Relative Time Research Articles

Relativistic life time of spinning black holes

The present research paper discusses the relativistic study of the life time of black holes using the model Γ=2.098(MM⊙)3×1067 years as proposed by Stephen Hawking and concludes that the relativistic life time of spinning black holes is dependent of mass as well as spinning velocity of black holes.

상대론적 시공간의 합리적 재구성과 물리적 객관성 - 라이헨바흐의 경험주의 시공간 철학 연구 -

상대성 이론에 대한 라이헨바흐의 철학적 분석을 대표하는 저술은 그의 1924년 저서 『상대성 이론의 공리화』이다. 이 책은 상대성 이론에서 제시된 시공간에 대한 일 종의 ‘합리적 재구성(rational reconstruction)’을 담고 있으며, 그는 이러한 재구 성을 통해 상대성 이론이 제시한 중요한 철학적 문제인 ‘시공간의 객관성’ 문제를 해 명하고자 했다. 우선 나는 논문 2장에서 라이헨바흐의 구성적 공리체계 속 공리와 정 의 및 단순성의 의미에 대해 논함으로써 이 체계가 갖는 ‘경험적 특성’을 밝힌다. 논문 3장에서 나는 ‘일치(coincidence)’에 대한 라이헨바흐의 해명 및 그가 구성적 공리체 계를 통해 재구성한 상대론적 시공간의 주요 내용을 기술한다. 이상의 논의를 통해 나는 라이헨바흐가 합리적 재구성을 통한 철학적 해명 과정에서 시공간의 물리적 객 관성에 관해 이론의 창시자였던 아인슈타인과는 다른 철학적 결론에 이르렀음을 보일 것이다. 논문 4장에서 나는 라이헨바흐의 구성적 공리화가 갖는 의의를 평가했던 주 요 철학적 논자들의 입장을 검토한다. 그중에서도 특히 나는 신칸트주의적 관점에서 라이헨바흐의 구성적 공리체계가 갖는 의의를 비판한 철학자 토머스 리크먼의 입장을 검토한 후, 이와 같은 리크먼의 부정적인 평가가 라이헨바흐의 구성적 공리체계에 대 한 일종의 오해에서 비롯되었음을 보인다. 리크먼의 주장과 달리 라이헨바흐는 강체 막대와 시계가 갖는 구조적 복잡성을 최소화하기 위해 빛 공리들과 물질 공리들을 분 리하였으며, 그는 물질 공리들과 계량적 공리들이 더 이상 적용되지 않는 일반 상대성 이론에 이르러서도 빛 신호로 구성된 위상적 공리들은 여전히 적용됨으로써 시공 간의 객관성이 유지됨을 보이고자 했다. 논문의 결론에서 나는 물리학자와 철학자의 이와 같은 의견 차이가 이후 물리적 기하학의 경험적 결정 가능성에 대한 아인슈타인 -라이헨바흐 논쟁으로 이어졌음을 지적하며 논의를 끝맺는다.

Quantum clocks, gravitational time dilation, and quantum interference

A proper time observable for a quantum clock is introduced and it is found that the proper time read by one clock conditioned on another clock reading a different proper time obeys classical time dilation in accordance with special relativistic kinematical time dilation. Here, we extend this proposal to a weak gravitational field in order to investigate whether the weak equivalence principle holds for quantum matter. We find that for general quantum states the quantum time dilation in a weak gravitational field obeys a similar gravitational time dilation found in classical relativity. However, unlike the special relativistic case, the time dilation involves the external time (a background coordinate time at the observer on the Earth) as well as the proper times of two clocks. We also investigate a quantum time dilation effect induced by a clock in a superposition of wave packets localized in momentum space or in position space and propose the setup to observe the gravitational effect in the quantum interference effect in the time dilation.

Four-Velocity and Time in Special Relativity

Four-vectors are defined analogously to three-vectors and provide a compact means of presenting mathematical results in relativity theory. However, the four-velocity vector does not have the same physical significance as the three-velocity vector, but assuming so has led to the declaration that there is motion through spacetime which explains special relativistic time dilation. It is shown that four-velocity cannot legitimately be employed in this manner and that the time dilation effect does not require any motion through spacetime nor any speed through time.

Is time a cyclic dimension? Canonical quantization implicit in classical cyclic dynamics

If “quantization is an art” then it can be greatly refined by adopting cyclic time formalism. In past papers we have proven the effectiveness of a formulation of physics based on cyclic relativistic time. Now we are able to demonstrate in a general way, by using theorems of Geometric Quantization, that the Poisson brackets of intrinsically cyclic time dynamics directly imply the ordinary canonical commutation relations and the other Dirac’s rules of canonical Quantum Mechanics. In other words, according to our result, the canonical quantization is an implicit way of imposing intrinsically cyclic time dynamics without explicitly saying that time is a cyclic dimension.

Comments on The Experimental Proofs of Relativistic Length Contraction and Time Dilation by O. D. Jefimenko

The subject of relativistic length contraction and relativistic time dilation appears very early in textbooks as well as in various forms in papers dedicated to teaching relativity. In his paper, O. D. Jefimenko considers “questionable” the experimental confirmations of these relativistic phenomena and offers an alternative explanation based on electromagnetic retardation. In the following short note, we will deconstruct Jefimenko’s proofs, and we will show their limitations.

Lunar ephemeris at sub microarcsecond accuracy (LESMA) leads to sub-millimeter positional accuracy of the moon

The most accurate LLR (lunar laser ranging) initiative, named APOLLO (apache point observatory lunar laser-ranging operation) demonstrated millimeter-range positional accuracy in 2009, thus improving LLR by one order-of-magnitude. Since, LLR is a foundational technique in studying gravity, Murphy (principal investigator of APOLLO) stated in 2009, that with this millimeter-range accuracy, the simulation model has been found to be the limiting-factor in extracting the theoretical science results, and hence, we should: (1) develop the science case and expand our ability to model LLR for a new regime of high precision, (2) develop the theoretical tools for honing the science case for submillimeter LLR, and (3) explore which model/code is worth putting our efforts into. (4) Since millimeter-quality data are a recent development, the model effort lags. (5) Finally, we will code-in new physics so that we may simulate sensitivities. In connection with simulation model/code, Murphy stated in 2013, that among the four available LLR simulation models: JPL (jet propulsion laboratory), CfA (the Harvard-Smithsonian center for astrophysics), LU (leibniz University, Hannover, Germany), and IMCCE (Institut de Mecanique celeste et de calcul des Ephemerides, France), the JPL model currently produces weighted RMS (root-mean-square) residuals at ∼18 mm, which is about half of the other models; so, clearly a gap exists from millimeter ranging-precision of APOLLO. Hence, the CfA, LU, and IMCCE are engaged, since 2013, in a stepwise comparative streamlining effort to identify the model-differences, errors, and shortcomings. All the four available LLR simulation models can be classified as GR (general relativity)-astronomers model; they are basically similar. Professor Douglas Currie of the University of Maryland, College Park, NASA Lunar Science Institute, stated in a Conference presentation, in 2012, that Ground stations, that is, the lunar observatories, have improved by a factor of 200, but the agreement between observations and fitted theory has plateaued at ∼2 cm over the past two decades. However, no substantial progress on improving the fit has been reported in the published literature, till date. Based on about a quarter-century of experience in doing high-precision numerical simulation of celestial orbits, the authors have developed LESMA (lunar Ephemeris at sub Microarcsecond accuracy) utilizing the methodology of evolved general relativity (EGR) that has incorporated the following two concepts: (1) Relativistic time for integration and (2) methodology of conservation of magnitude of the angular momentum, MΦ , for Φ-rotation (in addition to the θ-rotation that leads to the rosetting ellipse) of the orbital plane. Incorporation of the two above-mentioned concepts has led to three orders-of-magnitude accuracy-improvement of the computed (1) precession (compared to JPL's DE405) of Lunar orbit, as verified using three independent methods and (2) radial position (compared to JPL's DE430/431) of the Moon. LESMA will enable scientists to make efficient use of research-funds from NASA, etc., for production of new science results from APOLLO. LESMA will also be useful for getting better science results (than Folkner reported {in 2014} submeter accurate Position of the Moon) from the GRAIL (gravity recovery and Interior laboratory) mission (costing 500 million USD), by spending a little more for revisiting the computations, utilizing LESMA data.

Einstein's bias blind spot: It is evident that the longitudinal Doppler effect contradicts the constancy of the velocity of light c in reference frames

Abstract The physical mystery behind the constancy of the velocity of light is solved after the bias blind spot of Einstein's relativistic physics was illuminated precisely. We have given the physical law f = c/λ. The relative frequency shifts of the longitudinal Doppler effect are calculated from the frequency ratio of the frequency f r at the receiver and the frequency f e at the emitter. The very small frequency shift of the so-called relativistic time dilation factor can be neglected for low velocities. Comparing electromagnetic radiation, when receiver and emitter are at rest, the wavelengths must be the same and are canceling, so that we obtain: f r/f e = (c/λ r)/c/λ e) = c/c = 1/1. If the relative velocity c of light were constant in any inertial frame, independent of the motion of the receiver and emitter, no shift of wavelength and frequency would be possible. Einstein's special relativity excludes the possibility of the longitudinal Doppler effect. The longitudinal Doppler effect is explained according to relativity in dependence of gravity (RG), by which Einstein's illogical relativity is replaced. Why do we always measure the constant velocity c on Earth is now physically understandable.

Gravity Propulsion Space Travel

For thousands of years science assumed that the natural force known as gravity was an attraction force. In a previous article it was shown that gravity is a repulsion force rather than an attraction one. This new outlook on gravity explained why the Relativity theory claiming relativistic length contraction and time dilation is undecidable. In a previous article it is explained that repulsion gravity exists everywhere [1]. I. e. there is no perfect vacuum anywhere in the universe. Because of this fact, the massless photon is forced to find a path of least resistance and surely cannot be proven to dilate time or contract lengths. The repulsion nature of gravity suggests it is possible to use its repulsion force to overcome gravity by generating a rotation of a rotating object. This article explains how this is likely achievable. The article also shows that likely gravity may be controlled by simulating gravity with 3-dimensional rotation defined in this article

The Role of the Excluded

We consider the peculiarity of unique events, such as those of a natural, evolutionary, and social nature. In particular, we consider unique social events that have had either the claim or the vocation of being salvific for humanity, such as the introduction over time of the Torah, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. We question how the claimed, general salvific vocation contrasts, or is inconsistent with, the non-retroactive temporality and locality of such events, which could not have happened otherwise. This undeclared and philosophically unsolved inconsistency then reappears in subsequent cultural contradictions and inadequacies, political and social allowances such as, for instance, homo-centrism and a pathological relation with Nature. In the case of Christianity, this inconsistency is represented by the painting reproduced in the article, a work in which the excluded humans and other living beings are represented as astonished by the occurrence in this moment, and in such an unnatural context. Furthermore, we consider the original understanding as related to concepts of classical physics, or of such concepts naively adopted within the texts considered sacred. However, in some religions, such as Christianity, the inconsistency is theologically solved. We stress the need to update the ancient original elementary, naïve, pre-classic philosophical and conceptual frameworks used so that these alleged inconsistencies and contradictions may be not only theologically solved, but also conceptually solved in more complex understandings of the world, for example, considering relativistic time, long-range interdependence, quantum entanglement, and theories of the universe. Without this update, the unique saving events can affect only religiously, that is, optionally, on the scientific and philosophical conceptions used. Without this adjustment, homo-centrist illusion and egoism prevail as the natural, linear consequential attitude without raising these questions. It rather assumes that the intervention is for involved human beings, and moreover for those who have had and are lucky enough to receive and practice it, ignoring the enormous inconsistency within the message itself, and its presumed general and available salvific nature. This requires theological, philosophical, and scientific interdisciplinarity. The theme concerns inconsistencies within and superficiality of the narratives and their treatment of the unique, salvific events, without any reference to possible general and retroactive effects of how these events are represented in the painting. We conclude that the subject should be debated by taking into account contemporary understandings, such as relativistic space and time, quantum physics, and of the universe, with new philosophical and anthropological approaches. This should be a matter of responsible philosophical and theological interdisciplinary debate involving science, suitable to establish new understandings.

Relativistic tunneling time under the generalized uncertainty principle

The one-dimensional Dirac equation is studied for square-well potential in the presence of generalized uncertainty principle (GUP). Based on the exact solution, the general and explicit relation between the phase time and the dwell time is given and quantified. The phase time, dwell time and self-interference delay are calculated as well and it is shown that the GUP has effects on the tunneling time. Moreover, the effect of GUP on the tunneling time showed a slight change with the change of mass, and goes to zero with the increase of kinetic energy.

The Common Topological Origin of Waves in Quantum and Photon Physics as Well as in the Cosmic Redshift

It is shown that the well-known wave behaviors of material particles and photons, as well as the newly discovered wave-like structures in the cosmic redshift, are related phenomena that follow conclusively when senders and receivers of photons or material particles are topologically located in manifolds with a dimension difference of one. In this context, the inertial mass of the proton and the electron, their spin properties and the cause of time are derived from basic topological and physical laws. In addition, the quantum geometric basis of relativistic time dilation, the basis of the relativistic energy-momentum relationship and the relationship between energy and time are shown. Finally, it is shown that a curved cosmic space causes a distance-dependent reddening of light and the associated apparent escape velocity of distant cosmic objects, and that this also leads to a topologically conditioned wave structure of this redshift.

Preliminary research of a V-band coaxial relativistic transit-time oscillator with traveling wave output structure

A V-band coaxial relativistic transit time oscillator is presented. Different from the traditional transit time oscillator, in order to improve the power handling capacity, we replace the traditional standing wave extractor with a traveling wave output structure. The operation characteristic of modulation cavity is also different from traditional transit time oscillators. The electron load conductance of modulation cavity is designed to be positive to reduce the maximum surface electric field. The device is investigated by particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation and preliminary experiment. In PIC simulation, an output microwave of 689 MW at 60.16 GHz is obtained with a diode voltage of 400 kV and beam current of 5.0 kA. The saturation time is 22 ns and efficiency is 34.5%. In experiment, the radiation pattern of the system is measured, and output power is calculated. A 135 MW V-band microwave at 60.20 GHz is obtained with a diode voltage of 405 kV and beam current of 5.1 kA.

Sample size calculation for two-arm trials with time-to-event endpoint for nonproportional hazards using the concept of Relative Time when inference is built on comparing Weibull distributions.

Sample size calculations for two-arm clinical trials with a time-to-event endpoint have traditionally used the assumption of proportional hazards (PH) or the assumption of exponentially distributed survival times. Available software provides methods for sample size calculation using a nonparametric logrank test, Schoenfeld's formula for Cox PH model, or parametric calculations specific to the exponential distribution. In cases where the PH assumption is not valid, the first-choice method is to compute sample size assuming a piecewise linear survival curve (Lakatos approach) for both the control and treatment arms with judiciously chosen cut-points. Recent advances in literature have used the assumption of Weibull distributed times for single-arm trials, and, newer methods have emerged that allow sample size calculations for two-arm trials using the assumption of proportional time (PT) while considering non-PH. These methods, however, always assume an instantaneous effect of treatment relative to control requiring that the effect size be defined by a single number whose magnitude is preserved throughout the trial duration. Here, we consider the scenarios where the hypothesized benefit of treatment relative to control may not be constant giving rise to the notion of Relative Time (RT). By assuming that survival times for control and treatment arm come from two different Weibull distributions with different location and shape parameters, we develop the methodology for sample size calculation for specific cases of both non-PH and non-PT. Simulations are conducted to assess the operation characteristics of the proposed method and a practical example is discussed.

Refined Mass and Geometric Measurements of the High-mass PSR J0740+6620

Abstract We report results from continued timing observations of PSR J0740+6620, a high-mass, 2.8 ms radio pulsar in orbit with a likely ultracool white dwarf companion. Our data set consists of combined pulse arrival-time measurements made with the 100 m Green Bank Telescope and the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment telescope. We explore the significance of timing-based phenomena arising from general relativistic dynamics and variations in pulse dispersion. When using various statistical methods, we find that combining ∼1.5 yr of additional, high-cadence timing data with previous measurements confirms and improves on previous estimates of relativistic effects within the PSR J0740+6620 system, with the pulsar mass m p = 2.08 − 0.07 + 0.07 M ⊙ (68.3% credibility) determined by the relativistic Shapiro time delay. For the first time, we measure secular variation in the orbital period and argue that this effect arises from apparent acceleration due to significant transverse motion. After incorporating contributions from Galactic differential rotation and off-plane acceleration in the Galactic potential, we obtain a model-dependent distance of d = 1.14 − 0.15 + 0.17 kpc (68.3% credibility). This improved distance confirms the ultracool nature of the white dwarf companion determined from recent optical observations. We discuss the prospects for future observations with next-generation facilities, which will likely improve the precision on m p for J0740+6620 by an order of magnitude within the next few years.

Beryllium Radioactive Isotopes as a Probe to Measure the Residence Time of Cosmic Rays in the Galaxy and Halo Thickness: A “Data-Driven” Approach

Cosmic rays are a powerful tool for the investigation of the structure of the magnetic fields in the Galactic halo and the properties of the inter-stellar medium. Two parameters of the cosmic ray propagation models, the Galactic halo (half) thickness, H, and the diffusion coefficient, D, are loosely constrained by current cosmic ray flux measurements; in particular, a large degeneracy exists, with only H/D being well measured. The 10Be/9Be isotopic flux ratio (thanks to the 2 My lifetime of 10Be) can be used as a radioactive clock providing the measurement of cosmic ray residence time in a galaxy. This is an important probe with which to solve the H/D degeneracy. Past measurements of 10Be/9Be isotopic flux ratios in cosmic rays are scarce, and were limited to low energy and affected by large uncertainties. Here a new technique to measure 10Be/9Be isotopic flux ratio, with a data-driven approach in magnetic spectrometers is presented. As an example, by applying the method to beryllium events published via PAMELA experiment, it is now possible to determine the important 10Be/9Be measurement while avoiding the prohibitive uncertainties coming from Monte Carlo simulations. It is shown how the accuracy of PAMELA data strengthens the experimental indication for the relativistic time dilation of 10Be decay in cosmic rays; this should improve the knowledge of the H parameter.

Utilizing relativistic time dilation for time-resolved studies.

Time-resolved studies have so far relied on rapidly triggering a photo-induced dynamic in chemical or biological ions or molecules and subsequently probing them with a beam of fast moving photons or electrons that crosses the studied samples in a short period of time. Hence, the time resolution of the signal is mainly set by the pulse duration of the pump and probe pulses. In this paper, we propose a different approach to this problem that has the potential to consistently achieve orders of magnitude higher time resolutions than what is possible with laser technology or electron beam compression methods. Our proposed approach relies on accelerating the sample to a high speed to achieve relativistic time dilation. Probing the time-dilated sample would open up previously inaccessible time resolution domains.

시적 주체와 시적 상황 - 시의 주체와 대상 그리고 둘을 둘러싼 시공간의 지평 -

이 논문에서는 시를 연구하기 위한 단위로 주체와 상황을 제안하고, 그것의 의의를 살피고자 했다. 주체는 시의 언어가 만들어내는 수행적 효과로 출현하며, 실체가 아니라 ‘말하는 것으로 가정’된 지점이다. 시의 목소리는 그 시의 발화를 하는 실체에 종속되는 것(자아, 화자)이 아니라, 그 발화의 효과로서 사후적으로 구성되는 것(주체)이다. 시가 가진 여러 측면을 다층적으로 파악하기 위해서는 화자가 아니라 주체에 초점을 맞추어야 한다.<BR> 시에서 대상이란 세계의 이미지들로서, 주체에 의해 포착되고 수집되고 배열된다. 자아 중심의 시학에서 시적 대상이 관념의 재료에 지나지 않는다면, 주체 중심의 시학에서 대상은 세계의 표현이자 세계의 구성물이다. 주체는 시적 대상의 일부로서, 대상들의 위계와 배치를 조망하는 조망점으로 기능한다.<BR> 주체와 대상의 연계는 시에서 상황을 발생시킨다. 주체와 대상이 엮여서 현시하는 구체적인 장소와 시간을 상황이라고 부를 수 있다. 상황은 주체, 대상, 구체적인 시간과 장소로 이루어진다. 시는 상황 속에서만 주체를 출현시키며, 상황 속에서만 발언한다. 시가 구현하는 세계가 곧 상황이므로, 상황은 시적 언술의 단위가 된다. 주체가 달라지거나 대상이 교체되면 둘의 관계를 통해서 구성되는 상황이 달라지므로, 상황의 변화를 추적하는 일은 시에서의 의미론적 국면을 추적하는 일이 된다. 상황은 시가 구현하는 세계이며, 복수의 상황이 접속하는 양상이 비유이고, 이렇게 비유의 단위로 포섭된 상황이 이미지다.

The invisibility of time dilation

Recently, the physics education community has taken a keen interest in modernising physics education. However, while topics in modern physics have great potential to engage students, these topics are abstract and hard-to-visualise. Therefore, many students hold mistaken pictures and misconceptions, which can impede learning. In this article, we expose a pervasive misconception about relativistic time dilation by presenting a thought experiment illustrating the difference between visual observation and coordinate measurement. We also point out how existing language can mislead and confuse students. In response, we describe an instructional approach that introduces world-maps, world-pictures and event-diagrams to clarify the applicability of key equations in special relativity for improved understanding. By unpacking ‘the invisibility of time dilation’ from the perspectives of both physics and pedagogy, we aim to help teachers provide clearer instruction.

СУБЪЕКТИВНОСТЬ ВОСПРИЯТИЯ ВРЕМЕНИ В МИФОТВОРЧЕСТВЕ СОВЕТСКОЙ ЭПОХИ

Time is the basic concept of modern cultural and socio-cultural knowledge. Being a part of the chronotope, the concept of time in the history of culture becomes self-sufficient and is represented at different levels. The discourse of time sets an axiological system of coordinates and cultural codes that allow us to reveal the essential characteristics of different types of culture. The most representative transformation of ideas about time is represented in Soviet culture, which claims to model a new picture of the world. The article deals with the mythological discourse of time, which reveals the temporality of human existence in the Soviet era. The author analyzes the structure and semantic content of the definition of mythological time, determines the vectors of subjectivization of time in the process of myth-making. Mythological time cycles and holidays created during the Soviet period are outlined, and the futuristic and utopian nature of the time paradigm is revealed. When discussing the topic, the author turns to the representation of the perception of time in artistic and everyday practices, and notes the transformation and evolution of the discourse of timein relation to theoretical models of temporality. The author notes the ritual nature of Soviet culture, in which time becomes not only a condition for the existence of the ritual, but also its content aspect. The time paradigm becomes the ontological basis for the formation of the Soviet canon in art. The article outlines the continuity and originality of the subjectivization of time in the myth-making of the Soviet era, which can become the basis for understanding the evolution and paradoxical nature of the temporal discourse of modernity.