Relay Board Research Articles

Microcontroller-Based Strategies for the Incorporation of Solar to Domestic Electricity

Microcontrollers have been largely used in applications that include reducing power consumption. Microcontroller development tools are now readily available. Many countries are faced with energy challenges such as lack of enough power capacity and growth in energy demand. It is therefore important to introduce innovative methods to reduce reliance on national grid energy and to supplement this source of energy with alternative methods. In this study, the microcontroller is used to monitor the energy consumed by household equipment and then decide, based on the power demand and available solar energy, the type of energy source to be used. In this research, a special circuit was also designed to control geyser power and align it to the capacity of the renewable energy source. This geyser control circuit includes a Dallas temperature sensor and a triode for alternating current (TRIAC) circuit that is included to control output current drawn from a low power, renewable energy source. Alternatively, two heating elements may be used instead of the TRIAC circuit. The first heating element is powered by solar to maintain the water temperature and to save energy. The second heating element is powered by national grid power and is used for the initial heating, and therefore saves water heating time. The strategy used was by adding a programmed microcontroller-based control circuit and a low power element or one current controlled element to a geyser whereby Photovoltaic (PV) energy was used to save the energy geysers consume from the domestic electricity source when they are not in use. A microcontroller, current sensor, battery level sensor, and relay board was used to incorporate solar-based renewable energy to the commercial energy supply.

Automated Solid Set Canopy Delivery System for Large-Scale Spray Applications in Perennial Specialty Crops

Abstract. A solid set canopy delivery system (SSCDS) has the potential to be an efficient spraying technique because it minimizes chemical drift and allows timely spray applications even under adverse field conditions. A conventional SSCDS, working as a hydraulic spraying system, is controlled manually. Such operation makes it labor and time intensive for spray application in larger orchards. Therefore, a new hardware and software design was implemented in this project for field-level automation of a conventional SSCDS. An electronic control system (ECS) and a spray control unit (SCU) were developed and integrated with an improvised conventional SSCDS. A graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to provide user inputs to the ECS for valve actuation-based decision making. The SCU consisted of a microcontroller, a relay board, and a radio frequency (RF) module assisting in actuation of the solenoid valves in the desired sequence with commands from the ECS. Integrated RF trans-receiver modules facilitated closed-loop wireless communication between the ECS and SCU. This technical note elaborates on the successful integration of the hardware and software to achieve SSCDS automation and functionality, as well as the performance evaluation in a vineyard. The results confirmed the envisioned triggering sequence and solenoid valve actuation for different operating stages of the SSCDS over 120 m loop length. Moreover, the automated SSCDS had no significant differences in spray volume or pressure along the loop up to 82 m. Overall, the proposed integration will aid in automating SSCDS-based spray operation for larger orchards. To validate such a setup, further studies are planned for a centrally located control station and spraying several adjacent plots at a time. Keywords: Agricultural automation, Electronic control system, Precision spray application, Solid set canopy delivery, Spray control unit, Wireless communication.

Purwarupa Sistem Pendataan Pengunjung dan Pengendalian Perangkat Laboratorium Dalam Pengembangan Smart Campus

Sistem pendataan pengunjung laboratorium berfungsi sebagai pendataan waktu keluar-masuk pengunjung laboratorium, sedangkan sistem pengendali perangkat mengendalikan perangkat kelistrikan seperti pendingin ruangan, lampu, dan kunci pintu, semua terintegrasi sebagai satu sistem sebagai implementasi dari pengembangan Smart Campus yaitu kampus yang memberikan kenyamanan dan keamanan bagi dosen, staff dan mahasiswa. Hardware yang digunakan adalah solenoid lock door, papan relay, pembaca RFID, kabel serial dan dua unit mikrokontroler Arduino, sedangkan software yang digunakan adalah skrip Node.js (JavaScript runtime environment) sebagai pusat logika dan komunikasi, program Arduino pada mikrokontroler Arduino pertama, dan firmware Firmata pada mikrokontroler Arduino kedua, dan aplikasi XAMPP sebagai server halaman web yang menggunakan framework Bootstrap, serta library Javascript diantaranya AngularJS, JQuery dan Javascript Bootstrap. MySQL, sebagai basis data, menggunakan serial protocol. Selanjutnya pelengkap solusi sistem adalah websocket dan Johnny-Five Framework. Hasil keluaran integrasi seluruh sistem sesuai rancangan adalah keberhasilan yang diharapkan.

Forecasting Method of Consumption Spare Parts of Mutual Support System Based on Stochastic Process

Considering the characteristics of mutual support system in which unit fault leads to the failure rate mutation, through the analysis of practical problems, using the theory of stochastic process, the paper gives the procedure and method of consumption forecast model of spare parts to establish the relay board mutual support system of a communication device. The applicability of the model is illustrated by examples.

Zigbee와 적외선 센서를 활용한 밸브 개폐 모니터링 시스템 설계 및 구현

화학공장과 같이 위험지역에 설치된 밸브장치는 폭발의 위험을 방지하기 위해 방화 방폭장치로 밀폐되어 있다. 본 논문에서는 방폭장치로 인해 외부전원장치를 사용할 수 없는 밸브장치에 적외선센서와 Zigbee 센서를 이용하여 위험지역의 밸브의 열림도를 측정하여 개폐여부를 확인하고, 밸브 개폐 작동시간을 로그화하여 운전 관리자가 공장을 관리 통제할 수 있는 저전력 모니터링 시스템을 제안한다. 전력관리기능을 적용하기 위해 개선된 비동기LPL 알고리즘을 적용한 전력제어 릴레이보드를 개발하고, 이를 적용한 방폭형 지능형 밸브시스템과 공장 밸브 개폐모니터링 시스템을 설계하고 이를 구현 및 테스트 하였다. The valve device is installed in hazardous areas, such as a chemical plant explosion has been sealed with fire protection device to prevent the risk of explosion. In this paper, due to the explosion-proof devices using external power the device can not be used in infrared sensors and Zigbee sensor valve device by measuring the open degree of valve opening and closing of the danger zone to check whether. Valve opening and closing operation log screen time, we propose a low-power operation monitoring system administrators to manage and control the plant. Develop power control relay board apply an improved algorithm to apply the asynchronous LPL power management. The plant monitoring system and explosion-proof valve opening and closing the valve system with the intelligent device designed and implemented and tested it.

Design and Implementation of Web Based Home Electrical Appliance Monitoring, Diagnosing, and Controlling System

Abstract The purpose of this research is to control home electrical appliances while also monitor the electricity consumption using web based application using laravel php framework and MySQL database. It also provides a diagnostic feedback in case of electrical appliance's failure. It aims to lower the energy usage of the electrical appliances by cutting off the power completely during standby. Many kinds of approaches like literature studies, research and experiments were conducted to develop the prototype of the system. RaspberryPi, Arduino, relay board and CT current sensors are the hardware that used to control the use of electrical devices’ energy and monitor how much it consume the energy. The application is mainly built using Laravel PHP framework and JavaScript with MySQL database. The result is a system prototype that capable to control, monitor and diagnose electrical appliances power, and lowering the total energy usage of the appliances by up to 59%.

Construction of a wireless communication contact closure system for liquid chromatography with multiple parallel mass spectrometers and other detectors.

A contact closure system was constructed that uses two contact closure sender boards that communicate wirelessly to four contact closure receiver boards to distribute start signals from two or three liquid chromatographs to 14 instruments, pumps, detectors, or other components. Default high, closed low, TTL logic (5-volt) start signals from two autosamplers are converted to simple contacts by powered relay boards that are then connected to two 16-channel wireless contact closure sender boards. The contact closure signals from the two sender boards are transmitted wirelessly to two pairs of eight-channel receiver boards (total of 32 contact signals) that distribute the start signal to 14 switches that allow selection of which start signal is sent to which instrument, pump, or detector. The contact closure system is used for quadruple parallel mass spectrometry experiments in which four mass spectrometers, using three different atmospheric pressure ionization modes, plus a UV detector, an evaporative light-scattering detector, a corona charged aerosol detector, and two syringe pumps supplying electrolyte, are all synchronized to start simultaneously. A wide variety of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry experiments using multiple liquid chromatographs and mass spectrometers simultaneously, LCx/MSy, including column-switching experiments, can be reconfigured simply by toggling switches.

태양광발전시스템과 계통간의 전력 전송 효율 개선을 위한 최대효율점 추적 제어 알고리즘

It proposes an efficient control algorithm to increase electric power transmission efficiency between photovoltaic power generating system and the grid. The main controller finds a maximum efficiency condition by considering the quantity of power generated from PV arrays, the number of inverters, and efficiency of PV inverter. According to the condition, a relay board arranges a point of contract of PV arrays. By the disposition of PV arrays, it assigns the optimized power on each PV inverter. Operational principle of the proposed maximum efficiency point tracking algorithm is given in detail. To verify the validity of the proposed approach, computer-aided simulation and experiment carried out.

A Microcontroller-based Room Temperature Monitoring System

Monitoring the temperature of a computer server room is a critical task to ensure the performance of the server is not disturbed by excessive room temperature. In this paper, we designed and implemented a microcontroller-based room temperature monitoring system using Atmel ATmega8535 microcontroller and National Semiconductor's LM35 temperature sensor. The system is equipped with a Wavecom GSM modem to send and receive text message (SMS) and relay board to control electronic equipment. The experiment results show that our system works as expected. The system raises an alarm and send an alert message to administrator when the room temperature is above threshold, which is 28°C. General Terms Design, Experimentation

Development of variable rate sprayer for oil palm plantation

Development of variable rate sprayer for oil palm plantationThis project describes the design and development of a camera vision with color detection for the variable rate technology (VRT) automated sprayer. In this project, the smart sprayer system was already developed and mounted on the ATV. The automated sprayer system was developed by combination of the electromechanical system, PC parallel port relay board, the controller and visual basic programming software. This smart sprayer system is guided with the camera to detect the presence of weeds. Detection of weeds is based on the green color value from RGB value. The amount or percentage (%) of weeds detected determines the rate of spraying that is controlled by an electric motor and the relay board. In this project, the spray nozzles were modified to be fully open, fully closed and half open. The closing and opening of valves were controlled by the electromechanical system that receives the instruction from the camera vision. Experiments carried out shows that the nozzle is closed when the percentage of weeds detected is less than 2%. It is half open at 3% to 50% and fully open at more than 51%. The application rate of spraying can be determined from the result of the spraying operation.

Compensating inherent linear move water application errors using a variable rate irrigation system

Continuous move irrigation systems such as linear move and center pivot irrigate unevenly when applying conventional uniform water rates due to the towers/motors stop/advance pattern. The effect of the gear drive/cart movement pattern on linear move water application is larger on the first two spans, which introduces errors on site-specific irrigation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to model the linear move irrigation system cart movement and to develop an algorithm to compensate for unintended variable irrigation (application errors). The cart advance/movement modeling considered terrain attributes, average nozzle travel speed, and high frequency DGPS (differential global positioning system) cart positioning readings. This paper describes the use of an irrigation monitoring and control system, DGPS, GIS, and statistical analysis utilized in the modeling and compensation processes. The irrigation monitoring and control system was composed of a single board computer, a relay board controller, DGPS, electric solenoid valves, wireless ethernet bridge units, high frequency spread spectrum radios, as well as in-line and in-field sensor networks. This technology allowed for continuous, real-time data acquisition and irrigation system management through the internet. This study has shown that irrigation application errors were reduced from over 20% to around 5%, in the subsequent irrigation event.

The Degradation Diagnosis Method of the Electrolytic Capacitor on the Control Relay Board for Electric Power Substation

The Degradation Diagnosis Method of the Electrolytic Capacitor on the Control Relay Board for Electric Power Substation

Computer Automation of a Dry-Dust Generating System

AbstractAn automated system to minimize variability in an aerosol concentration over time in an animal exposure chamber was developed. This system includes a microprocessor-controlled stepper motor to regulate the speed of a dust generator, a real-time aerosol monitor to instantaneously measure chamber aerosol concentrations, and a personal computer with an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, serial port, and relay board for signal input and output. A computer program was written to use these devices to produce a chamber concentration near a level chosen by the operator. This program was also written to start and stop an exposure after a specified time period and to continuously display the data received from the aerosol monitor on the computer screen during the exposure. A combination of operating conditions, which include a moderately high chamber flow rate (0.32 m3/min) and high generator rotation speed while using a small scraper blade, optimized the performance of the automated system by minimizing th...

PC-based data acquisition/control system for direct-connect test stands

S-^QS'I'S^^IM^S: A (personal computer)-based data acquisition and control system has been developed for direct-connect solid fuel ramjet test facilities. This system is based on a personal computer equipped with an analog-to-digital converter and digital output relay boards and a specifically developed software package. The software package incorporates a procedural language that is used to specify completely a direct-connect test sequence. With this system, test control and sequencing, data acquisition and storage, real-time remote data display, closed-loop air heater control, and facility safety checks are performed. A general discussion of operational requirements of the test facility for the system is presented. A description of the computer hardware and software package is given. The data acquisition and control system presented provides a means for independent, flexible, and economical direct-connect test stand operation.

Computerized scanning Auger microprobe

An Auger spectrometer has been automated using a microcomputer. Fundamental considerations in the design and choice of the computerized system are presented and should be of general interest. The spectrometer was a Physical Electronics Ind. model 545 scanning Auger microprobe. The microcomputer chosen was a Southwest Technical Products 6809 computer system. Hardware details are discussed with emphasis on the four computer–spectrometer interface boards. These boards are (1) Auger energy control board, which sets the Auger detection energy with its 16 bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC); (2) read Auger signal board, which reads the Auger signal intensity with its 12 bit analog-to-digital converter; (3) multipurpose DAC board, which uses two pairs of 8 bit DAC’s to position the excitation beam and display the data in memory on a CRT monitor, and (4) timing and relay control board, which selects various instruments and power supplies as required during the fully automated depth profiling sputter sequences. Organizational details of the control, analysis, and output software are discussed. The operation of the main Auger control program is emphasized along with its menu driven options, which provide great versatility to the operator. Examples are shown of the various data output modes, which include displays on the CRT monitor and plots from the multicolor digital plotter.

Development of an automated plant culture system

An apparatus was constructed that could be used to grow plant tissues, organs, and whole plantlets under sterile conditions. This system accommodated independent or multiple concurrent growth of cultures. Growth of plants either equalled or exceeded that observed using the manual transfer procedure. The automated plant culture system (APCS) consists of silicone tubing, 2 impeller pumps, 2 glass medium reservoir bottles, a 3-way stainless steel valve, a plant culture chamber, and an interface module containing relay boards. Control of the APCS is through interfacing with a microcomputer (e.g. Apple IIe or Atari 400). The computer controlled medium introduction, evacuation, and replenishment in a sterile environment. The APCS was inexpensively constructed and provides a labor-saving, long-term method to culture plants in vitro.

A new hair-type humidity control

A simple, robust hair-type humidity control instrument and a suitable relay board are described. The relays are fitted with a device which eliminates hammering.