Reintegration Programs Research Articles

Effectiveness of Non-Custodial Reintegration Programmes on Welfare of Returnee Terrorist Fighters in Mombasa, Kenya

A strong and effective non-custodial reintegration process, working in close collaboration with civil society organizations and communities, will facilitate transition back into society for former violent extremist offenders, demonstrate ongoing goodwill, and provide an essential support structure for the returnee terrorist fighters. This study aimed to assess the influence that non-custodial reintegration programs have on the well-being of returned terrorist fighters in Mombasa County, while also taking into consideration the risk that these programs may present if they are not employed appropriately. This understanding contributes to the growing necessity for both governmental and non-governmental actors to contribute to the development and implementation of non-custodial reintegration programs. The study utilized a descriptive research design using quantitative and qualitative methods to evaluate the efficacy of non-custodial reintegration programs on the well-being of returnee terrorist fighters in Mombasa County, Kenya. From a sample size of 400 respondents needed for investigation from the target population of Mombasa Count, the study drew data from focus group discussions (FGDs), interviews with key informants, and questionnaires that were physically delivered and electronically disseminated using the Google Forms application. The county was shown to have the highest rates of violent extremism and recidivism in Kenya. From the findings it is evident that for non-custodial reintegration programmes for returnee terrorist fighters to be effective, it is necessary to ensure that community stakeholders and other non-governmental actors have the required legal and policy space and capacity to engage; acknowledge the relative advantages of government and non-governmental stakeholders; and clearly identify the appropriate division of responsibilities between them in supporting non-custodial reintegration programmes and to make this strategy a reality. In conclusion, a strong and effective non-custodial reintegration process, working in close collaboration with civil society organizations and communities facilitates the transition back into society for former violent extremist offenders and thereby providing required support system to the former violent extremist offenders.

Nature of Reintegration Programmes for Returnee Terrorist Fighters in Mombasa County, Kenya

Terrorism is a global threat to peace, security, and prosperity. It also puts conflict resolution strategies to the test. The rise of global terrorism has led to the emergence of numerous extremist groups, which have attracted individuals from various regions, including Mombasa, Kenya. As these individuals return from engaging in terrorist activities, effective reintegration programs play a crucial role in countering further radicalization and promoting societal stability. The study sought to explore the nature of non-custodial reintegration programmes on returnee terrorist fighters in Mombasa. Because of the increasing acceptance and adoption of non-custodial reintegration strategies for returnee terrorist fighters in several countries, there is a growing recognition of the importance of both governmental and non-governmental actors contributing to the development and implementation of the programs. Kenya is no stranger to returning terrorist fighters and the threat they pose to peace and security. The research methodology used for this study combined qualitative and quantitative methods. A sample size of 400 respondents was needed for investigation from the target population of Mombasa County. The County was shown to have the highest rates of violent extremism and recidivism in Kenya. Primary data was collected using questionnaires. Interviews and focus groups discussion with key informants, gave participants insight into the viewpoints and experiences of various participants in the reintegration process. A desk examination of the literature was used to gather secondary data for the investigation. The study findings revealed that Kenya is combining classic counter-terrorist measures such as arrests, detentions, and movement restrictions with policies and programs for prevention, intervention, and reintegration. Factors such as psychological trauma, socioeconomic reintegration, and community acceptance are identified as critical elements that influence the effectiveness of these programs. Religious leaders, community organizations, and government agencies facilitate successful reintegration processes. The study recommends non-custodial reintegration for returnee terrorist fighters to be the best strategy that would provide a perfect opportunity for enhancing community resilience in fighting radicalization leading to terrorism in Kenya.

Goal-setting and personalization under the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health framework: Community reintegration program for post-stroke patients.

Body functions and structures, activities, and participation are the core components in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) to identify post-stroke patients' health conditions. The specification of health conditions enhances the outcomes of post-stroke rehabilitation. This study aimed to explore the extent and the processes in an ICF-based post-stroke rehabilitation program (ICF-PSRP) that could enhance patients' community reintegration level. Post-stroke patients who completed the ICF-PSRP participated in intake and pre-discharge individual face-to-face semi-structured interviews. In addition, case therapists were invited to a face-to-face semi-structured group interview. Clinician experts were invited to complete an interview with the same interview contents as case therapists but in an online format. All interview recordings were analyzed with the Framework analysis. Patients' treatment goals were mapped with the ICF Core Set for Stroke. Out of 37 invited post-stroke patients, thirty-three of them completed the interview. Three case therapists and five clinicians completed the interviews. The goals set by the patients and their caregivers showed a broadening of their scope over the course of the program. The changes in scope ranged from the activities to the participation and environmental components. Increases in patient-therapist interactions played an essential role in the goal-setting process, which were integral to personalizing the treatment content. These characteristics were perceived by all parties who contributed to the program outcomes. The application of ICF's principles and core components offers a useful framework for enhancing post-stroke patients' community reintegration level. Future studies should explore the way in which patient-therapist interaction, exposure to environmental factors, and personalized interventions maximize the benefits of applying this framework to the community integration of post-stroke patients.

Social determinants of health among noncitizen deported US veterans: A participatory action study.

This qualitative study examines the social determinants of health among noncitizen deported United States veterans. We utilized Photovoice, a participatory action research method used to inform structural level change, with 12 veterans. Audio-recorded semi-structured interviews explored photos and discussed deportation's effects on veteran health. We performed rapid template and matrix analysis of interview transcripts. Interviews were conducted in Tijuana, Mexico from December 2018 to January 2019. Study findings show that veterans prioritize returning to the United States to improve their quality of life. Analysis of photos and narrative text indicated that deportation caused social, economic, and political insecurities. Veterans struggled to maintain access to necessities post-deportation. Disrupted social networks compounded their situation, resulting in chronic stress and poor health outcomes. The findings from this study offer insight into the ways deportation acts as a social determinant of health. The findings suggest modifying veteran reintegration programs, as well as reforming criminal justice and immigration laws, such as creating more Veteran Treatment Courts and allowing immigration judges to consider military history during deportation proceedings involving noncitizen veterans.

THE URGENCY OF DERADICALIZATION MEASURES FOR TERRORISM INMATES IN CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES

<p><em>Terrorism crimes pose a threat to the state ideology, national security, state sovereignty, human values, and various aspects of societal, national, and state life, and they often have a transnational nature. These terrorism crimes require deradicalization measures for terrorism inmates in Indonesia, taking into account the individual conditions of each perpetrator, their families, and their social environment. The problem addressed in this paper pertains to the urgency of deradicalization measures for terrorism inmates in correctional facilities. This paper adopts an empirical juridical approach, conducting field research that examines legal regulations combined with data and behavior prevalent in society. The research findings indicate that: (1) The implementation of deradicalization measures for terrorism inmates in correctional facilities is not yet effective due to internal factors, which involve the lack of integration in handling terrorism inmates. Additionally, external factors, such as insufficient socialization, lack of training for officers, inadequate support facilities, budget constraints, and limited facilities in correctional facilities, contribute to the inefficiency. (2) The regulation of deradicalization for terrorism inmates in correctional facilities is based on Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning Correctional Institutions. The deradicalization regulation for terrorism inmates is stipulated in Article 54 paragraph (4), which outlines the stages: identification and assessment, rehabilitation, reeducation, and social reintegration. (3) The urgency of deradicalization measures for terrorism inmates in correctional facilities is not specific, as it is still treated similarly to other cases involving inmates. The deradicalization measures are carried out through social reintegration programs, education programs, skills training, and entrepreneurship programs for terrorism inmates, which aims to improve their well-being after their release and facilitate their reintegration into society to support their families. The independence and self-confidence of terrorism inmates in returning to society will prevent them from returning to their terrorist groups.</em></p>

Policies and Regulations for Repatriation and Sustainable Reintegration in the ASEAN Region

One of the important human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Their Families is the right to citizenship. The process of repatriation of migrants and their reintegration into the community at home is of increasing interest to policy researchers as this process is closely related to the link between migration and development. The temporary migration cycle of a worker always includes three important steps: departure, working and living abroad, and repatriation. Sending countries have also made great efforts in supporting migrant workers to return home, implementing repatriation support programs and especially community reintegration programs after returning home. The basis of this paper is to present definitions of reintegration programs for repatriated migrants. From this basis, the research objective of the article was formed to mention the general principles and conditions for support programs for repatriated workers. To accomplish this research objective, the author presents the success and limitations of some programs in ASEAN. The novelty of the research results is to give some recommendations to improve the programs on supporting migrant workers returning home and re-integrating into the community in the coming time.

Returning home: the reintegration dilemmas of female Al-Shabaab defectors in Kenya

Gendered responses to the disengagement and reintegration of female defectors are needed to respond to trends that indicate increasing female radicalisation and growth in the recruitment of women into terrorist networks. The development of successful gender-sensitive amnesty policies and reintegration programmes is crucial, not only to prevent recidivism and re-engagement among female defectors, but also to mitigate the risk of further female radicalisation and recruitment at community level. This article, based on research conducted with female Al-Shabaab defectors in Kenya, explores women’s gendered motives for joining the Al-Shabaab network, their experiences within it and their reasons for quitting in order to inform an evidence-based reintegration process. It identifies the gendered nuances involved in recruitment, disengagement and deradicalisation, and it also considers gender-specific aspects of reintegration, highlighting the need to focus on gendered needs, norms and the expectations of female Al-Shabaab defectors and the communities in which they are reintegrated.

МЕТОД 9-GRID BOX В УПРАВЛІННІ ПЕРСОНАЛОМ НА СОЦІАЛЬНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ

The article focuses on adapting the 9-Grid Box method, traditionally used for talent management in profitable enterprises, to employee development in social enterprises. The author demonstrates how the 9-Grid Box can be employed in social enterprises to assess the effectiveness of employee adaptation and development, and to make informed decisions about their further progression based on the matrix data. By categorizing employees into nine distinct types based on their potential and productivity levels, the article presents a visual representation of the stage of self-reliance development for each employee as a beneficiary of a social enterprise operating under an employment-based business model. Furthermore, the article provides specific retention and development strategies tailored to each of the nine employee types, offering guidance to HR managers considering the unique objectives of social enterprises. This adapted tool holds value for reintegration programs, aiding socially vulnerable individuals or marginalized groups in developing career plans and enhancing their competitiveness in the traditional job market. The findings of the 9-Grid Box can serve as a foundation for creating training and development plans for employees, facilitating the HR manager’s role. Additionally, the article demonstrates how the 9-Grid Box method can ensure the continuity of social enterprise activities by assisting in the formation of succession plans within the personnel structure.

How Do We Keep our Heads above Water? An Embedded Mixed-Methods Study Exploring Implementation of a Workplace Reintegration Program for Nurses Affected by Operational Stress Injury.

Nurses are exposed to potentially psychologically traumatic events which can lead to operational stress injuries (OSI). Workplace reintegration after an OSI can be challenging, especially with repeated exposure to potentially traumatic scenarios and workplace demands. A workplace reintegration program (RP) originally developed for police officers may be of benefit for nurses returning to work after an OSI. The purpose of this study is to investigate the perceived need for an RP for nurses, and its potential contextualization and implementation in the nursing context using an implementation science approach. This mixed-methods study collected data via questionnaires and focus groups from acute care nurses in Canada (N = 19). Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, thematic analysis, and an organizational readiness assessment. Study participants indicated that formalized processes were rarely used to support nurses returning to work after time off due to mental health challenges. Themes included (1) "The Perfect Storm": the current state of return-to-work, (2) Integral Needs, and (3) A Break in the Clouds: hope for health. Exploration of innovative programs such as the RP may provide additional support to nurses affected by OSIs. Further research is needed regarding workplace reintegration for nurses, and contextualization and evaluation of the RP.

ПРО ДЕЯКІ КОГНІТИВНІ ТА МОТИВАЦІЙНО-ЦІННІСНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СУБ’ЄКТІВ ПРОБАЦІЇ З ЧИСЛА ЗАСУДЖЕНИХ ЗА КОЛАБОРАЦІЙНУ ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ

This article explores the cognitive and motivational-value characteristics of probation subjects who have been convicted of collaboration activities. The research aims to investigate the psychological mechanisms influencing the behavior of collaborators and their impact on the rehabilitation and reintegration process. The study is based on the results of a pilot survey of probation subjects conducted in 2022 by the Sector of Psychological Assistance and Innovations in Probation. The analysis revealed that collaborators use social media and television significantly less frequently compared to probation staff, with a particular emphasis on limited use of social media. Researchers identified differences in the choice of information sources between collaborators and probation personnel: the former more often use Telegram, while the latter prefer YouTube. These differences may indicate variability in cognitive styles and information perception between these groups. The article also examines the influence of the information environment on the thinking of probation subjects: social media fosters verbal-logical thinking, whereas video content on YouTube activates visual-spatial thinking. The highlighted differences in activity and information perception can affect how subjects react to the presented information. The research also emphasizes the need to expand the value space of probation subjects, as collaborators less frequently travel abroad compared to probation staff. All these findings underscore the importance of considering the cognitive and motivational-value characteristics of probation subjects when developing rehabilitation and reintegration programs for collaborators. Combining different forms of thinking and taking into account their information environment can contribute to a more successful rehabilitation and reintegration of this group of individuals. Key words: collaborationism, collaborationist, motivation, values, cognitive characteristics, probation.

OVERCROWDING IN CORRECTIONAL CENTRES AND COMMUNITY REINTEGRATION OF OFFENDERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CORRECTIONAL OFFICIALS OF A FACILITY IN NORTH WEST PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA

As part of the rehabilitation of offenders, South Africa has emerged as one of the countries in the world that uses programmed reintegration of offenders into the communities. However, overcrowding in correctional facilities has implications for correctional officials' work in the reintegration of offender’s programmes. This paper discusses overcrowding at Rooigrond Correctional Centre in the North West Province in South Africa and the implications it has for the work of correctional officials at the facility. The study applied a qualitative approach and a descriptive research design to capture the experiences of the correctional officials on the implication of overcrowding on the reintegration of offenders. Using the quota sampling method and semi-structured face-to-face interviews, ten correctional officials of different ranks participated in the study. Thematic data analysis employed showed that overcrowding in a correctional facility affects negatively the reintegration programmes at Rooigrond Correctional Centre making the rehabilitation process difficult and less effective. To enable and facilitate the successful reintegration of offenders into the communities, the study makes significant recommendations for consideration by correctional officials.

Toward a Practice Framework for Throughcare Reintegration Programs.

Practice frameworks for programs supporting people to transition between prison and community are a critical resource for service agencies, researchers and policy makers. Although reintegration programs are often commissioned with reference to Risk-Needs-Responsivity and the Good Lives Model, these frameworks lack specificity for practical program design. Following recent meta-theoretical guidelines, we articulate a practice framework for reintegration programs over three levels: (1) principles and values; (2) knowledge related assumptions; and (3) intervention guidelines. Level 1 is drawn from the capability approach, which frames the goal of increasing the substantive freedom of individuals. Level 2 is drawn from desistance theory, which grounds claims that sustained cessation of offending is enabled by changes in people's self-labels and narrative, relationships with friends and family, access to resources, and community participation. Level 3 is drawn from throughcare service design and structures practice into seven domains. This framework has potential to reduce rates of reincarceration.

Development of Prisoners and Convicts During the Covid Pandemic (Research Studies in Aceh Province)

The spread of the Corona virus disease (Covid-19) makes people have to take care of their health. A different situation is currently experienced by prisoners in prison. The numbers of prisoners that keeps increasing could cause depression and prone to Covid. The government issued a policy related to the provision of assimilation and reintegration programs in the context of preventing and overcoming the spread of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19), which is currently still facing opposition in some circles of society. There are those that think the policy is wrong because in society the prisoners seem to be quarantined like and support the government program to stay at home and when they leave they’re still prone to infection. The purpose of this research is to analyze implementation, obstacle and efforts to developing prisoners in prisons in Aceh Province during the covid pandemic. The stages of method, is an empirical legal research with qualitative approach that uses primary data (observation and interview) directly from the specified informants. The process of developing prisoners in prisons will continue to be carried out optimally during this Covid pandemic. The government through the Ministry of Law and Human Rights has also worked around this by making regulations so that the development carried out can be more equitable and prioritize the health/safety of prisoners. Accelerating the process of integration and assimilation of prisoners into society is a solution to reduce overcrowding, which can be an easy factor for contracting Covid. Constraints: not all prisoners get a second vaccine due to lack of supply; overcrowding in prisons; the lack of medical personnel and other facilities, such as no ambulance, makes transportation difficult if there are sick prisoners. Keywords: development, prisoners, pandemic. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/132-04 Publication date: May 31 st 2023

Reintegration Program for Professional Football Players after Grade 2 Hamstring Injuries

Hamstring strains are among the most common injuries in soccer, with an increased risk of recurrence. There are three stages in injuries: 1 Diagnosis, 2 Physiotherapy – Rehabilitation, 3 Reintegration. The present study investigated the reintegration actions (return to play – RTP) for eight professional footballers (Super League 1) after hamstring strain. Eight professional soccer players who had hamstring injuries with Grade 2 strain were measured and evaluated. Two measurements were taken before and after injury. The first measurement involved maximum effort field tests of 30, 40, 50 and 60 meters in a straight line without a ball, using global positioning system (GPS) devices placed on the athletes for the interpretation and evaluation of their results. The second measurement aimed to evaluate the maximum strength of the eight players before and after their injury, using squats, bench presses and leg curl exercises on the machine. The statistical analysis included descriptive and inductive statistics (paired t-test). Analysis of the data collected showed that all soccer players had higher performance in the measurements taken after injury, both in speed and in maximal strength. In conclusion, following the appropriate rehabilitation and reintegration, the eight athletes were not affected by their injury and managed to return to competitive action (RTP) without recurrence and maximizing their performance.

Practices and Needs in Reintegration Programs for Violent Extremist Offenders in the United States: The Extremist Perspective

As violent extremists continue to be released from prison and put on probation, further research is needed on the best programs and methods for the reintegration of this population. Based on a series of semi-structured interviews of former extremists, this study describes common challenges and helpful elements in the reintegration process. We identify five notable themes: the importance of rapport, challenges in accessing adequate mental health treatment, the impacts of solitary confinement, and difficulties with counter-productive probation conditions.

Factors Affecting Recidivism of Persons Deprived of Liberty at Tabaco City District Jail

Recidivism is a term used to describe the tendency of a person who has been released from prison or other Detention facilities to re-offend and return to incarceration. The study aimed to identify the factors that affect the recidivism of persons deprived of liberty at Tabaco City District Jail using a descriptive-quantitative research design. The data were collected through a survey questionnaire administered to 100 selected PDL who were detained or had been released and returned to the jail. The study found several factors contributing to recidivism, including lack of employment opportunities, substance abuse problems, lack of education and skills, and poor social support. The findings suggest the need for more comprehensive rehabilitation and reintegration programs that address these underlying factors to reduce the likelihood of repeated offenses and promote successful re-entry into society. These programs should focus on providing educational and vocational training, substance abuse treatment, and social support to help PDL successfully reintegrate into their communities. This is useful for policymakers and practitioners in the criminal justice system to develop and implement more effective interventions to reduce recidivism rates among persons deprived of liberty at Tabaco City District Jail.

Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Women and Children Returning from Violent Extremist Contexts: A Rapid Review to Inform Program and Policy Development

ABSTRACT This rapid review used a systematic approach to examine the available literature on rehabilitation and reintegration (R&R) programs for women and children returning from contexts of violent extremism, examining common assumptions, inputs, activities and outcomes across diverse settings. Fifty-one documents including peer reviewed articles and grey literature were included in the analysis. The most common program activities identified included mental health services, community level social programs, promoting school and vocational enrollment, regular health services, and parenting training & education, though there was a lack of consensus around core program components. The analysis points to the need for a robust set of inputs and resources to implement R&R programs including government officials, child welfare, mental health professionals, teachers, law enforcement, healthcare, community leaders, and extended family. The review also uncovered a number of gaps. This includes the need to create clear and analytically distinct definitions of rehabilitation and reintegration that are applicable and relevant to key stakeholders, delineating age-appropriate activities and outcomes for young children, youth, and adults, defining frameworks for service delivery and coordination of stakeholders, and placing R&R programs within existing domains of public safety and restorative justice.

Life after detention: challenges encountered by released juvenile offenders in Accra, Ghana

This article explores the challenges encountered by released juvenile offenders in Accra, employing the qualitative research method, using the phenomenological approach. Twelve young male adults released from the senior correctional center in Accra took part in interviews which analyzed the Interpretative Phenomenological Approach. The findings of the study reveal that the participants encountered educational and employment challenges. Factors that fueled these challenges include the lack of financial resources and stigma. The lack of state support for the reintegration of released juvenile offenders was also another major contributing factor, the study identified. The findings of this study reveal the need for implementing the Justice for Children policy in Ghana. Context-related reintegration processes for children in conflict with the law suitable for the African and the Ghanaian terrain must be incorporated into the juvenile justice administration. This move is to ensure that released juvenile offenders are cared for. The findings further call for more research into reintegration programs fit for the African context and curated to meet the needs of these released juvenile offenders.

The psycho-social impact of obstetric fistula and available support for women residing in Nigeria: a systematic review

BackgroundObstetric fistula continues to affect the social and mental wellbeing of women living in Nigeria giving rise to poor maternal health outcome. While the World Health Organisation (WHO) has recommended the introduction of psycho-social interventions in the management of obstetric fistula women, psycho-social support for women living with obstetric fistula in Nigeria, are limited. This systematic review aimed to synthesise the psycho-social impact of obstetric fistula on women living in Nigeria as well as the available psycho-social support for these affected women.MethodsFollowing a keyword strategy, Medline, CINAHL, Google scholar, ScienceDirect, Cochrane library, PsychINFO, AMED, British Nursing database, Pubmed central, TRIP database, UK Pubmed central, socINDEX, Annual reviews, ISI Web of Science, Academic search complete, Credo reference, Sage premier and Scopus databases were searched alongside hand searching of articles. The inclusion criteria were set as articles published between 2000 and 2020, on the psychosocial consequences of obstetric fistula in Nigeria. The Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) tool was used to appraise the quality of the included studies. The data was extracted and then analysed using narrative synthesis.Results620 relevant citations were identified, and 8 studies were included. Women with obstetric fistula, living in Nigeria were found to be ostracised, abandoned by families and friends, stigmatised and discriminated against, which led to depression, loneliness, loss of self-esteem, self-worth and identity. Psycho-social interventions for women who experienced obstetric fistula are not widely available.ConclusionThere is a need for the introduction of more rehabilitation and reintegration programs across the country. The psychosocial effect of obstetric fistula is significant and should be considered when developing interventions. Further, more research is needed to evaluate the sustainability of psychosocial interventions in Nigeria.

Stakeholder experiences of a public safety personnel work reintegration program

Public safety personnel (PSP) are at risk of experiencing operational stress injuries (OSIs). The functional impairments caused by OSIs can contribute to challenges with returning to pre-injury operational requirements. A Canadian municipal policing agency developed a peer-led workplace reintegration program (RP) to assist PSP in their workplace reintegration after an illness or injury. Although this RP has been used internationally, there is a paucity of research on this program and its implementation by PSP organizations. The perspectives of key stakeholders are important for capturing the current state of RPs and future directions for the advocacy, implementation, sustainability, and spread of the RP, and to set the stage for future research. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences and perspectives of key stakeholders engaged in the creation, implementation, facilitation, and execution of RPs in Alberta, Canada. This will help identify strengths, barriers, facilitators, needs, processes, and attitudes associated with the RPs and direction for future research. A qualitative thematic analysis of focus groups (N=8) involving key stakeholders (N=30) from five PSP organizations with RPs was conducted using a community-engaged research approach as part of a larger mixed-methods study. Four key themes emerged from the participants: (1) Integral elements of success, (2) Integral needs, (3) Key areas of growth, and (4) Evolution of the Program. While RPs are highly regarded by the key stakeholders, it is essential that evidence-based research guide the evaluation, modification, implementation, spread, and scale of RPs globally.