Law Relationship Research Articles

The right to delayed parenthood/maternity – separate issues of legal regulation

The article analyzes the peculiarities of legal relations arising in connection with the cryopreservation of human biological material – embryos and reproductive cells, namely: determining the origin of a child born in this way. It is noted that the birth of children is a component of the demographic policy of the state, and the use of assisted reproductive technologies can change the demographic situation in society for the better. Cryopreservation is relevant not only in cases when a couple who wants to have children have difficulties with conception, but also when such problems do not yet exist, but they may arise with a high probability – this applies to such categories of citizens who are undergoing treatment for oncological diseases with a risk of loss reproductive health, as well as citizens who constantly risk their lives and health due to their activities: military personnel, policemen or workers at factories with harmful working conditions.
 The author notes that medical biotechnologies are becoming more and more diverse and effective, scientific achievements are penetrating deeper and deeper into the natural processes of human reproduction, therefore there is a need to resolve legal issues related to cryopreservation. And the realization of the right to cryopreservation requires legal regulation of so-called delayed parenthood.
 From the point of view of family law, these relations are of interest in terms of the emergence of new family law relations. The author considers several models for determining the origin of a child born with the use of assisted reproductive technologies using cryopreserved reproductive cells or embryos. Separate issues of postmortem reproduction are considered.
 The author concludes that there is a need for legislative regulation of gaps in the field of cryopreservation of reproductive cells and embryos, which will allow to ensure proper consolidation of the guarantee of the right to paternity/maternity and an effective mechanism for their implementation in cases of restriction of vital activity or death of a person.

Bridging the Gap

Abstract Recent years have seen a new, by now almost normalized, openness towards empirical, interdisciplinary approaches within international law scholarship, in part driven by research conducted within the Nordics. Scholarship that bridges International Law and International Relations has been a key example, promising new insights on how power dynamics shape international law, and how international law in turn constitutes global order. However, interdisciplinary work combining both disciplines has also been met with critique, including accusations of disciplinary hegemony, a priori theorising, and not accounting for international law’s normativity. This article argues that practice theory provides one possible way to address these challenges. Focusing on day-to-day legal practices, especially at the intersections of legal regimes, we identify three examples of particularly promising research avenues: state responses to international legal developments; international lawyers navigating overlapping communities of practice; and data-driven approaches for understanding how legal interpretations are negotiated across different groups of practitioners.

Shaping a Surface Microdroplet by Marangoni Forces along a Moving Contact Line of Four Immiscible Phases

AbstractThe ability to transfer microdroplets between fluid phases offers numerous advantages in various fields. This study focuses on the stability and morphology of a sessile oil microdropletduring the transfer from underwater to air. A distinct transition in microdroplet dynamics is observed, characterized by a shift from a scenario dominated by Marangoni forces to one dominated by capillary forces. In the former regime, the oil microdroplets spread in response to the contact between the water‐air interface and the water‐oil interface. The spreading distance follows a power law relationship of t3/4, reflecting the balance between Marangoni forces and viscous forces. On the other hand, in the capillarity‐dominated regime, the oil microdroplets remain stable at the contact line and after being transferred into the air. The crossover between these two regimes is identified in the parameter space defined by three factors: the approaching velocity of the solid‐water‐air contact line (vcl), the radius of the oil microdroplet (ro), and the radius of the water drop (rw). Furthermore, how to use the four‐phase contact line for shaping oil microdroplets is demonstrated using a full liquid process by the contact line lithography.

Enhancing wildfire propagation model predictions using aerial swarm-based real-time wind measurements: A conceptual framework

The dynamic behaviour of wildfires is mainly influenced by weather, fuel, and topography. Based on fundamental conservation laws involving numerous physical processes and large scales, atmospheric models require substantial computational resources. Therefore, coupling wildfire and atmospheric models is impractical for high resolutions. Instead, a static atmospheric wind field is typically input into the wildfire model, either as boundary conditions on the control surface or distributed over the control volume. Wildfire propagation models may be (i) data-driven; (ii)theoretical; or (iii)mechanistic surrogates. Data-driven models are beyond the scope of this paper. Theoretical models are based on conservation laws (species, energy, mass, momentum) and are, therefore, computationally intensive; e.g. the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Mechanistic surrogate models do not closely follow fire dynamics laws, but related laws observed to make predictions more efficiently with sufficient accuracy; e.g. FARSITE, and FDS with the Level Set model (FDS-LS). Whether theoretical or mechanistic surrogate, these wildfire models may be coupled with or decoupled from wind models (e.g. Navier-Stokes equations). Only coupled models account for the effect of the fire on the wind field. In this paper, a series of simulations of wildfire propagation on grassland are performed using FDS-LS to study the impact of the fire-induced wind on the fire propagation dynamics. Results show that coupling leads to higher Rates of Spread (RoS), closer to those reported from field experiments, with increasing wind speeds and higher terrain slopes strengthening this trend. Aiming to capture the fire–wind interaction without the hefty cost of solving Navier-Stokes equations, a conceptual framework is proposed: 1) a swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles measure wind velocities at flight height; 2) the wind field is constructed with the acquired data; 3) the high-altitude wind field is mapped to near-surface, and 4) the near-surface wind field is fed into the wildfire model periodically. A series of simulations are performed using an in-house decoupled physics-based reduced-order fire propagation model (FireProM-F) enhanced by wind field “measurements”. In this proof of concept, wind velocities are not measured but extracted from physics-based Large Eddy Simulations taken as ground truth. Unsurprisingly, higher measurement frequencies lead to more accurate and realistic predictions of the propagating fire front. An initial attempt is made to study the effect of wind measurement uncertainty on the model predictions by adding Gaussian noise. Preliminary results show that higher noise leads to the fire front displaying more irregular shapes and slower propagation.

Dancing at the crossroads: Lessons from Ireland on collective labour law reform

AbstractThe past 20 years were convulsive for industrial relations in Ireland: from boom to bust and back again, with the Financial Crisis killing off national bargaining; the Supreme Court first undermining sectoral bargaining, then shifting back in favour of it; and of course, the Covid‐19 pandemic generating an overhaul of working conditions across society. All along, widespread industrial unrest has been notable by its absence. Long‐term decline in Irish trade union density continues, despite recent research showing significant popular support for trade unions, particularly among young workers. Now, the obligation to transpose the Directive on Adequate Minimum Wages has brought Ireland to a crossroads in collective labour law and industrial relations reform. How Ireland has responded to these pressures, internal and external, holds lessons for other jurisdictions, of which this article highlights three: a commitment to pragmatic adaptation over principled coherence makes measuring the success of any reform project difficult; different methods of reform enjoy varying levels of legitimacy; and disjunction between different levels of bargaining generates pressure on the system, including risks to the legitimacy of the system itself and the actors within it—particularly beleaguered trade unions.

Electronic Administrative Judicial Procedure of Ukraine and the Right to Judicial Protection: Problems of Legal Regulation and Practical Issues

The article deals with certain problems of legal regulation of electronic administrative judicial procedure in the context of the realization of the right to judicial protection. The methodological basis of a scientific article is a set of philosophical, general and special scientific methods. It is indicated that electronic administrative judicial procedure should be attributed to the components of electronic governance. It has been established that the right to appeal to an administrative court and ways to protect violated rights cannot be limited when submitting and considering electronic documents, since the lack of such an opportunity leads to a violation of fundamental human rights, court practice in this matter is given. It has been established that it is the application of a specific method of protecting participants in public law relations of a violated or denied right that is the result of the activity and effectiveness of the legal mechanism for protecting rights when using information and communication technologies in administrative courts. Revealed that these rights protection mechanisms should be applied on the basis of the rule of law, accessibility and transparency, impartiality and independence, including the principles of oral hearing and equality of arms. The analysis of the concepts "electronic justice", "electronic court" in the scientific literature, national and international legal documents is carried out. The essence of "electronic administrative judicial procedure", its elements, stages of implementation in practice are disclosed. Separate directions for improving the legal regulation of electronic administrative judicial procedure regarding the implementation of the right to judicial protection are proposed.

Особенности частноправовых отношений в спорте

The article studies private law relations between various sports subjects. Qualitative development of economic and social parameters of sports can be ensured only provided that a stable legal framework is created, including in the sphere of regulation of private law relations. The author also studies sports development prospects through the system of private law institutions implemented, inter alia, at the municipal level. Based on the results of the analysis, the author concludes that private law issues of sports development should be solved in connection with the comprehensive social and economic development of the Russian Federation.

Effect of particles on foam drainage

Despite many applications, the three phase foam is so complicated and far from being fully understood. Drainage is critical to foam decay, so the effect of particles on foam drainage has been investigated in this research to better understand the complex three phase foam. The power law relationship, drainage regime, foam permeability and the residual solid particles were investigated with different particle concentration, particle hydrophobicity and particle size. It was found that the power law index increased with the increasing of particle concentration and particle hydrophobicity, which indicates the transition of drainage regime from node dominated to Plateau border dominated. It was also found that the medium size particles could increase the Plateau border viscous loss more obviously. Foam permeability with different particles was also discussed via fitting the viscous loss of both Plateau border and nodes. Finally, residual solid particle was used to study the particle behaviour during the free drainage after forced drainage. This research could help us better understand the drainage of three phase foam.

Analysis of Factors Influencing the Force of Mooring Facilities in Pontoon based on ARIANE7

Using ARIANE7 software, a numerical model was established with reference to a river barging terminal in Chongqing. Single factor sensitivity analysis was used to analyze the sensitivity of different factors to the mooring force at each position of the pontoon. Through the software calculation, the dynamic response analysis of the relative change law of mooring force at each position of the pontoon was carried out, and the sensitivity analysis was carried out under different conditions of simulated wind flow.

The Theory of Observation —The Propagation of Wave and the Apparent Velocity of Object Motion

This paper deepens and develops the Galileo's principle of relativity of motion, and summarizes the Laws of relativity and superposition of motion or wave (light). The essence of light is analyzed. The characteristics of various waves (sound waves, water waves, electromagnetic waves or light waves, etc.) and their relationship with the motion velocity of objects (wave sources) are analyzed. Wave acts as a messenger for people to know things, and are used as a signal to receive, perceive and know things far away. The observation of an object is a perspective effect, not represent the real motion of the object. The real motion of the wave source can exceed the velocity of wave, and the observed velocity of the object moving at the super wave (light) velocity can be much lower than the wave (light) velocity in some visual angles, while the observed speed of the object moving below the wave (light) speed will be much higher than the wave velocity in some visual angles. Objects moving at super wave (light) speed will produce special phenomena when observed from some angles. Super wave velocity (including superlight velocity) of real motion of objects and inversion of observation time sequence are common phenomena. Finally, the superluminal phenomenon of quasars and the technical application prospect of observation angle effect are discussed. This theory is widely used in remote sensing, astronomical observation, microscopic detection, satellite navigation, weather forecast, microscopic observation, medical detection, dynamic identification and so on. All of them are calibrated by the formula of observation angle effect derived in this paper, which can improve the accuracy of observation results. Especially in the observation technology of objects moving in high-speed such as high-energy collider, cosmic ray, cosmic radiation and nuclear reaction, the application effects are more remarkable, more real and accurate.

Public Awareness of Anti-Violence against Women and Children Law in Tagum City: Basis for Information Dissemination Plan

Purpose: This quantitative study intended to investigate people's awareness regarding RA 9262, the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004, and to propose an intervention based on the study results.
 Materials and Methods: There were 384 respondents selected through stratified sampling who answered the standardized survey questionnaires. The respondents were 18 years old and above and randomly picked. Furthermore, the research design in this study was quantitative, non-experimental, and descriptive-correlational. After the collection of data, responses were encoded for data analysis. Mean and Standard Deviation statistics described the respondents' awareness of the protection, liability, physical violence, sexual violence, psychological violence, penalties, and protective measures of RA 9262. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) determined the significance of the difference between variables.
 Findings: The mean and standard deviation showed high respondents' awareness of all the salient provisions of RA 9262: subject of protection, subject to liability, physical violence, sexual violence, psychological violence, economic violence penalties, and protective measures. The ANOVA results revealed significant differences in people's awareness of RA 9262 by age, marital status, educational attainment, employment status, and the number of years living together. Those with better awareness of the said law are the 42 to 49-year-olds, married, with higher educational attainments, with higher employment status, and with a partner for more than ten years.
 Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study offered intervention strategies to increase awareness of the A-VAWC law at the community level. The local government unit of Tagum City may target awareness-raising and education campaigns to reach those groups with lower levels of awareness and understanding. Future researchers may investigate other factors that influence awareness and understanding of RA 9262 among different demographic groups. Policy makers may also include updating of gender and development related laws to improve proposed intervention strategies.

Bicontinuous silica-epoxy nanocomposites by aerogel infusion

Interpenetrated, bicontinuous nanocomposites are formed by fully infusing monolithic mesoporous silica (silica aerogel) with epoxy resin. The long-range connectivity of the silica network facilitates direct load transfer and enforces sample homogeneity. The silica networks are prepared using sol–gel chemistry, informed by new phase diagrams, adapted to maximise reinforcement content in the subsequent bicontinuous composite. The infusibility of the aerogels is correlated to pore characteristics determined by gas sorption, as a function of silica aerogel density. Silica reinforcement loadings of up to 22silica vol.% are fully consolidated, with only a modest reduction in glass transition temperature and no change in cure conditions. The reinforcement improves both hardness (+23 %) and reduced modulus (+17 %) of the baseline resin. These properties increase with aerogel content viaa power law relationship which demonstrates the direct role of the connected silica phase as a reinforcing network and motivates future studies to extend the applicable range.

Развитие медиахолдинга в контексте формирования дуального рынка медиауслуг

The study of the national media market is particularly relevant because it is heavily influenced by political, information and production risks. Accumulating significant material, labor and information resources, the media market requires an analysis of the current state, trends and development prospects. The scientific works present the media business theory and its key concepts as well as, a new scientific direction media economics that studies economic laws in relation to the media business. However, there is still no single methodology for assessing the state of the media market, including regional. The markets of individual segments are mainly analyzed, for example, the television industry, online advertising, etc. In 2023 the national media market experienced an upsurge after the crisis of 2022, primarily due to the advertising market; it was influenced by such factors as the development of e-commerce, the emergence of new brands and promotion channels, digitalization, convergence and diversification. In addition to macroeconomic factors, the development of the regional media market is also influenced by regional factors due to the socio-economic development of the region. The analysis of the main socio-economic development trends of the Kemerovo region – Kuzbass uncovered the factors influencing the media market: demographic factor, agglomeration effect (North and South Kuzbass agglomerations), industrial production and its location income of the population. The analysis of the regional media market made it possible to assess organizations working in the field of information and communications, to draw conclusions about the predominant development of the advertising market, including outdoor advertising, and to determine the distribution of radio and the place of the Kuzbass Media Group in the market.

Civil Law Analysis of the Category «Public Legal Entity»: A Case Study of such Legal Entities as Public Authorities

The paper analyzes the possibility of applying the categories «public legal entity» or «legal entity of public law» in civil law. The application of this category to legal entities — public authorities — can be explained by the problem of dualism of their legal status. This dualism is manifested in the fact that, participating in civil legal relations as independent entities, legal entities-public authorities do not cease to be part of the public authority mechanism, which affects the independence of their volition and expression of will, calls into question the existence of their independent interest, different from the interest of the entire public legal entity. Under certain circumstances, legal entities-public authorities may participate in civil law relations on behalf of and in the interests of the entire public legal entity. This complicates the differentiation of such forms in practice and requires its resolution in the science of civil law. As the type-forming features of public legal entities, the author highlights their inherent connection with the public legal entity that created them and the specifics of the legal regime of their property regulation. Applying an extensive set of methods, including comparative legal and formal legal methods and from the standpoint of a systematic scientific approach, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to exclude the possibility of granting public authorities the legal status of legal entities and defining the public legal entities themselves — the Russian Federation, its constituent entities and municipalities — as public legal entities instead of the legal status sui generis. The paper provides a valuable description of the risks of such an innovation caused by an incorrect understanding of the essence of a public legal entity.

String Viscous Fluid Cosmological Model in the Framework of Sen-Dunn Theory of Gravitation

Objective: To present a new solution to the field equations for higher-dimensional Bianchi type-III string viscous fluid cosmological model in the context of the Sen-Dunn theory of gravity. Methods: To obtain definite solution of the field equations, we consider a power law relation between the scale factor and scalar field, and we take into account two distinct scale factors, and , in which , are positive constants. This produces a time-dependent deceleration parameter. We analyse the model with constant bulk viscosity constant to explain the current accelerated expansion of the universe. Findings: Spatial volume of the model increases with cosmic time, which shows that universe is spatially expanding. Also, the model possesses a point-type singularity. It is noted that these models depict the universe's accelerated expansion. Novelty: We obtained new solution to the field equations for higher dimensional Bianchi type-III generated by means of a cloud of strings with bulk viscous fluid in Sen-Dunn theory by using quadratic form. Keywords: Bianchi type-III, Cosmic string, Bulk viscosity, Sen-Dunn Theory

On the Problem of Determining International Legal Responsibility in Public International Law

One of the ways to ensure order in international relations from ancient times to the present day is to use the institution of responsibility. Most lawyers who devote their work to international law in general and to its individual branches. To one degree or another, these works deal with the issue of international responsibility.
 To date, the issue of liability under international law has been one of the least developed, although the problem of international legal liability is becoming increasingly important in the practice of international relations as one of the security institutions that help maintain a certain legal order in the world.
 The issues of international responsibility are equally important both in the field of public law and private law relations. Moreover, liability in these two branches of international law has much in common and is closely interrelated, which is clearly evident in the process of analyzing liability issues in various branches of international law.
 The definition of responsibility in international law is a key topic that determines the legal order and relations between states and other actors of the international community. One of the key aspects is the consideration of the principles of determining responsibility in international law.
 The definition of responsibility in international law is a key topic that determines the legal order and relations between states and other actors of the international community. One of the key aspects is the consideration of the principles of determining responsibility in international law.
 The article examines the essence and main aspects of the concept of international legal responsibility, which is one of the first principles of international law.
 First of all, the article examines the principles of responsibility, such as the principles of sovereignty, equality of states and non-interference, and how these principles shape legal standards and mutual relations between states and other subjects of international law.
 Special emphasis is placed on the current challenges facing the concept of international legal responsibility. In particular, the author analyzes new forms of responsibility, such as cybersecurity, human rights violations and other aspects arising from the development of globalization and technology.
 The article also emphasizes the need for continuous analysis and adaptation of the concept of international legal responsibility to changes in the modern world, emphasizing the importance of developing effective tools and mechanisms to address the challenges arising in a globalized and technologically advanced society.

LEGAL CERTAINTY IN DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF LAND AND BUILDING RIGHTS ACQUISITION DUTY TAX (BPHTB) LEGAL CERTAINTY IN DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF DUTY TAX ON ACQUISITION OF LAND AND BUILDING RIGHTS (BPHTB)

<p class="TableParagraph"><em>The research carried out in Jayapura City with the title "Legal Certainty in Determining the Amount of Tax on Acquisition of Land and Building Rights" (BPHTB) aims to provide legal certainty regarding the imposition of Tax on Acquisition of Land and Building Rights. (BPHTB) in determining the amount of BPHTB tax. The method used is normative law and empirical law in relation to land and building tax collection.</em></p><em>In accordance with applicable laws and regulations, BPHTB levies in Jayapura City do not yet have complete legal certainty. Tax Object Acquisition Value (NPOP) transaction value is no longer used as a basis for determining BPHTB tax, in Jayapura City the basis for determining BPHTB is the interpretation made by the tax authorities based on market prices, location of land and buildings and building conditions. This happens because of society's tendency to try to get around it BPHTB financing. Taxpayers declare the transaction price in accordance with the NJOP if the market price or transaction value is greater than the Sales Value of the Tax Object (NJOP). Taxpayers will also try to avoid it if the Tax Object Acquisition Value (NPOP) is lower than the Tax Object Sales Value (NJOP). The obstacles faced in collecting BPHTB are legal factors, factors outside the law and taxpayer factors</em>

Whether you've tied the knot shouldn't matter: Anyone, regardless of marital status, should be permitted to adopt in New York if it is in the child's best interests

AbstractNew York Domestic Relations Law Section 110, which outlines who can adopt, precludes married petitioners from adopting without their spouse joining in the adoption petition, even when all parties involved support the adoption, and it is in the child's best interests. Some judges have prioritized the child's best interests and granted adoptions in such cases, while others have rigidly construed the statute and denied them. Amending the statute so that anyone can adopt, regardless of marital status, if it is in the child's best interests would ensure the child's best interests are the judicial system's primary consideration in approving adoptions.

ISU UNDANG-UNDANG PENGINAPAN KEDIAMAN JANGKA PENDEK (STRA) DI MALAYSIA: PENGAJARAN DARIPADA NEGARA-NEGARA ASING

Activities referred to as Short-Term Rental Accommodations (STRA) include operating short-term rentals and listing owner-occupied accommodations on digital platforms such as Airbnb, Agoda, iBilik and Booking.com, among others. However, this STRA service has created various legal issues such as licensing, business registration, security issues and neighborhood disturbance. Currently, there is no specific law regarding the control of STRA, especially Airbnb in Malaysia. Thus, qualitative methods are used in this study using document analysis, especially related laws in Malaysia and in some selected countries. It is recommended that a specific legislation needs to be established to regulate STRA services for the benefit of property owners, tourists and the general public.

Molecular Doped Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Optimal Output Performance

AbstractBiodegradable polymers (BPs)‐based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have advantages, including biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, biodegradable TENGs (BD‐TENGs) possess relatively low output performance, limiting their application due to the small differences in triboelectric polarities for most BPs. Molecular doping is a simple and effective method in altering the triboelectric polarity of triboelectric materials and improving the output performance of BD‐TENGs. However, there is a lack of laws and mechanism about the differences in triboelectric polarities of different doped molecules, especially of molecules with biodegradability and biocompatibility. Here, kinds of doping molecules are selected for doping in tribopositive and tribonegative materials, respectively, and their triboelectric polarities and related laws are researched. In particular, the output performance of BD‐TENG is improved several times by doping small amounts of poly (propylene glycol) (PPG) and ethyl cellulose (EC), with enhanced resolution in abnormal respiratory signal monitoring. This work not only provides theoretical guidance for the selection of triboelectric molecules but also conducts in‐depth research in molecular‐level triboelectric mechanisms.