Relative Biological Value Research Articles

Toxic and biological evaluation of frozen fish meat in the presence of antibi-otic residues

Nowadays antimicrobial drugs of different pharmacologic classes are widely used in aquaculture all over the world. Therefore, in accordance with EU Regulation 37/2010 “On pharmacologically active substances and their classification in regard to maximum allowable amounts in nourishing food of animal origin”, there are certain amount of antimicrobial drugs acceptable in fish. The aim of the work was to determine toxico-biological assessment of flesh of frozen fish where there are residues of antimicrobial drugs on the culture of infusorias Tetrachymena pyriformis. The availability of residual amounts of antimicrobial drugs was carried out by screening method for antibiotics in products of animal origin РХ/МС/МС and microbiological method. Toxico-biological assessment of flesh of frozen fish was determined in accordance with “Methodological recommendations on toxico-biological assessment of flesh, flesh products and milk with infusoria Tetrachymena pyriformis”. It was found that samples of frozen fish containing residues of antimicrobial drugs of aminoglycosides, penicillic and fluoroquinolonic class were not toxic for Tetrachymena pyriformis cultures. Since infusorias were active, natural movement – progressive and circular, inhibition of growth or change of body shape were not showed compared to infusorias within control group. It was shown that in the fish flesh with residues of tetracycline antibiotics, there was observed the inhibition of growth and decreased activity and mobility of infusorias Tetrachymena pyriformis up to 20% compared to control without antibiotics. However, unnatural movements (affected or oscillatory) and pathological changes in the shape of infusoria cultures were not detected. This flesh fish was characterized as moderate toxic. It was stated that relative biological value of frozen fish flesh with antibiotic residues of aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolonic class was lower by 0,27–0,73% compared to relative biological value of control fish flesh without antibiotics. At the same time relative biological value of fish flesh with the presence of residues of tetracycline antibiotics was by 4.12% lower compared to control fish flesh. Consequently, conducted studies indicate the need to control the residues of antimicrobial drugs in frozen fish which is imported to Ukraine. In case of detection the exceeding permissible amount of antibiotic residues in frozen fish it should be discarded, as it exhibits a moderately toxic effect.

Combination of gold nanoparticles with low-LET irradiation: an approach to enhance DNA DSB induction in HT29 colorectal cancer stem-like cells.

High-linear energy transfer (high LET) irradiation has significant cytotoxic effects on different cancerous stem-like cells (CSLCs) such as colorectal CSLCs. A review of the literature has indicated that the presence of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) enables low-LET irradiation to produce highly non-homogeneous dose distributions like high-LET irradiation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radioresponsiveness of HT29 colorectal CSLCs under low-LET irradiation (X-ray) and in the presence of GNPs. Radioresponsiveness was evaluated using the ϒ-H2AX foci formation assay, the clonogenic assay, the cell cycle progression assay and analyses of radiobiological parameters. In the presence of GNPs, the survival fraction of HT29 CSLCs was significantly reduced and caused significant changes in the radiobiological parameters after irradiation. In addition, ϒ-H2AX assay showed that in the presence of GNPs, the persistent DNA double-strand breaks were significantly increased in irradiated HT29 CSLCs. The relative biological effectiveness value of GNPs with X-rays was about 1.6 for HT-29 CSLCs at the 10% of cell survival fraction (D10 level) when compared to X-rays alone. Therefore, the combination of GNPs with X-ray irradiation has the potential to kill HT29 CSLCs greater than the X-ray alone, and may be considered as an alternative for high-LET irradiation.

Concepts and terms for dose/volume parameters in carbon-ion radiotherapy: Conclusions of the ULICE taskforce

PurposeThe Union of Light Ion Centers in Europe (ULICE) program addressed the need for uniting scientific results for carbon-ion radiation therapy obtained by several institutions worldwide in different fields of excellence, and translating them into a real benefit to the community. Particularly, the concepts for dose/volume parameters developed in photon radiotherapy cannot be extrapolated to high linear energy transfer particles. Methods and MaterialsThe ULICE-WP2 taskforce included radiation oncologists involved in carbon-ion radiation therapy and International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, radiation biologists, expert physicists in the fields of carbon-ion radiation therapy, microdosimetry, biological modeling and image-guided radiotherapy. Consensual reports emerged from multiple discussions within both the restricted group and the wider ULICE community. Public deliverables were produced and disseminated to the European Commission. ResultsHere we highlight the disparity in practices between treating centers, then address the main topics to finally elaborate specific recommendations. Although it appears relatively simple to add geometrical margins around the clinical target volume to obtain the planning target volume as performed in photon radiotherapy, this procedure is not appropriate for carbon-ion radiation therapy. Due to the variation of the radiation quality in depth, there is no generic relative biological effectiveness value for carbon-ions outside of an isolated point, for a given fractionation and specific experimental conditions. Absorbed dose and “equieffective dose” for specified conditions must always be reported. ConclusionsThis work contributed to the development of standard operating procedures for carbon-ion radiation therapy clinical trials. These procedures are now being applied, particularly in the first phase III international, multicenter trial (PHRC Étoile).

ТОКСИКО-БІОЛОГІЧНА ОЦІНКА МʼЯСА КУРЧАТ-БРОЙЛЕРІВ ЗА ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ПРЕПАРАТУ «БАЙТРИЛ 10 %»

The article presents the results of a toxic biological evaluation of meat (in the muscles of the thigh, pectoral muscles, and the muscles of the lower leg) of broiler chickens using an express method using the infusoria Tetrahimena pyriformis using the Baitril 10% preparation. For the bird of experimental group, this preparation was used by oral administration at the rate of 0.1 ml / kg of body weight for 5 days. The broiler chickens of control and experimental groups were slaughtered on day 6, day 12 and day 14 after the last administration of the drug. For the toxicological evaluation, the muscles with the highest residual enrofloxacin content were used. The criterion for toxicity in biotesting on infusoria is a probable decrease in the number of cells in the culture in 24 hours. It has was been established that when using the veterinary drug the meat of broiler chickens, was not toxic to infusoria Tetrachimena pyriformis already on days 6 after the last feeding . The indicator of the relative biological value of pectoral muscles, muscles of the thigh and lower leg is close by value and tends to increase the relative biological value of the muscles of the research group already on the 14th day after the last application of the veterinary drug. Keywords: toxicity, biological evaluation, enrofloxacin, fluoroquinolones, tetrachimena pyriformis.

РАЗРАБОТКА ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПРОПЕЧЕННЫХ ДИЕТИЧЕСКИХ ПАШТЕТОВ ИЗ ДАЛЬНЕВОСТОЧНЫХ РЫБ

Technology of baked diet pates from Far Eastern fishes was developed in the laboratories of the Institute of Food Production of the FSBEI HE "Dalrybvtuz". The purpose of the work was to develop the technology of dietary baked fish pates, providing an expansion of the assortment of finished products and rational use of secondary fish raw material of saffron cod and rudd. The new technology provides substituting vegetable oil by fish broths from secondary raw materials in the recipe for baked general-purpose fish pates made of saffron cod and rudd. Functional and technological properties of broths were studied depending on the duty of water (from 0.5 to 2.0) with a continuous cooking time of 60 minutes. The influence of the duty of water and the duration of broth cooking on their organoleptic properties was studied. It is established that the increase in duty of water from 0.5 to 1.0-1.5 is accompanied by a decrease in the content of dry matter in the broth, curves of kinematic viscosity and surface tension of broths have a similar dynamics, which indicates a direct-proportional relationship between the colloid properties of broths and the content in them of dry substances. It is shown that the duration of cooking has a priority over the duty of water effect on the organoleptic properties of fish broths. As a result of the research, the optimal technological parameters for the production of baked dietary pates were established: duty of water - 0.5 (for saffron cod) and 1.5 (for reddish); the broth cooking time is 60 minutes; temperature during cooking broth 100°C; mass fraction of broth in the formulation of the finished product 35%, vegetable oil 0%. In the course of study of the quality of pastes made using the developed technology it was stated that the calorie content of diet pates is lower than that of general pates by 57.2% for saffron cod and 64.9% for rudd; while maintaining a high level of organoleptic properties and relative biological value of finished products in relation to the basic version - general pates.

Extrinsic iron from soil contributes to Hb regeneration of anaemic rats: implications for foods contaminated with soil iron.

Contamination of foods with extrinsic (soil) Fe is common in developing countries. However, the bioavailability of this extrinsic Fe and the extent to which it contributes to Fe nutrition remains unknown. The present study compared the bioavailability of laboratory- and field-threshed teff (Eragrostisis tef (Zucc) Trotter) to evaluate the bioavailablity of extrinsic soil Fe that resulted from the traditional threshing of the staple grain. Using sequential extraction, Fe was fractionated and its solubility was evaluated. The contribution of the additional extrinsic (soil) Fe to the Hb regeneration of Fe-depleted rats was evaluated using a rat Hb depletion-repletion assay. Weanling male Wistar rats (n 24) were fed Fe-deficient diet for 21 d, and were then repleted for 14 d with diets: either laboratory-threshed teff (35 mg Fe/kg; n 8), field-threshed teff (35 mg intrinsic Fe/kg+ 120 mg soil Fe/kg; n 8), or FeSO4 (control; n 8). Fe content of field-threshed teff (29·4 mg/100 g) was four times greater than that of the laboratory-threshed (6·7 mg/100 g) teff (P<0·05). Soil contamination significantly increased the exchangeable, acid-soluble and reducible fractions obtained after sequential extraction. The relative biological value of the field-threshed teff (88 %) was higher than that of the laboratory-threshed (68 %) teff (P<0·05). Soil Fe can contribute to Hb regeneration in Fe-deficient rats. Considering that contamination of foods with soil is common in Ethiopia and other developing countries, it needs to be accounted for in the design and implementation of fortification programmes to prevent excessive intakes. Human studies are needed to confirm the present findings.

Fortifying pork liver mixture: Evaluation of protein quality and iron bioavailability – Part 2

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the protein quality and iron bioavailability of a fortifying mixture based on pork liver. Methods Determinations of protein efficiency ratio, net protein utilization, true digestibility and hemoglobin regeneration efficiency by depletion and repletion were performed. In the depletion phase, the animals (male Wistar rats) received an iron-free AIN–93G diet and in the repletion phase they received the following diets: standard AIN–93G diet, fortifying mixture and standard diet containing heptahydrated ferrous sulfate for comparison. Results For standard AIN–93G diet and fortifying mixture the results were 3.75 and 4.04 for protein efficiency ratio and 3.53 and 3.63 for net protein retention, showing that the presence of pork liver in the diet promoted an increase in protein efficiency ratio and net protein retention (not statistically significant). True digestibility results obtained with the fortifying mixture (97.16%) were higher than those obtained with the standard AIN–93G diet (casein), but without significant difference. The hemoglobin regeneration efficiency values obtained for standard AIN–93G diet, fortifying mixture and standard diet containing heptahydrated ferrous sulfate were 50.69, 31.96 and 29.96%, respectively, showing a statistically significant difference between the control (standard AIN–93G diet) and test (fortifying mixture and standard diet containing heptahydrated ferrous sulfate) samples, but not between the test samples. Conclusion The fortifying mixture showed a high protein efficiency ratio value of 4.04 and a high relative biological value (108%) and it can be added to soups, creams and meats in day-care centers for the prevention of iron-deficiency in children of school age.

Relative biological value of 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in broiler chicken diets

This study was conducted to evaluate the relative biological value (RBV) of 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol (1α-OH-D3) to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) in one- to 21-day-old broiler chickens fed calcium (Ca)- and phosphorus (P)-deficient diets. On the d of hatch, 450 male Ross 308 broiler chickens were weighed and randomly allotted to 9 treatments with 5 replicates of 10 birds per replicate. The basal diet contained 0.50% Ca and 0.25% non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) but was not supplemented with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3). The levels of Ca and NPP in basal diets were lower than those recommended by NRC (1994). 25-OH-D3 was fed at zero, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 μg/kg, and 1α-OH-D3 was fed at 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 μg/kg. The RBV of 1α-OH-D3 to 25-OH-D3 based on vitamin D intake was determined by the slope ratio method. Results showed that 25-OH-D3 or 1α-OH-D3 improved the growth performance and decreased the mortality in one- to 21-day-old broilers. A linear relationship was observed between the level of 25-OH-D3 or 1α-OH-D3 and mineralization of the femur, tibia, or metatarsus. The RBV of 1α-OH-D3 to 25-OH-D3 were 234, 253, and 202% when the weight, ash weight, and Ca percentage of femur were used as criteria. The corresponding RBV of 1α-OH-D3 to 25-OH-D3 were 232 to 263% and 245 to 267%, respectively, when tibia and metatarsus mineralization were used as criteria. These data indicate that when directly feeding a hormonally active form of vitamin D as 1α-OH-D3 proportionally less is needed than when using the precursor (25-OH-D3) in diets deficient in Ca and P.

Nanoscale dose deposition in cell structures under X-ray irradiation treatment assisted with nanoparticles: An analytical approach to the relative biological effectiveness

In this study, an analytical model for the assessment of the modification of cell culture survival under ionizing radiation assisted with nanoparticles (NPs) is presented. The model starts from the radial dose deposition around a single NP, which is used to describe the dose deposition in a cell structure with embedded NPs and, in turn, to evaluate the number of lesions formed by ionizing radiation. The model is applied to the calculation of relative biological effectiveness values for cells exposed to 0.5mg/g of uniformly dispersed NPs with a radius of 10nm made of Fe, I, Gd, Hf, Pt and Au and irradiated with X-rays of energies 20keV higher than the element K-shell binding energy.

Relative biological effectiveness in a proton spread-out Bragg peak formed by pencil beam scanning mode.

In recent years, there is an increased interest in using scanning modes in proton therapy, due to the more conformal dose distributions, thanks to the spot-weighted dose delivery. The dose rate in each spot is however much higher than the dose rate when using passive irradiation modes, which could affect the cell response. The purpose of this work was to investigate how the relative biological effectiveness changes along the spread-out Bragg peak created by protons delivered by the pencil beam scanning mode. Cell survival and micronuclei formation were investigated in four positions along the spread-out Bragg peak for various doses. Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate the dose-averaged linear energy transfer values in the irradiation positions. The cell survival was found to decrease the deeper the sample was placed in the spread-out Bragg peak, which corresponds to the higher linear energy transfer values found using Monte Carlo simulations. The micronuclei frequencies indicate more complex cell injuries at that distal position compared to the proximal part of the spread-out Bragg peak. The relative biological effectiveness determined in this study varies significantly and systematically from 1.1, which is recommended value by the International Commission on Radiation Units, in all the studied positions. In the distal position of spread-out Bragg peak the relative biological effectiveness values were found to be 2.05 ± 0.44, 1.85 ± 0.42, 1.53 ± 0.38 for survival levels 90, 50 and 10%, respectively.

Comparative analysis of apricot cultivars based on their ecological and biological indicators

The herbaceous plants organic characterize Ellenberg et al. worked out (1991), well-use system, which is updated with herbaceous and woody plant in the Hungarian flora species, so Soó (1964-1985), Zólyomi et al. (1967), Précsényi (1986) and Simon (1988) also addressed by different aspects of this problem circuits. The author is the first extended-Borhidi –Ellenberg’s system of wild fruit species (Surányi 2000, 2006) and cultivated of fruit (Surányi 2014) as well. Additional considerations there were aspects of the study of fruit varieties, these biological indicators following open pollination, frost tolerance, resistance of Sharka virus and disease susceptibility for. Firstly, we introduced a system for improving it a plum species and cultivars (Surányi 2015). In this case we used the new system among species and varieties of apricots, because diversity was able to express significantly. Especially the SB, WB, NB, and the relative biological value figures showed the variety. RB (reaction figures) fluctuated only slightly among the 463 varieties, but the dynamic difference between the 11’s was an indicator for the characterization of apricots. If the comparison performed plum and apricot variety’s level anyway justified the use of 11 kinds of organic and biological indicators.

The Effect of X-Ray and Heavy Ions Radiations on Chemotherapy Refractory Tumor Cells.

The purpose of this study is to link both numeric and structural chromosomal aberrations to the effectiveness of radiotherapy in chemotherapy refractory tumor cells. Neuroblastoma (LAN-1) and 79HF6 glioblastoma cells derived from patients and their chemoresistant sublines were artificially cultured as neurospheres and irradiated by X-rays and heavy ions sources. All the cell lines were irradiated by Carbon-SIS with LET of 100 keV/μm. However, 79HF6 cells and LAN-1 cells were also irradiated by Carbon-UNILAC with LET of 168 keV/μm and Nickel ions with LET of 174 keV/μm, respectively. The effect of radiation on the survival and proliferation of cells was addressed by standard clonogenic assays. In order to analyze cell karyotype standard Giemsa staining, multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) and multicolor banding (mBAND) techniques were applied. Relative biological effectiveness values of heavy ion beams relative to X-rays at the D10 values were found between 2.3 and 2.6 with Carbon-SIS and Nickel for LAN-1 and between 2.5 and 3.4 with Carbon-SIS and Carbon-UNILAC for 79HF6 cells. Chemorefractory LAN-1(RETO) cells were found more radioresistant than untreated LAN-1(WT) cells. 79HF6(RETO) glioblastoma cells were found more radiosensitive than cytostatic sensitive cells 79HF6(WT). Sphere formation assay showed that LAN-1(RETO) cells were able to form spheres in serum-free culture, whereas 79HF6 cells could not. Most of 79HF6(WT) cells revealed a number of 71-90 chromosomes, whereas 79HF6(RETO) revealed a number of 52-83 chromosomes. The majority of LAN-1(WT) cells revealed a number of 40-44 chromosomes. mFISH analysis showed some stable aberrations, especially on chromosome 10 as judged by the impossibility to label this region with specific probes. This was corroborated using mBAND analysis. Heavy ion irradiation was more effective than X-ray in both cytostatic naive cancer and chemoresistant cell lines. LAN-1(RETO) chemoresistant neuroblastoma cells were found to be more radioresistant than the cytostatic naive cells (LAN-1(WT)), whereas this effect was not found in 79HF6 cells.

DOSE-RESPONSE STUDY USING MICRONUCLEUS CYTOME ASSAY: A TOOL FOR BIODOSIMETRY APPLICATION.

The present study is aimed at obtaining in vitro dose-response data for the induction of micronucleus (MN) and nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) in human lymphocytes using 60Co-gamma rays and 8 MeV pulsed electron beam. An attempt was made to validate the possibility of applying NPBs as new biodosimetry endpoint in the dose range of 0-6 Gy. A total of 1000 binucleated cells (BNCs) per dose point were evaluated for the frequency of MN and NPBs. From the study, it is clear that the dose-response increase of MN and NPBs is linear quadratic in nature. The study provides linear and quadratic parameter for biodosimetry application. The relative biological effectiveness value of the 8 MeV electron beam was estimated using slope values and is found to be 1.18 ± 0.01 for MN/BNCs, 1.27 ± 0.02 for the fraction of BNCs with MN, 1.16 ± 0.13 for MN/(BNCs with MN) and 1.09±0.01 for NPBs.

Effect of oxygen pressure during incubation with a 10B-carrier on 10B uptake capacity of cultured p53 wild-type and mutated tumor cells: dependency on p53 status of tumor cells and types of 10B-carriers

Purpose To evaluate the effect of oxygen pressure during incubation with a 10B-carrier on 10B uptake capacity of cultured p53 wild-type and mutated tumor cells.Materials and methods Cultured human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line transfected with mutant TP53 (SAS/mp53), or with a neo vector as a control (SAS/neo) was incubated with L-para-boronophenylalanine-10B (BPA) or sodium mercaptoundecahydrododecaborate-10B (BSH) as a 10B-carrier at the 10B concentration of 60 ppm for 24 h under aerobic (20.7% of oxygen) or hypoxic (0.28% of oxygen) conditions. Immediately after incubation, cultured tumor cells received reactor thermal neutron beams, and a cell survival assay was performed. 10B concentration of cultured SAS/neo or SAS/mp53 cells incubated under aerobic or hypoxic conditions was determined with a thermal neutron guide tube.Results Hypoxic incubation significantly decreased 10B concentration of cultured cells with a clearer tendency observed following BPA than BSH treatment in both SAS/neo and SAS/mp53 cells. Following neutron beam irradiation, SAS/mp53 cells showed significantly higher relative biological effectiveness values than SAS/neo cells because of the significantly lower radiosensitivity of SAS/mp53 to γ-rays than SAS/neo cells.Conclusion Oxygen pressure during incubation with a 10B-carrier had a critical impact on 10B uptake of cultured tumor cells.

The Influence of C-Ions and X-rays on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells.

Damage to the endothelium of blood vessels, which may occur during radiotherapy, is discussed as a potential precursor to the development of cardiovascular disease. We thus chose human umbilical vein endothelial cells as a model system to examine the effect of low- and high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. Cells were exposed to 250 kV X-rays or carbon ions (C-ions) with the energies of either 9.8 MeV/u (LET = 170 keV/μm) or 91 MeV/u (LET = 28 keV/μm). Subculture of cells was performed regularly up to 46 days (~22 population doublings) post-irradiation. Immediately after exposure, cells were seeded for the colony forming assay. Additionally, at regular intervals, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) (JC-1 staining) and cellular senescence (senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining) were assessed. Cytogenetic damage was investigated by the micronucleus assay and the high-resolution multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) technique. Analysis of radiation-induced damage shortly after exposure showed that C-ions are more effective than X-rays with respect to cell inactivation or the induction of cytogenetic damage (micronucleus assay) as observed in other cell systems. For 9.8 and 91 MeV/u C-ions, relative biological effectiveness values of 2.4 and 1.5 were obtained for cell inactivation. At the subsequent time points, the number of micronucleated cells decreased to the control level. Analysis of chromosomal damage by mFISH technique revealed aberrations frequently involving chromosome 13 irrespective of dose or radiation quality. Disruption of the MMP was seen only a few days after exposure to X-rays or C-ions. Cellular senescence was not altered by radiation at any time point investigated. Altogether, our data indicate that shortly after exposure C-ions were more effective in damaging endothelial cells than X-rays. However, late damage to endothelial cells was not found for the applied conditions and endpoints.

Relative ecological and biological indicator values of plum and prune cultivars

The study was conducted to compare historical plums, gene collections, and is currently cultivated and recent perspective varieties from the author. The object of the study was the relative ecological Borhidi’s figures and classification of varieties under the new definition, as the relative biological values. There were 11 figures no one in particular affect the data of the plums grown in importance as TB, WB, RB, LB, and the values are relative biological value (OP, FR, SS, and DR). The specificity of each indicator was different, but in general the importance and specific breeds was associated with. The SB (salt figures) is not proved informative, partly because small data in the literature, on the other hand, had little to their own observations as well. The gene bank of Cegléd is now third-generation (1951–1972, 1973–1991, since 1992) kind of collection, during which many aspects have changed climatic conditions: cold winter eased the strictness, but has increased the threatof spring frost advection. The relative biological scores markedly influenced around flowering extreme weather (dry, windy weather and so flowering in within 2-3 days), optimal conditions of the plum pox virus vectors and of course the presence of fruit and foliage harmful fungi. It see to be, in the case of semi-wild and wild fruit species – are possible with similar comparative analyzes, and hopefully will in feral forms, culture – as we have seen previously (Surányi 2000 and 2006). In the continuation analysis of the natural vegetation and cultural context of the complex multifactorial factors will be carried out more easily, according to the relative value figures, as well as rootstock effects and plantation’s habitat studies, and even the most phytotechnical evaluation of interventions.

Bioavailability evaluation of zinc-bearing palygorskite as a zinc source for broiler chickens

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioavailability of zinc-bearing palygorskite (Zn-Pal) in broilers. A total of 432 one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly assigned to nine groups administered different dietary treatments for 42days. The broilers were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 20, 40, 60 or 80mg/kg of Zn in the form of either feed-grade ZnSO4 or Zn-Pal, respectively. The growth performance was not affected by the addition of Zn (P>0.05). At 21days of age, the content of Zn in the blood of broilers fed diets supplemented with Zn-Pal was higher than that of broilers fed diets supplemented with ZnSO4 (P<0.01). A dose-dependent response was observed between the supplemental Zn level and the Zn content in the tibia in both the starter (1–21days) and grower periods (22–42days, P<0.01). The maximal Zn content was observed in the pancreas and tibia of broilers fed 80mg/kg of Zn as ZnSO4 or 60mg/kg of Zn as Zn-Pal. The broilers fed 80mg/kg of Zn as either ZnSO4 or Zn-Pal had the highest Zn content in the breast muscle (P<0.05). At 42days of age, the contents of Zn in the pancreas, tibia and breast muscle increased with supplemental Zn levels (P<0.01). Zn-Pal increased the Zn content in the tibia compared with ZnSO4 (P<0.05). At 21days of age, the relative biological values (RBVs) of Zn-Pal were 109.64%, 100% and 100%, as determined using the contents of Zn in the pancreas, tibia and breast muscle, respectively, as response parameters. At 42days of age, the RBVs of Zn-Pal were 86.32% and 119.55% based on the contents of Zn in the pancreas and tibia. It was concluded that Zn-Pal had a higher bioavailability than ZnSO4 in broiler diets. The optimal level of supplemented Zn for broilers was 60mg/kg in the form of Zn-Pal.

Research on the quality of milk and vegetable mince based on the concentrate of buttermilk

The paper presents a complex of data characterizing the quality of the designed milk and vegetable mince. We have identified the shares of the main nutrients in the milk and vegetable mince and found out that the designed mince contains more nutrients than it is required by the standard. Thus, the share of dry matter in the new mince exceeds the standard share by 2.05-6.32 %, fat––by 0.80-0.82 %, carbohydrates, in particular mono- and disaccharides,––by 6.24-6.28 %, pectin––by 0.37-1.63 %, and cellulose––by 0.18-0.53 %, which proves feasibility of combining dairy and plant material. Calculation of the amino acid score for the milk and vegetable mince shows that the mince proteins are free from limiting amino acids, whereas the share of all essential amino acids exceeds the FAO/WHO standards, which proves high biological value of the mince. The research has proved that the relative biological value (RBV) and the rate of digestion by the main proteolytic enzymes make the designed mince excel the standard. The analysis of the obtained data additionally confirms the physiological phenomenon discovered by О. О. Pokrovsky. We have proved that vegetable raw materials used as mince ingredients enrich the designed produce with vitamins and minerals. The research shows that the shares of vitamins in the milk and vegetable mince increase (vitamins of group B––10.35-12.06 times, vitamin А––4.50-5.50 times, and vitamin С––5.60-7.02 times) in comparison with the standard while the content of all mineral elements makes the designed mince excel the standard. Therefore, the designed mince is a promising raw material for manufacturing culinary products, which allows expanding the range of products with a higher nutritional and biological value.

Carbon-ion beams effectively induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in human neural stem cells compared with glioblastoma A172 cells.

Carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) holds promise in the treatment of glioblastoma, an aggressive X-ray–resistant brain tumor. However, since glioblastoma cells show a highly invasive nature, carbon-ion (C-ion) irradiation of normal tissues surrounding the tumor is inevitable. Recent studies have revealed the existence of neural stem cells in the adult brain. Therefore, the damaging effect of C-ion beams on the neural stem cells has to be carefully considered in the treatment planning of CIRT. Here, we investigated the growth and death mode of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) and glioblastoma A172 cells after X-ray or C-ion beam irradiation. The X-ray dose resulting in a 50% growth rate (D50) was 0.8 Gy in hNSCs and 3.0 Gy in A172 cells, while the D50 for C-ion beams was 0.4 Gy in hNSCs and 1.6 Gy in A172 cells; the relative biological effectiveness value of C-ion beams was 2.0 in hNSCs and 1.9 in A172 cells. Importantly, both X-rays and C-ion beams preferentially induced apoptosis, not necrosis, in hNSCs; however, radiation-induced apoptosis was less evident in A172 cells. The apoptosis-susceptible nature of the irradiated hNSCs was associated with prolonged upregulation of phosphorylated p53, whereas the apoptosis-resistant nature of A172 cells was associated with a high basal level of nuclear factor kappa B expression. Taken together, these data indicate that apoptosis is the major cell death pathway in hNSCs after irradiation. The high sensitivity of hNSCs to C-ion beams underscores the importance of careful target volume delineation in the treatment planning of CIRT for glioblastoma.

Effects of extracts from Gynura bicolor (Roxb. & Willd.) DC. on iron bioavailability in rats

Gynura bicolor (Roxb. & Willd.) DC. is widely distributed in certain areas of Asia and is very popular in vegetarian cuisine in Taiwan. This study investigates the effects of G. bicolor extracts with different polarities of 80 mg/kg body weight (BW) G. bicolor alcohol extract, 80 mg/kg BW G. bicolor water extract, and 80 mg/kg BW G. bicolor ether extract on Fe bioavailability using the hemoglobin repletion efficiency assay. Wistar rats were assigned to five groups: a group receiving an iron-deficient (ID) diet; a group receiving an ID diet supplemented with ferrous sulfate (20 mg Fe/kg BW); and three groups receiving ID diets supplemented with ferrous sulfate and one of G. bicolor alcohol extract, G. bicolor water extract, or G. bicolor water extract. The results indicated that the levels of hemoglobin, serum iron, serum ferritin, liver ferritin, hemoglobin regeneration efficiency, relative biological value, and hepcidin all were significantly higher than those of the ID diet group. Besides, the iron transporter divalent metal transporter-1 was significantly reduced, but iron release protein expression of ferroportin was significantly increased. It was concluded that G. bicolor extracts may promote iron bioavailability and regulate the expressions of divalent metal transporter-1 and ferroportin.