Law Relationship Research Articles

The extended scaling laws of the mechanical properties of additively manufactured body-centered cubic lattice structures under large compressive strains

Additively manufactured lattice structures are porous light-weight structures with mechanical properties that are dictated both from the topology and the parent material properties. When printed from metals, these structures can withstand large continuous plastic deformation. In this paper, we focus on body-centered cubic (BCC) lattice structures under compression up to large deformation strains, and we propose relations between the slenderness ratio of struts and the following mechanical properties: Young's modulus, yield strength, hardening rate of the structure and the densification strain. We perform a systematic study using finite element modelling (FEM) to find how both material properties and lattice structures are affecting the effective mechanical properties of BCC lattice structures under compression. Based on this analysis we propose the scaling laws of the mechanical properties. The scaling laws can be explained as an extension of the Gibson-Ashby power law relations for bend-dominated structures with non-slender beams. We also discuss how rounding the connections between the struts using fillets affects the scaling laws. We demonstrate the scaling laws in the analysis of experimental results, showing the accuracy and limitations of the scaling laws in predicting the mechanical properties, with an emphasis on large deformations. In the analysis, we use experimental values published in literature, and we also present here experimental results of lattice structures printed from Inconel 718.

Structural tuning of anisotropic mechanical properties in 3D-Printed hydrogel lattices

We investigated the ability to tune the anisotropic mechanical properties of 3D-printed hydrogel lattices by modifying their geometry (lattice strut diameter, unit cell size, and unit cell scaling factor). Many soft tissues are anisotropic and the ability to mimic natural anisotropy would be valuable for developing tissue-surrogate “phantoms” for elasticity imaging (shear wave elastography or magnetic resonance elastography). Vintile lattices were 3D-printed in polyethylene glycol di-acrylate (PEGDA) using digital light projection printing. Two mechanical benchtop tests, dynamic shear testing and unconfined compression, were used to measure the apparent shear storage moduli (G′) and apparent Young's moduli (E) of lattice samples. Increasing the unit cell size from 1.25 mm to 2.00 mm reduced the Young's and shear moduli of the lattices by 91% and 85%, respectively. Decreasing the strut diameter from 300 μm to 200 μm reduced the apparent shear moduli of the lattices by 95%. Increasing the geometric scaling ratio of the lattice unit cells from 1.00 × to 2.00 × increased mechanical anisotropy in shear (by a factor of 3.1) and in compression (by a factor of 2.9). Both simulations and experiments show that the effects of unit cell size and strut diameter are consistent with power law relationships between volume fraction and apparent elastic moduli. In particular, experimental measurements of apparent Young's moduli agree well with predictions of the theoretical Gibson-Ashby model. Thus, the anisotropic mechanical properties of a lattice can be tuned by the unit cell size, the strut diameter, and scaling factors. This approach will be valuable in designing tissue-mimicking hydrogel lattice-based composite materials for elastography phantoms and tissue engineered scaffolds.

Political Framing in China's Foreign Relations Law: International Law and ‘Fundamental Norms Governing International Relations’

The 2023 ‘Law on Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China’ (FRL) represents China's most comprehensive attempt to date to articulate a legal framework for its international engagement. The stated purpose of the FRL is foremost functional, setting up a legal architecture for foreign policy, yet also serves diplomatic functions of explaining China's vision for international legal and political order. The following comments are concerned with this latter objective and the reception of the FRL by a global audience, including how it fits into existing discourses about the future of international law. Here, advocacy of alternative ‘political frames’ for international law emerges as a principal form of contestation, with China consistently claiming that Western invocations of the ‘rules-based order’ derogate from international law. Yet the FRL contains corresponding forms of political framing, in which the drafters cite ‘international law’ exclusively when paired with the concept of ‘fundamental norms governing international relations’. Interdependency between the terms suggests that the political commitment is increasingly necessary to understand China's interpretation of international legal norms in contentious cases. Comparative analysis emphasises the need for transnational dialogue, to promote better understanding of how emergent political frames are constructing competing meanings of international legal order.

Участие публично-правовых образований в цивилистическом процессе: актуальные проблемы

The article examines the procedural aspects of the participation of the state, its subjects and municipalities, state authorities and local governments, officials as a party in civil and arbitration proceedings. It is shown that in a number of cases public legal entities exercise power within the framework of private law relations. At the same time, the civil procedural and arbitration procedural forms do not contain special rules for the consideration of disputes with their participation as a party to the case or a third party. The forms of participation of public entities in civil and arbitration proceedings are differentiated based on the nature of their interest in the case.

Secondary strikes and their proportional impact on both the primary and secondary employer

The right to strike is protected in terms of section 23(2)(c) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (the Constitution). The Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (the LRA) regulates this right in terms of its section 64. The LRA defines a strike in section 213 and goes further to provide for a secondary strike (also known as a "sympathy strike") in section 66. Given the concept of secondary strike as provided for in the LRA, an ordinary strike is usually referred to as a "primary strike" (Du Toit, Godfrey, Cooper, Giles, Cohen, Conradie and Steenkamp Labour Relations Law: A Comprehensive Guide 6ed (2015) 361; Van Niekerk, Smit (eds), Christianson, McGregor and van Eck Law@work (2019) 465). A primary strike is by employees who have a dispute with their employer, which relates to "matters of mutual interest or terms and conditions of employment" (Manamela "Matters of mutual interest for purposes of a strike - Vanachem Vanadium Products (Pty) Ltd v National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa 2014 9 BLLR 923 (LC)" 2015 Obiter 791-800; NUMSA obo Members v SAA 2017 38 ILJ 1994 (LAC)). These employees engage in strike action to pursue their demands or grievances which are directed against their employer (Grogan Collective Labour Law 3ed (2019) 292). A secondary strike is by employees in support of other employees who are engaged in a strike against their employer. Employees of the secondary employer therefore support striking employees of the primary employer, even though they have no material interest in the matter that gives rise to the primary strike. This is based on the assumption that if a business is connected to another one, then if employees of the former engage in strike action, the strike will have an impact on the functioning of the latter, which will be forced to accede to demands by its employees.

Legal Issues 101: Implications of Attendance, Absenteeism, and Truancy in the School Setting

This article is part of Legal Issues 101, a series of topics addressing some common questions and misconceptions about the law and school health. School nurse job responsibilities differ regarding monitoring student attendance and assisting school administrators with required truancy reporting. However, all school nurses support student attendance with a focus on students being safe, healthy, and ready to learn. In this article, the authors address frequently asked questions on topics surrounding student attendance including excused and unexcused absences, truancy, parent/guardian engagement, and related laws.

International Law: Regulation of Conflicts and International Relations

Objective: In the backdrop of escalating military confrontations and worsening economic and environmental challenges worldwide, this research aims to delve into effective systems for managing international conflicts and optimizing the global security framework. Theoretical framework: The study delves into the integration of legal frameworks within nations engaged in hostilities, examining key institutions influencing the regulation of international conflicts. It analyzes the evolution of conflicts in Ukraine and Israel, elucidating the involvement of legal institutions in regulating these conflicts. Methods: The research utilizes qualitative and quantitative approaches. It scrutinizes scholarly publications, evaluates prevailing strategies employed by states in conflicts, and assesses major geopolitical entities' support for such conflicts. It synthesizes insights from diverse disciplines, including international law, political science, and international relations. Results and conclusion: This research underscores international law's role in regulating conflicts through diplomatic frameworks, conflict oversight, and treaty enforcement despite challenges in politically charged environments. Case studies of Ukraine and Israel highlight the complexities of applying international law to modern conflicts. Research implications: The study highlights the need to reform the legal framework of international organizations like the European Union to enhance conflict management efficacy. It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary research in developing more effective legal frameworks and strategies for conflict resolution and peacekeeping. Originality/value: This research contributes to understanding the dynamic interplay between law and politics in conflict resolution. It identifies areas for further research, including the role of international organizations in peacekeeping and the intersection of conflict regulation with other branches of international law.

Tanggung Jawab Dokter/Rumah Sakit Akibat Malpraktik Medis SebagaiUpaya Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pasien

The relationship between a doctor and a patient is basically a civil law relationship, where the patient comes to thedoctor to cure his illness and the doctor promises to try to treat or cure the illness. Civil relations are legal relationscarried out by parties who are in equal positions. The relationship between the doctor and the patient gives rise torights and obligations or in other words the agreement/agreement between the doctor and the patient gives rise toan obligation, in this case a business contract (inspanning verbintennis) because it is based on an obligation to dobusiness. Doctors are obliged to provide care with care and attention in accordance with professional standards. Soif the patient/family finds out that the doctor has not fulfilled his obligations as stated in the agreement, he can file alawsuit for breach of contract before the court and ask for the agreement to be fulfilled and can demandcompensation. Likewise, if a doctor in his service to a patient commits an act that violates the law, then inaccordance with the provisions of Article 1365 of the Civil Code which regulates unlawful acts, the plaintiff (victim,patient) can demand compensation, both material and immaterial. The principle of the reverse burden of proof canbe applied in medical cases, so the rights of the patient (plaintiff) will be protected, meaning that the plaintiff(patient), even though it is difficult or impossible to prove the fault of the defendant (doctor, hospital) and will stillobtain his rights, namely in the form of compensation both material and immaterial.Keywords: Doctor's liability, malpractice, medica

Accelerating universe with wet dark fluid in modified theory of gravity

In the present work we have focused on the investigation of LRS Bianchi type –I metric within the framework of f(R) theory of gravity filled with wet dark fluid as the candidate of dark energy. The solution of the metric is an accelerating universe, derived by assuming the negative constant deceleration parameter and utilizing a power law relation. Additionally, we have visually analyzed the metric's dynamical and geometrical properties through graphical representations.

Проблемы государственного суверенитета в разрезе глобализации: органическая сельскохозяйственная продукция

During the period of universal globalization, issues of state sovereignty, the ratio of state sovereignty and the unified policy of associations of states are increasingly raised. The legal field governing relations in the field of organic agricultural production, acting as a guarantor of national security and aimed at preserving state sovereignty, is currently in conflict with the norms of international and national law of states. The author in this article provides an analysis of the contradictions between the norms of international and national law in relation to tasks aimed at preserving state sovereignty on the example of the Russian Federation and the countries of the European Union.

Analisis Pelanggaran Ketenagakerjaan (Studi Kasus Pt. Indonesia Bakery Family)

: This article examines violations of labor regulations from the perspective of related laws and regulations as well as the potential legal impacts of these violations. Analysis of several examples of employment regulations that often appear in the world of work was carried out by referring to Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Employment and its derivative regulations. Various violations were detected through case studies, including non-procedural termination of employment, mishandling of working hours, providing wages below standard, and not providing occupational safety and health protection. The legal consequences of these violations are examined, along with the responsibilities of the parties involved. This includes administrative and civil sanctions for employers who violate labor laws. The importance of complying with labor laws for the creation of fair and positive employment relationships is emphasized in the conclusion, as is the importance of employers and employees being aware of these laws to avoid violations in the future.

О некоторых проблемных аспектах в регулировании гражданско-правовых отношений на туристическом рынке

The article discusses topical problems related to the sale of a tourist product in the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and the practice of application of the current legislation by the courts. Attention is paid to the concept, type and nature of this phenomenon. The question is raised about the shortcomings of the legal definition of the term "tourist product", which to a large extent leads to law enforcement uncertainty. The author analyzes the issues of insufficient state participation in the regulation of civil law relations arising between tour operators and travel agents in the field of tourist services. The conclusions and recommendations can be used in judicial practice and serve as an impetus for improving the current legislation of the Russian Federation. The proposed proposals correspond to the purpose and objectives of the study.

Latent-to-sensible heat conversion kinetics during nanoparticle coalescence.

Coagulational growth in an aerosol is a multistep process; first particles collide, and then they coalesce with one another. Coalescence kinetics have been investigated in numerous prior studies, largely through atomistic simulations of nanoclusters (102-104 atoms). However, with a few exceptions, they have either assumed the process is completely isothermal or is a constant energy process. During coalescence, there is the formation of new bonds, decreasing potential energy, and correspondingly increasing internal kinetic (thermal) energy. Internal kinetic energy evolution is dependent not only on coalescence kinetics but also on heat transfer to the surrounding gas. Here, we develop and test a model of internal kinetic energy evolution in collisionally formed nanoclusters in the presence of a background gas. We find that internal kinetic energy dynamics hinge upon a power law relationship describing latent-to-sensible heat release as well as a modified thermal accommodation coefficient. The model is tested against atomistic models of 1.5-3.0nm embedded-atom gold nanocluster sintering in argon and helium environments. The model results are in excellent agreement with the simulation results for all tested conditions. Results show that nanocluster effective temperatures can increase by hundreds of Kelvin due to coalescence, but that the rise and re-equilibration of the internal kinetic energy is strongly dependent on the background gas environment. Interestingly, internal kinetic energy change kinetics are also found to be distinct from surface area change kinetics, suggesting that modeling coalescence heat release solely due to surface area change is inaccurate.

The Legal Protection against Accountability for Criminal Acts of Narcotics Abuse in Indonesia

Narcotics crimes are increasing from year to year in both quantity and quality in Indonesia. The narcotics law emphasized that the legal position of narcotics abusers was no longer seen as perpetrators but rather as victims, there was a change in the legal paradigm in legal protection for narcotics abusers. As a victim, the perpetrator must receive legal protection. Legal protection for narcotics abusers was implemented in the form of medical rehabilitation and social rehabilitation which were discretionary from the types of punishment as regulated in Article 10 of the Criminal Code. The problem was how to protect the law against criminal liability for narcotics abusers and how to optimize legal protection for narcotics abusers. Normative research was used as the method in this research, and the secondary data obtained from reviewing related laws and regulations and relevant literature. The result explained that legal protection for the criminal liability of narcotics abusers was determined through a judge's decision by placing narcotics abusers in rehabilitation institutions. Then, optimizing legal protection for narcotics abusers was carried out by equalizing the perceptions of all law enforcement officials regarding the need for legal protection for crime victims as well as unifying views and providing a deep understanding of the aims and objectives of providing rehabilitation.

The law in relation to safeguarding and the community nurse.

In this article, Iwan Dowie discusses the role of the community nurse in relation to safeguarding. The key principles of safeguarding are discussed, and how the community nurse can approach various incidences where they feel their patients may be at risk.

Application of Constitutional Court Decision No.18/PUU-XVII/2019 concerning Fiduciary to the protection of Consumer Rights

This article is to find out how to apply Constitutional Court Decision No.18/PUU-XVII/2019 concerning Fiduciary to the protection of Consumer Rights. Collateral comes from the Dutch words zekerheid and cautie which means the debtor's ability to repay the creditor. This is achieved when the debtor receives a loan or debt from a creditor and uses valuables as collateral to secure the loan or obligation. As stated in the Decree of the Directors of Bank Indonesia No. 23/69/KEP/DIR dated 28 February 1991 concerning Credit Guarantee, the word "guarantee" in Indonesian can mean guarantee. This article uses the Normative Juridical method relating to issues relating to the Mortgage and Lien Rights Law and the Final Decision of the Constitutional Court. In collecting information for this research, we looked at various sources, including primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials, related laws and regulations, as well as documents that use a normative juridical approach to examine Constitutional Court and Constitutional Court decisions. Mortgage and Lien Law.

THE EXISTENCE AND PROTECTION OF ULAYAT RIGHTS IN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF POSITIVE LAW IN INDONESIA

Ulayat Rights are the highest rights of indigenous law communities to land. Normatively, protection of the rights of indigenous law communities is contained in several related laws and regulations, but in practice, Ulayat Rights of indigenous law communities often become the object of dispute/conflict, both with the government and with private parties who need land, so that they are often eliminated and detrimental to the rights of indigenous law communities. The aim of this research is to obtain an overview of the criteria for determining the existence of Ulayat rights of indigenous law communities and the legal protection of them when dealing with outside parties from a positive legal perspective in Indonesia. The approach method used is a normative juridical approach, namely tracing, studying and researching secondary data related to this research material. A juridical approach is used considering the problems studied revolve around the relationship between a regulation and other regulations, namely regulations regarding land, forestry and plantation law. The research results show that recognition of the existence of Ulayat rights of indigenous law communities is limited as long as they still exist and must fulfill several elements as specified in several statutory regulations. Protection of traditional rights is contained in the constitution, sectoral legislation and regional regulations, but in reality there are still frequent disputes/conflicts, this shows that the protection of Ulayat rights of indigenous law communities is still not optimal.

Prospects for Digitalization of Rulemaking in Civil Law

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the reasons for the defectiveness of a number of regulations on economic activity in the country. The need to intensify the development of a methodology for the use of digital technologies in rule-making activities is substantiated.Materials and methods. In the course of writing the work, regulatory materials and works of domestic and foreign authors were used. Techniques of scientific knowledge were used: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalizations, analogies and others. The methodological basis of the study was made up of general scientific and special legal methods: systemic-structural, method of dogmatic analysis, method of interpretation of legal norms, method of legal-technical design, comparative legal, formal legal, logical, statistical, etc.Results of the study. Analysis of the current array of regulatory acts of the Russian Federation made it possible to identify its incomplete compliance with the requirements for building self-consistent management systems.It has been proven that the main condition for the effective use of digital technologies in rule-making is to ensure that the system of existing regulations in the country is closed from external influence. Ways have been proposed to improve the content of normative acts regulating civil law relations in the context of the introduction of digital technologies into law enforcement and legislative processes.Discussion and conclusions. The conducted research allows us to draw attention to the conceptual foundations of the transformation of its legal regulation in line with international agreements in this area, as well as critically evaluate the effectiveness of some areas of modern lawmaking.

What to do With Cross-Border Environmental Pollution: Legislative Aspects

Abstract – Environmental torts and possibility of trans-border dispute settlement thereof has gained significant prominence in the recent years. Cases such as Urgenda foundation v the State of the Netherlends, Milieudefensie et al. v. Royal Dutch Shell plc., ClientEarth v. Enea, Neubauer et al. v. Germany demonstrate that environmental tort cases can be brought by stakeholders globally rather than relying on involvement of a relevant national responsible authority. EU climate policy of decreasing GHG emissions and the ambitious target of reaching climate neutrality by 2050 has resulted in a rapid development of environmental law. Thus, environmental regulation is becoming increasingly complex and possible breaches may cause serious legal consequences affecting everyone not just selected individuals or states. These developments could possibly lead to a necessity of a forum or rules where any natural person or an NGO could bring a claim against a state or multinational corporation which engages in illegal activities causing harm the environment on a global scale. Using litigation as a tool to empower society to stand against environmental wrongdoers may serve as a deterring factor to maintain order when it comes to environmental regulation. While such reasoning may seem farfetched and extreme, nevertheless it still raises a question of current regulation on determination of jurisdiction and the applicable law and whether it would be possible to benefit from developing these rules. By engaging in a systematic literature analysis identifying the relevant terms, the research shall explore the basic principles of private international law in relation to assigning jurisdiction and determining applicable law in claims concerning environmental torts. The research shall develop a methodology with the aim of covering and identifying a wider range of problems related to the determination of jurisdiction and application of law in cross-border environmental tort claims. Some of the main issues concern the determination of defendants in cases involving multinational corporations, multi-claimant cases, and the compensation of indirect damages. An exploration of material aspects in the developments of the current EU regulation and guidelines shall be analysed in conjunction with the aforementioned notion. The result of the study not only will reflect the specifics of the application of the Brussels Ibis Regulation and Rome II regulation in cross-border environmental torts, but also how the EU environmental regulation could potentially promote corporate responsibility and environmental protection. Thus, developing research on interaction between private international law and environmental law. Keywords - environmental tort, SEG emissions, jurisdiction, applicable law, cross-border pollution

Independence of Prosecutors and Judges in Criminal Proceedings in Ukraine and Foreign Countries in the Context of International Practices

The purpose of this study was to identify the main international standards for the application of the principle of independence in the judicial process and the specifics of its implementation in Ukraine. The main methods used for scientific cognition included analysis and synthesis, formal-logical, historical-formal, induction and deduction, specification and generalisation, comparison. The study identified the principal international standards for the implementation of the principle of independence of participants in criminal proceedings, including judges and prosecutors, which include proper legal regulation of the status of judges and prosecutors, direct prohibition of influence from other branches of power. The study found certain differences between the independence of judges and prosecutors, which include the following features: the independence of a judge means being subject to the law and impartiality in relation to any party to the trial, while a prosecutor cannot be independent in this sense, since they represent the prosecution.