Abstract
Microcontrollers have been largely used in applications that include reducing power consumption. Microcontroller development tools are now readily available. Many countries are faced with energy challenges such as lack of enough power capacity and growth in energy demand. It is therefore important to introduce innovative methods to reduce reliance on national grid energy and to supplement this source of energy with alternative methods. In this study, the microcontroller is used to monitor the energy consumed by household equipment and then decide, based on the power demand and available solar energy, the type of energy source to be used. In this research, a special circuit was also designed to control geyser power and align it to the capacity of the renewable energy source. This geyser control circuit includes a Dallas temperature sensor and a triode for alternating current (TRIAC) circuit that is included to control output current drawn from a low power, renewable energy source. Alternatively, two heating elements may be used instead of the TRIAC circuit. The first heating element is powered by solar to maintain the water temperature and to save energy. The second heating element is powered by national grid power and is used for the initial heating, and therefore saves water heating time. The strategy used was by adding a programmed microcontroller-based control circuit and a low power element or one current controlled element to a geyser whereby Photovoltaic (PV) energy was used to save the energy geysers consume from the domestic electricity source when they are not in use. A microcontroller, current sensor, battery level sensor, and relay board was used to incorporate solar-based renewable energy to the commercial energy supply.
Highlights
Challenges can arise when photovoltaic (PV) energy is used as a primary source of electricity, such as instability, which results from this energy source and it is very difficult to predict when the sun [1,2]will give out enough energy
If the low-power element is whilst not available, one highcontrolled the geyser software in Figure 7the cancurrent bewhilst used for power element can beoperation
The solar renewable energy system consists of: 2 X 100 W PVs mounted on the roof top, 100 Ah battery, 1 kW Inverter, 30 A power point tracker (MPPT), custom-built solar monitor, the roof top, 100 Ah battery, 1 kW Inverter, 30 A power point tracker (MPPT), custom-built solar whichmonitor, shows real time power produced by solar panels, wellpanels, as theas roof ambient which shows real time power produced by as solar well as the temperature roof ambient and custom-built energy logger
Summary
Challenges can arise when photovoltaic (PV) energy is used as a primary source of electricity, such as instability, which results from this energy source and it is very difficult to predict when the sun [1,2]will give out enough energy. Consumers can only increase the capacity of PV energy by purchasing high power solar panels in large numbers and batteries to be prepared for longer periods with less sun irradiance, increasing the system cost. It is for these reasons many people are still not using solar power as a source of electricity [4]. The initial cost of PV energy systems is much higher when compared to that of non-renewable sources [6]. Grid-connected PV systems are characterized by a connection to the local grid, and their loss of power in the absence of the sun Energies 2019, 12, 2811; doi:10.3390/en12142811 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
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