks enriched with catechin using the human gastric simulator.

The nutritional quality of third-generation snacks prepared from rice flour by extrusion can be improved by the addition of polyphenols such as catechins, which are known to be more stable at high temperatures. However, the extrusion parameters can impact the breakdown and release of bioactive compounds and decrease the catechin bioaccessibility. Accordingly, this study investigated the impact of different extrusion parameters, including different extrusion temperatures (110, 135, and 150 °C) and moisture content prior to extrusion (27 and 31%), on the breakdown and bioaccessibility of catechin-enriched snacks during in vitro dynamic digestion using the Human Gastric Simulator (HGS). The extrusion parameters did not significantly impact most measured variables by themselves, indicating that within the tested ranges, any of the processing conditions could be used to produce a product with similar digestive behavior. However, the interaction of extrusion parameters (temperature and moisture content) played a significant role in the snack behavior during digestion. For example, the combination of 27% moisture content and 150 °C extrusion temperature had higher catechin bioaccessibility and higher starch hydrolysis than the other treatments. Overall, these findings suggest that the processing conditions of third generation snacks enriched with catechin can be optimized within certain ranges with limited modifications in the digestive properties.

Bioaccessibility and unravelling of polyphenols, sulforaphane, and indoles biotransformation after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of a novel lactofermented broccoli beverage

The dialysed GID influences the release and transformation of bioactive compounds, potentially enhancing their bioaccessibility and subsequent health benefits.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of (poly)phenolic compounds from blueberry (Vaccinium Myrtillus) leaves

The present paper aims to discover the optimal conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of (poly)phenolic chemicals from blueberry (Vaccinium Myrtillus) leaves. UAE was performed under the following process conditions: temperature: 25 - 65 ?C, ethanol concentration in the extraction solvent: 30 - 90 vol.%, and solid-to-solvent ratio: 1:15 - 1:45 w/v. Statistical analysis was performed using Design-Expert software, using the Box-Behnken design. The study's Responses were the content of total (poly)phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins in the derived extracts. The results indicated that the corresponding response surface models were highly statistically significant (p < 0.0001) and sufficient to describe and predict the content of total (poly)phenols, the content of flavonoids and the content of anthocyanins with R2 of 0.9653, 0.9796 and 0.9720, respectively. The optimal conditions for the extraction are: for total (poly)phenols, 48.4?C, 51.3 vol.% ethanol, and 1:43.8 w/v solid-to-solvent ratio; for flavonoids, 58.5?C, 48.0 vol.% ethanol, and 1:29.8 w/v ratio; and for anthocyanins, 64.2?C, 73.5 vol.% ethanol, and 1:44.7 w/v ratio. The use of UAE enhances extraction yields by increasing the release of bioactive compounds, while the application of the Box-Behnken design allows for precise determination of optimal extraction parameters, thereby achieving maximum yields and efficiency.

Effect of edible coatings and films enriched with plant extracts and essential oils on the preservation of animal-derived foods.

Edible coatings and films for food preservation are becoming more popular thanks to their environmentally friendly properties and active ingredient-carrying ability. Their application can be effective in contrasting quality decay by limiting oxidation and deterioration of foods. Many reviews analyze the different compounds with which films and coatings can be created, their characteristics, and the effect when applied to food. However, the possibility of adding plant extracts and essential oils in edible coatings and films to preserve processed animal-derived products has been not exhaustively explored. The aim of this review is to summarize how edible coatings and films enriched with plant extracts (EXs) and essential oils (EOs) influence the physico-chemical and sensory features as well as the shelf-life of cheese, and processed meat and fish. Different studies showed that various EXs and EOs limited both oxidation and microbial growth after processing and during food preservation. Moreover, encapsulation has been found to be a valid technology to improve the solubility and stability of EOs and EXs, limiting strong flavor, controlling the release of bioactive compounds, and maintaining their stability during storage. Overall, the incorporation of EXs and EOs in edible coating and film to preserve processed foods can offer benefits for improving the shelf-life, limiting food losses, and creating a food sustainable chain.

Plant-based bigels for delivery of bioactive compounds: Influence of hydrogel:oleogel ratio and protein concentration on their physicochemical properties

Bigels are a class of soft matter systems with high potential in food industry as fortified ingredient replacers or food analogs. The aim of this work was to develop plant-based bigels using potato protein-based hydrogel and candelilla wax-based oleogel. The potato protein concentration and hydrogel:oleogel ratio effects on bigels production was assessed in terms of textural and rheological properties. The incorporation of curcumin and its bioaccessibility after in vitro digestion was also evaluated. All samples presented an oleogel-in-hydrogel structure arrangement. Increasing the protein concentration led to increased hardness and G*, improving the structure and consistency of bigels. The increase of oleogel fraction altered the distribution of oleogel droplets in the hydrogel matrix, affecting the hardness and the consistency of bigels. Overall, the increase of oleogel fraction and protein concentration allowed forming bigels with stronger mechanical properties and higher thermal resistance. The bigel showed a curcumin's bioaccessibility of 16.3 % and a curcumin's stability of 43.8 %, suggesting that this type of structures is promising for the delivery of bioactive compounds at the colon or for slow release of bioactive compounds. Overall, the results showed the possibility to develop potato protein-based bigels with interesting mechanical, rheological and thermal properties by changing the protein concentration and hydrogel:oleogel ratio, expanding the application of bigels in novel food products with high nutritional value and protein content, namely plant-based products.

Enrichment of Water Bodies with Phenolic Compounds Released from Betula and Pinus Pollen in Surface Water.

Betula and Pinus pollen, which are dispersed in natural surface waters, release biologically active compounds into the water bodies. This study aims to evaluate variations in the distribution and composition of phenolic compounds in suspended particles in natural water bodies during pollen spreading. Samples taken from water bodies of different trophic levels were analyzed by microscopy, UV/VIS spectroscopy, HPTLC, and HPLC/DAD. The study revealed that the total phenolic content in water-suspended particles varied from 3.0 mg/g to 11.0 mg/g during Betula and Pinus pollen spreading. It was also observed that the surface water of dystrophic natural lakes had a higher content of phenolic compounds than the eutrophic, hypereutrophic, and mesotrophic water bodies. Chlorogenic, trans-ferulic, vanillin, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acids were frequently detected in the surface water samples. Experimental measurements have shown variations in the release of phenolic compounds from Betula pollen into water (p < 0.05). After the exhibition of pollen, the distilled water predominantly contained bioactive chlorogenic acid. Further in situ investigations are necessary to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the function of phenolic compounds in aquatic ecosystems. The exploration of the release of bioactive compounds from pollen could provide valuable insights into the potential nutritional value of pollen as a nutrient source for aquaculture.

Prolonging broccoli shelf life through controlled release of plai essential oil using palm wood sachet as a novel absorbent material with reusable properties.

Palm wood powder derived from palm wood waste was utilized as a novel absorbent material. The investigation involved exploring its pore structure and size to achieve the controlled release of bioactive compounds from plai oil, providing protection against pathogenic bacteria and thereby extending the shelf life of broccoli. The palm wood sachet was prepared before being placed into the broccoli bag. The process to create the sachet involved freezing the palm wood at -10°C and then drying it at a temperature of 200°C. After drying, the material was ground to achieve a particle size of 20 mesh and then packaged into sachets made from wood pulp. The optimized palm wood plai oil sachet (PWPS), measuring 5×7cm, with a thickness of 0.58µm, was produced by soaking 2g of palm powder in plai oil at a concentration of 30µL/mL before drying and packing it inside a 5-L polyethylene plastic bag (24×34cm) along with broccoli (150g). The packages were kept at 4°C for 20days to determine the antimicrobial activity of the PWPS and broccoli quality. PWPS significantly inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes in broccoli for at least 20days. The sachet demonstrated complete inhibition of all bacteria when reused at least two times and an 80% reduction in efficacy after three uses. Moreover, the PWPS controlled the growth of total aerobic bacteria and yeast and mold in broccoli, meeting microbiological criteria for up to 14days. Broccoli stored with PWPS showed good quality results and contained high antioxidant value. These results demonstrate the potential application of PWPS in controlling food pathogens and spoilage microbes during storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study introduces a novel absorbent material made from palm wood powder, addressing the need for utilizing abundant waste palm wood in the food industry. The material benefits the safe transportation of vegetables from farms to markets. Its porous structure allows efficient absorption of plai oil emulsion, ensuring pathogen-free and high-quality treated broccoli. The reusable sachets benefit farmers seeking to extend the shelf life of fresh produce. This cost-effective method utilizes plai oil vapor, making it suitable for large-scale production.

Bael (Aegle marmelos L. Correa) fruit extracts encapsulated alginate nanoparticles as a potential dietary supplement with improved bioactivities.

Nanoencapsulated bael fruit (Aegle marmelos L. Correa (Family: Rutaceae)) extracts reveal novel prospects in the development of dietary supplements with improved biological activities in the field of the food industry. The main objectives of this study were to prepare and characterize aqueous, ethanol, 50% ethanol, and 50% acetone extracts of bael fruit encapsulated alginate nanoparticles and investigate the effect of encapsulation on in vitro release of polyphenols, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, and their stability. Bael fruit extracts encapsulated alginate nanoparticles were prepared using the ionic gelation method. Characterization, in vitro release profiles of polyphenols, determination of antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity, and accelerated stability were conducted. The results of the characterization confirmed the successful encapsulation of extracts of bael fruit in the alginate matrix. The aqueous extract of bael fruit encapsulated alginate nanoparticles exhibited a more controlled slow-release profile, accounting for 21.82%±1.17% and 48.14%±0.52% of polyphenols at solutions of pH 1.2 and pH 6.8, respectively. In general, the results of the bioactivity assessment suggested that nanoencapsulation could facilitate the enhancement of its antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The results of thermogravimetric analysis and thin layer chromatography fingerprint showed the stability of aqueous bael fruit extract encapsulated alginate nanoparticles at 27 and 4°C over a month. In summary, the results of this study revealed the potency of nanoencapsulated aqueous extract of bael fruit to develop a dietary supplement with improved antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The encapsulation of bael fruit extracts into a nanocarrier enhances bioactivities and promotes the controlled release of bioactive compounds. This could be useful in the future food industry, based on scientifically proven data, and inspire the market by means of the development of dietary supplements. Overall, the results would facilitate the formulation of novel commercially elegant nanoencapsulated dietary supplements with improved potential to manage a healthy life.

Development of composite electrospun films utilizing soy protein amyloid fibrils and pullulan for food packaging applications

Electrospun films (ESF) are gaining attention for active delivery due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. This study investigated the impact of adding soy protein amyloid fibrils (SAFs) to ESF. Functional ESF based on SAFs/pullulan were successfully fabricated, with SAFs clearly observed entangled in the electrospun fibers using fluorescence microscopy. The addition of SAFs improved the mechanical strength of the ESF threefold and increased its surface hydrophobicity from 24.8° to 49.9°. Moreover, the ESF demonstrated antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In simulated oral disintegration tests, almost 100% of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) dissolved within 4 min from the ESF. In summary, the incorporation of SAFs into ESF improved their mechanical strength, hydrophobicity, and enabled them to exhibit antibacterial properties, making them promising candidates for active delivery applications in food systems. Additionally, the ESF showed efficient release of EGCG, indicating their potential for controlled release of bioactive compounds.

The synergistic route for enhancing rice by-product derived nanoparticles in sustained release of bioactive compound

This work deals with enhancing the rice straw as precursor of cellulose-based nanoparticles in further application in production of nanogels for prolonging the bioactive compound (Carvedilol drug) release time (sustained release), till the release of the drug is continuous and useful, with minimal side effects. The benefit of the investigated nanogels was proved from comparing their sustaining release with patent and literature data. The nanogels were synthesized from chelating of cellulose-nanoparticles (ONC) in hybrid with palm extract (PE) by chitosan. The effective role of pulping reagent to prepare the pulp precursor of ONC was also assessed. The ONCs were prepared from different RS-pulp precursors, using soda, soda-anthraquinone-borohydride and AcOH-organosolv pulping reagents. FT-IR, SEM, non-isothermal TGA and swelling behavior of nanogels, in addition to their in vitro release of drug and kinetics were studied. The data showed that incorporating the PE to ONCs, especially from alkaline pulp-produced nanogels with highestsustaining behavior, where at 5 h the release % was decreased from ~ 50 to 33% and provided 50% CAR release at 24 h. This time was greater than reported by literature on using other drug carriers (10–18 h), which will stimulate the reduction of the number of doses. Almost all PE-containing gels followed the zero-order kinetic release.Graphical abstract

Recent Trends in Valorization of Food Industry Waste and By-Products: Encapsulation and In Vitro Release of Bioactive Compounds.

Food by-products and waste are a boundless source of bioactives, nutraceuticals, and naturally occurring substances that are good for human health. In fact, a lot of by-products and wastes are generated by several food businesses. Therefore, waste management and by-product utilization are the most important aspects of the food sector. According to various studies, many bioactive compounds such as phenolics, carotenoids, and proteins can be recovered as feed stock from various industries' by-products and wastes using potential technologies. As a result, current trends are shifting attention to the sustainable valorisation of food sector waste management and by-products utilization. Thus, the circular economy principles have been applied to the field of food science. The aim of the circular economy is to ensure environmental protection and promote economic development while minimizing the environmental impact of food production. All of these aspects of the circular economy, at present, have become a challenging area of research for by-product valorisation as well. Hence, this review aims to highlight the emerging trends in the efficient utilization of food industry waste and by-products by focusing on innovative encapsulation techniques and controlled release mechanisms of bioactive compounds extracted from food industry waste and by-products. This review also aims to suggest future research directions, and addresses regulatory and toxicity considerations, by fostering knowledge dissemination and encouraging eco-friendly approaches within the food industry. This review reveals the role of encapsulation strategies for the effective utilization of bioactive compounds extracted from food industry waste and by-products. However, further research is needed to address regulatory and toxicity considerations of encapsulated bioactive compounds and health-related concerns.

PH-Responsive Chitosan-Doped ZnO Hybrid Hydrogels for the Encapsulation of Bioactive Compounds in Aquaculture.

In this study, we synthesized and characterized pH-responsive Chitosan-AgCl-doped ZnO hybrid hydrogels and evaluated their potential for loading aquaculture bioactive compounds, and assessed their antimicrobial properties against a threatening pathogen associated with disease across a broad spectrum of warm water fish and invertebrates. Hydrogel characterization consisted of assessing morphology via SEM, composition via EDS, hydrogels' network components interactions via FT-IR and pH response through swelling behavior determinations. The swelling characterization of the synthesized hydrogels demonstrated a pH-responsive behavior, showing that low pH values caused the hydrogel polymeric network to expand and capture more of the aqueous solution. These characteristics make the synthesized hydrogels suitable for the encapsulation and controlled release of drugs and bioactive compounds in aquaculture. Chitosan_ZnO hybrid hydrogels showed great antimicrobial activity against Vibrio harveyi, even better than that of loaded PB hydrogels. Here, we provide evidence for the potential capacity of Chitosan_ZnO hybrid hydrogels for the preventive and curative treatment of diseases that impact aquaculture animal health and prevent drug resistance by bacteria.