Reintegration Programs Research Articles

Child Protection of Perpetrators of Terrorism in Indonesia: How should we do? Should we punish them?

In Indonesia, the issue of child protection within the context of perpetrators of terrorism presents a multifaceted challenge that necessitates a careful balance between justice and rehabilitation. This paper delves into the complexities surrounding this issue, acknowledging the rights and well-being of children while addressing the imperative for accountability and security. While children may be both victims and perpetrators of terrorism, the prevailing question is how to effectively respond to their involvement. This paper examines the existing legal frameworks in Indonesia, international standards, and the various challenges encountered in implementing appropriate strategies. It considers the identification and assessment of affected children, the efficacy of rehabilitation and reintegration programs, as well as the importance of psychological and social support. Moreover, it highlights the significance of community perceptions and the risk of stigmatization, as well as the need for long-term monitoring to prevent recidivism. Ultimately, this paper advocates for a comprehensive approach that combines punitive measures with rehabilitation efforts, emphasizing the importance of multi-agency collaboration, educational initiatives, psychosocial support, and legal safeguards. Through case studies and lessons learned, it aims to inform policymakers and practitioners in Indonesia on effective strategies for ensuring the protection and well-being of children involved in terrorism while upholding principles of justice and accountability.

Criminal Policy on The Formation of Prisoners in Prisons in Criminal Law Reform

The purpose of this study is to analyze: 1) What is the criminal policy on the current penal system in prisons?2) How is the implementation of inmate development in Kaimana Class III Correctional Institution, West Papua Province?3) What is the criminal policy on the formation of prisoners in prisons in an effort to reform criminal law?. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach, concept approach, and case studies. The results showed that: 1) Criminal policies related to the penal system in Indonesian prisons currently cover several aspects aimed at improving the criminal justice system, improving prisoner development, and creating a more humane environment within prisons.2) Implementation of inmate development in Kaimana Class III Correctional Institution West Papua Province: Education Program, Psychological Development and Mental Health, Social Reintegration Program, and Enhanced Security and Surveillance. 3) Criminal policy in efforts to reform criminal law related to the formation of prisoners in prisons aims to ensure that the punishment process is not only a punishment, but also provides opportunities for prisoners to be rehabilitated, fostered, and prepared to return to society better

Violence within women's prisons and its implications on reintegration effectiveness

The involvement of women in various aspects of life, both socially and economically, has exposed the potential for criminal behaviour among women. This situation has led to the phenomenon of women's involvement in criminal acts commonly associated with men, such as robbery, murder, organized crime, and human trafficking. Poor social and economic conditions tend to be triggering factors and solid reasons for women to engage in criminal activities. This background has become the basis for the increasing number of women in prison in Indonesia, opening the possibility of various forms of violence within women's prisons. This presents a significant challenge for the management of women's prisons in optimizing the reintegration system due to the escalation of significant demotivation resulting from the violence experienced by female inmates, both among themselves and with prison staff. This research employs an exploratory qualitative approach, focusing on women involved in criminal cases and sentenced to prison. Primary data from interview results are descriptively analysed, producing a comprehensive, authentic, and representative narrative. The findings of this study indicate that the concept of punishment in Indonesia still emphasizes punitive functions over corrective functions, where both physical and mental violence are considered effective forms of punishment, especially for women. Violence occurring within women's prisons is then negatively responded to and becomes a driving factor for the decreased interest of female inmates in succeeding in the reintegration program. This reluctance then triggers a negative response from the staff in the form of violence against female inmates. A solution to mitigate violence in women's prisons is the placement in open prisons, with the involvement of independent external parties in both the supervision process and the implementation of reintegration programs to achieve an inclusive and constructive effect for all parties involved.

Which sociodemographic and clinical characteristics are associated with recurrent incarcerations in adult male people who are incarcerated? A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Although risk factors for recidivism were extensively studied, re-incarcerations still account for a disproportionate amount of overall service use and cost. Therefore, the main objectives of the study were (1) to estimate the prevalence of re-incarcerations in a sample of male incarcerated people and (2) to verify if some socio-demographic and clinical features including impulsivity can be risk factors of re-incarceration. We conducted a cross-sectional study recruiting 479 newly arrived incarcerated people in an Italian detention centre, between 2018 and 2022. The incarcerated individuals were interviewed to collect clinical information. Impulsivity was assessed by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). A total of 479 consecutive male incarcerated people was included. Two hundred and seventy-six of them (57.6%) had previously been incarcerated. Logistic regression analysis showed that having higher age, to be married or in relationship, to have low-medium level of education, housing instability, low or no income, cocaine use disorder in the last year and a history of non-suicidal self-injuries increased the likelihood of recurrent incarcerations. Moreover, re-incarceration was associated with higher rate of personality disorders and higher scores on attentional and motor impulsivity. Reintegration programs should address some risk factors associated with re-incarceration and promote social rehabilitation among incarcerated individuals.

Pathways to reintegration in Senegal and Nigeria promoted by Italian Assisted Voluntary Return programmes

AbstractThis article presents the main findings of a research study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of pathways to reintegration for citizens repatriated from Italy to Senegal and Nigeria through Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration (AVRR) programmes. Based on the scientific debate on the subject, the article begins by offering an in‐depth exploration of the issue of whether or not AVRR is truly voluntary, as well as the meaning of the term ‘reintegration’. It then illustrates the Italian AVRR system before presenting the methodology and results of the research carried out. In particular, the aim is to identify and analyse the main factors upon which the result of the reintegration of citizens who have used AVRR programmes depends, perhaps most notably the type of reception given to the returnee by friends and relatives who remained in their home country.

The Experience of Gambian Migrants in Libya: Understanding Factors that Influenced their Returned

This study examines the experience of Gambian migrants in Libya. The article explores the root causes of irregular migration and factors that influence migrants to return. The article adopted a qualitative method and used a case study design to generate data from different sets of returnees. The study uses in-depth interviews with 50 returnees to enrich the data generated from secondary literature and official reports. The article also assesses the reintegration and support programs offered to returnees to enable them to effectively resettle in the Gambia. While the article underscores the grave implication of irregular migration on the development of the Gambia and the lives of the migrants, significant progress has been made by the government of the Gambia and partners towards the governance of migration. The study found that even though irregular migration still happens in the Gambia, the rate and magnitude have reduced. The article recommends remodeling agriculture and making it enticing for young people as well as supporting young people in entrepreneurship will provide a lasting solution to irregular migration

Human Resources in the Structure of the Reintegrative Educational Environment of the University

The article examines the peculiarities of implementation of integration activities with military personnel and members of their families in the conditions of educational resources of the university. The results of a practical study implemented in the form of a survey of pedagogical workers, who are the personnel resource of the project “Retraining and social adaptation of military personnel, veterans and members of their families in Ukraine. Integration of the model of the project “Norway — Ukraine” into the state system” based on Chernihiv Polytechnic National University, are presented and the project participants themselves. In the presented results of the study, attention is focused on the general human and professional competencies of teachers involved in reintegration activities with a certain social category. The purpose of the article is to create a competency profile of educational workers as the main reintegration resource in working with former military personnel and veterans within the framework of reintegration work in the educational environment of the university. The main tasks of the research were aimed at actualizing the problem of selection of specialists involved in the process of reintegration of military personnel, veterans and their family members in the conditions of an educational environment. The conclusions confirm that work on the reintegration of servicemen in the direction of their professional retraining requires teachers to have key professional and general human competencies, the significance of these competencies is not the same and is determined by the characteristics of the social group in relation to which the reintegration program is implemented. The novelty of the research lies in the study of the possibilities of social reintegration of military personnel precisely in the plane of the educational environment of the university. The practical significance of the study lies in the creation of a competence characteristic of representatives of the university’s pedagogical community, as the main reintegration resource in working with military personnel

The work of an occupational therapist in a functional reintegration program at a brazilian public university

A saúde dos servidores públicos é questão de saúde coletiva e vem ganhando importância crescente nos últimos anos. O objetivo deste estudo qualitativo, descritivo exploratório foi descrever um programa de reinserção funcional de uma universidade federal brasileira e a atuação da terapeuta ocupacional nesse programa, para isso foram consultados documentos oficiais e realizada entrevista semi-estruturada. Os resultados descreveram a organização do programa e as atribuições prescritas à terapeuta ocupacional (realização de avaliações de capacidade laborativa quando solicitada pelo médico da equipe; avaliação clínica dos servidores participantes do programa; análise das atividades de trabalho; emissão de parecer técnico e participação das discussões dos casos) na equipe. Foi possível averiguar que o programa apresenta uma prática médico-centrada e que a análise da atividade de trabalho não é uma ação central. Discute-se a realização de 'avaliação do desempenho laborativo' ao invés da 'avaliação da capacidade laborativa' e as implicações da consideração da atividade de trabalho decorrentes. Fator limitante do estudo foi a não descrição detalhada da atuação da terapeuta ocupacional e a literatura escassa. Destaca-se a importância de serem desenvolvidos mais estudos acerca desta temática e a necessidade da criação de programas de promoção de saúde e reinserção funcional nas universidades brasileiras.

Public Perception on Reintegration of Captive Farmers Returnees by Boko Haram Insurgents in Borno State: Evidence from Dikwa Local Government Area

This study assessed the community perception on the reintegration of captive farmers returnees of Boko Haram insurgency in Borno State, Nigeria, with specific reference to Dikwa Local Government Area. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis. The study population consisted of 300 captive farmer returnees, 100 community members, and 20 key informants from the authorities and civil society organizations. The study used a stratified random sampling technique to select 150 captive farmer returnees, 50 community members, and 10 key informants for the survey. The study also conducted 10 focus group discussions and 10 in-depth interviews with the selected respondents. The study found that the reintegration of captive farmer returnees was necessary and justified for the peace and security of the area, as well as for the restoration of the livelihoods and dignity of the returnees. However, the study also found that the role of the authorities in facilitating the reintegration of captive farmer returnees was mixed and inadequate, and that there were several challenges and gaps in the coordination, management, and implementation of the reintegration program. Moreover, the study found that the reintegration of captive farmer returnees faced various challenges, such as stigma and discrimination, trauma and psychological distress, poverty and unemployment, insecurity and fear, and lack of trust and confidence. The study concluded that the reintegration of captive farmer returnees by Boko Haram insurgents in Dikwa Local Government Area Borno State was a necessary but challenging process, and that the role of the authorities and the perception of the communities were critical factors for the success and sustainability of the reintegration program. The study recommended that the authorities should improve the coordination and collaboration, enhance the transparency and accountability, provide adequate security and protection, provide basic services and amenities, provide psychosocial support and counseling, provide vocational training and income-generating activities, and provide legal assistance and documentation for the returnees and the communities. The study also recommended that the communities should accept and welcome the returnees, support and assist the returnees, engage and cooperate with the authorities and the reintegration program, and foster a culture of peace and tolerance in the area.

From Lords of Corruption to Leeches of Theo-mafia: The Suffering of the People in Somalia

This paper presents comprehensive strategies for combating corruption and countering terrorism in the context of Somalia's aspiration for peace, democracy, and prosperity. Acknowledging the interconnectedness of these challenges, the strategies offer a multi-dimensional approach tailored to Somalia's unique circumstances. 
 The anti-corruption strategy focuses on strengthening institutions, promoting transparency, and instigating a cultural shift away from corrupt practices. It also underscores responsible lending and the pursuit of total debt relief to enable economically productive projects.
 The counter-terrorism strategy adopts a holistic approach, combining military actions with economic incentives, ideological reorientation, and rehabilitation. It emphasizes community-centered collaborations, religious engagement, and reintegration programs for former combatants. These strategies are designed to guide policymakers, academia, and stakeholders in shaping Somalia's trajectory towards a more just, secure, and prosperous future.

Wounded, but not defeated: from incapacitated to reintegrated. Exploring reintegration of wounded/injured/sick military armed forces employees

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the reintegration process of Wounded, Injured or Sick Employees (WISE) of the Dutch Military Armed Forces.Design/methodology/approachThe research method is an exploratory, qualitative case study. A purposive sampling was drawn, including 10 WISE, and 6 reintegration stakeholders. A total of 16 interviews were conducted to explore the individual, organisational and socio-environmental factors that influence reintegration of WISE.FindingsFindings show the importance of involvement and participation of members of the social environment in the reintegration process. Findings show that the complexity of the plethora of WISEs' injuries and disabilities requires a more person-centric reintegration approach with personalized-customized provisions, rather than a policy-driven approach to the reintegration, in order to enhance the reintegration experience and to arrive at beneficial individual and organisational reintegration outcomes.Research limitations/implicationsThis cross-sectional study on a limited sample of WISE and reintegration stakeholders does not allow for making inferences about the long-term effects of the reintegration process on reintegration outcomes of the wider population of WISE. Future longitudinal research, encompassing a larger sample, could examine the long-term career, organisational and societal implications of reintegration of WISE within and outside the Military Armed Forces.Practical implicationsThis paper presents a “Wounded Warrior Workplace Reintegration Program”, aimed at deriving beneficial outcomes for all stakeholders involved in the reintegration trajectory.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the literature by presenting a Model of Occupational Reintegration of WISE that considers the factors at an individual, social-environmental, and institutional level as determinants of successful reintegration.

Implementation of the Revocation Policy for Correctional Clients Who Violate the Special Requirements at Bapas Class I Semarang

Clients who violate special conditions have not had their social reintegration program revoked. The problem formulation is how to apply the revocation policy to correctional clients who violate the special conditions and the obstacles and solutions in implementing the revocation policy to correctional clients who violate the special conditions. This research was carried out using the Empirical Juridical research method. The research specifications used are analytical descriptive. Data collection uses interviews and document study. From the research carried out, the results are as follows: (1) Revocation of the Social Reintegration Program for Correctional Clients Who Violate Special Requirements at the Semarang Class I Bapas, namely that it is not implemented, causing Correctional Clients to not comply with the rules, which causes discrimination against Correctional Clients who are required to report in an orderly manner, and the obstacles encountered were related to technical implementation and external and internal factors with several solutions

Foreign labour migration in Nepal in relation to COVID-19: analysis of migrants’ aspirations, policy response and policy gaps from disaster justice perspective

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the effectiveness of migration policies in dealing with the challenges that Nepalese migrants faced during this pandemic from a disaster justice perspective. Like in other periods of natural or human-made crises, the Nepal Government brought new policies and programmes to help the victims in their reintegration. In this context, this paper examines what policies and programmes worked and what did not work based on the findings of a large survey conducted among migrants and qualitative information collected during the implementation of a programme on reintegration. The paper highlights that understanding the social vulnerability of migrants is critical to devising policies that could benefit them in such disasters. It demonstrates that socially vulnerable groups are not only disproportionately affected by disasters and are less capable of resilience and recovery; they are also not supported well by public institutions like the government. This situation makes such migrants further vulnerable to poverty, physical exploitation and psychological stresses, which calls for policies and programmes that support them in preparedness and, in the event of a disaster, long-term recovery until they become resilient. This study shows that local governments are in a better position to target the ‘socially vulnerable’ and to implement reintegration programmes.

Best practice in sexual offender rehabilitation and reintegration programs

PurposeThis paper aims to report on the results of a global search to identify the characteristics of successful sexual offender treatment programs, with a view to providing guidance for program development.Design/methodology/approachA keyword search was conducted of criminology and social science databases. Successful programs were selected on evaluations that used standard scientific designs.FindingsThis study identified 18 evaluations of 16 programs showing significant reductions in reconvictions. Most programs used cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), with both group and individual sessions; and many evidenced multisystemic therapy (MST) approaches involving families and/or local communities. CBT-based approaches were also common in the 20 unsuccessful programs identified in the study, although fewer MST-oriented features were in evidence. Noncustodial settings, and combined custodial-noncustodial settings, were also more prominent in the successful programs.Research limitations/implicationsThere is a shortage of studies focused on the specific components of successful treatment programs for sexual offenders, including for subsets of offenders, such as ethnic minority groups and women.Practical implicationsThe findings demonstrate the need for more investment in treatment programs with strict evaluation processes. New and modified programs are likely to benefit from the application of CBT, MST and a community-based reintegration component. More research is needed on effective elements of sexual offender treatment programs.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this appears to be the first study that examines features of successful sexual offender treatment programs, compared to unsuccessful programs, using a case-study approach. The findings reinforce the known value of CBT and systemic approaches as core features of programs but raise important questions about what other components are key to activating success.

Psychological support during a pandemic: an intervention for hospital teams.

The COVID-19 pandemic placed unprecedented stress on healthcare professionals and resulted in teams being scattered by shielding, working from home and redeployment. The Recovery, Readjustment and Reintegration programme (R3P) was implemented and evaluated in an acute NHS hospital Trust with the aim of supporting those staff involved. To explore the impact of offering themed reflective sessions to staff in an acute hospital and to disseminate this learning for application in other settings and future pandemics. During the initial recovery phase of the pandemic, all Trust staff were invited to attend an R3P where themed discussions were facilitated by psychologists. Feedback was requested pre- and post-session, and a mixed-methods design was followed to gain quantitative and qualitative information. A total of 430 staff members attended an R3P between April 2021 and January 2022. A significant majority found attendance helpful and agreed that it had provided them with the opportunity to reflect on their own and their teams' experience of pandemic working and led them to feel more supported by their organization. Finding meaning in experiences through facilitated reflective discussion can help limit the negative psychological impact of working in an acute hospital during a pandemic. Staff are likely to benefit from such opportunities in any future pandemic recovery phase.

What is optimal integrated multi-agency Throughcare? A global e-Delphi consensus study defining core components of effective rehabilitation and reintegration programming

PurposeThe study aimed to identify and define core components of Throughcare. The global prison population has reached its highest level to date (11.5 million), with comparative data on recidivism unavailable. Despite the global shift away from punitive and towards rehabilitative approaches, reintegration programming (Throughcare) is limited, ill-resourced or non-existent in many countries.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducted a global e-Delphi consensus study of professionals working in prison and correctional services to define critical components of effective rehabilitation and reintegration programming. Consensus was defined a priori as 70% or more participants scoring an outcome from 7 to 9 and fewer than 15% scoring it 1 to 3.FindingsFollowing a call for expression of interest circulated to the International Corrections and Prisons Association member list (n = 7282), 175 members agreed to partake in the e-Delphi rounds. In Round One, 130 individuals completed an online survey where 35 statements were scored by importance, each with opportunity to provide written feedback. A total of 33 statements exceeded the set threshold of consensus. Written feedback supported refinement and further development of statements in Round Two. A total of 108 individuals completed Round Two. A total of 39 out of the 40 statements exceeded the set threshold of consensus.Practical implicationsConsensus statements are useful to provide a shared understanding for inter-agency Throughcare partnerships, to inform national prison policies and to expand prison and support staff capacity building and programmes all over the world.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, to date, this is the first known attempt to elicit consensus from a broad range of professionals working in the field of prison and correctional services on core components of effective rehabilitation and reintegration programming.

The “latecomers” of Bougainville: The difficult completion of post-conflict disarmament processes

Post-conflict disarmament processes inherently grapple with definitional challenges regarding definitive endpoints and measures of completion. This paper examines the phenomenon of delayed disarmament through the case study of so-called “latecomers” in Bougainville—ex-combatants who voluntarily surrendered their weapons following the cessation of formal demobilisation, disarmament, and reintegration programming. This study proposes a behavioural model that conceptualises late comer decisionmaking dynamics pertaining to temporary small arms retention. Pivoting upon an iterated security dilemma framework, the model posits that contextual environmental stressors and temporal factors serve as key variables initially sustaining weapons possession in the absence of hostilities. However, this intermediate status carries risks of eventual escalation to renewed violence or protracted and arduous disarmament engagement. The latecomer case reveals the inherent fluidity and uncertainties surrounding delimitations of the disarmament process. Further interrogating ex-combatant dilemmas could strengthen post-conflict policy and practice. Fundamentally, this research demonstrates the enduring temporal ambiguities inherent to disarmament, highlighting the need for pluralistic understandings attentive to issues of indigeneity, humanity, and interpretive meaning central to sustainable peace-building.

Factors associated with return-to-work outcomes in inpatient rehabilitation – a systematic scoping review

ABSTRACT Inpatient rehabilitation is common in Germany to improve return-to-work outcomes. The objective of this systematic scoping review was to identify factors associated with return-to-work outcomes in musculoskeletal, psychological and oncological health conditions to improve tailoring of rehabilitation therapies. A search was completed in Embase, Medline, PsycInfo and AMED until May 2023 for articles investigating inpatient rehabilitation including working-age patients with oncological, musculoskeletal, or psychological diseases using a quantitative design and reporting factors associated with return-to-work outcomes. Screening of all titles and abstracts was completed by one reviewer, full texts were read by two reviewers. Quality appraisal and data extraction was completed by two reviewers. Data was analysed using a narrative synthesis. Eighteen studies of moderate quality were included. The review identified a wide range of return-to-work parameters including employment status, work ability, sickness absence, retirement status and duration of employment since rehabilitation. In addition, 48 psychological, health- and work-related factors associated with return-to-work parameters were identified. Only one RCT investigated the relationship between a depression prevention intervention and a return-to-work outcome (work ability), which showed a significant effect. In addition to the depression prevention intervention, only the factor ‘health literacy’ could be considered modifiable and be addressed as part of an inpatient rehabilitation programme. Furthermore, gradual work reintegration programs and/or workplace interventions in addition to inpatient rehabilitation should be further explored to improve return-to-work outcomes.

Derecho Penal y Políticas de Seguridad en Ecuador: Análisis de la Eficacia

The analysis of the effectiveness of Ecuador's criminal law and security policies highlights both advances and persistent challenges in the fight against crime. Legislative reforms between 2021 and 2023 focused on increasing penalties for violent crimes, implementing stricter laws against organized crime, and aligning legislation with international standards. Although these measures have shown positive results, such as a reduction in robberies and kidnappings in certain areas, the perception of insecurity among the population remains high. Police training and professionalization have improved their competence, but the lack of coordination between government and judicial entities limits the effectiveness of security policies. Socioeconomic and cultural factors, such as economic inequality, insufficient education and prevention programs, and the normalization of violence, also play a crucial role in perpetuating crime. Prison overcrowding, lack of rehabilitation and reintegration programs, and corruption in the judicial system are additional challenges. The adoption of modern technologies offers opportunities to improve the effectiveness of the criminal justice system but requires careful implementation and protection of privacy rights.

Rethinking the Nexus: DDR and SSR in Post- and Evolving Conflict Contexts in Africa

Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) and security sector reform (SSR) programs are critical components of postwar transitional processes. The interlinkages between the two programs have been essential, especially in determining how combatants in armed groups and armed forces could become part of reconstituted security sector institutions, including the military and the police. Additionally, these links help determine who may be eligible as participants in these processes, and why some actors should be excluded. Over the past four or so decades, academic and policy understanding of postconflict settings has led to the acknowledgment that the two programs reinforce each other and should be designed to ensure fluidity and complementarity. However, there are usually gaps in linking the two, which have negative implications for peace, security, and stability in countries in transition from violence to peace. While there are several studies on the links between DDR and SSR, this paper seeks to examine both previous and current practices in both conflict and postconflict settings, with the aim of interrogating the changes that have been introduced over time to strengthen the links, and some of the gaps that are still existing, or emerging, especially as the nature of armed conflicts continue to change in Africa. Methodologically, the paper adopts a qualitative approach, through which interviews were conducted with practitioners, policy makers, and academics in the fields of DDR and SSR, across countries that previously implemented and those that are currently implementing DDR and SSR programs.