Regulatory Signs Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INTEGRAL METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF PROVISION OF GEOSPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES

The study confirms the relevance and necessity of developing and implementing an integral method for assessing the level of provision of geospatial development of territorial communities. The research achieves the goal of developing and implementing an integral method for assessing the level of provision of geospatial development of territorial communities. It solves the following tasks: building a multi-level system of indicators for evaluating the level of provision of geospatial development of territorial communities; defining areas of developing and implementing an integral method for estimating the level of provision of geospatial development of territorial communities; determining the peculiarities of the application of the integral method for assessing the level of provision of geospatial development of territorial communities. An integral method for assessing the level of provision of geospatial development of territorial communities has been improved based on the application of analytical and expert methods, mathematical models, and a multi-level system of indicators, including functional, spatial, urban planning, environmental, regulatory, security, investment, stakeholder, infrastructural, social, and innovative signs and characteristics, which made it possible to form a quantitative basis for forecasting changes in the integral factor and decision-making in the field of ensuring the geospatial development of territorial communities. An improved multi-level system of indicators for assessing the level of provision of geospatial development of territorial communities, which includes local, systemic, group, and integral levels and such indicators as functional, spatial, urban planning, ecological, regulatory, security, investment, stakeholder, infrastructural, social, and innovative, that make it possible to take into account the signs, characteristics, and peculiarities of the functioning of territorial communities and regional development for developing and implementing an integral evaluation method. Keywords: geospatial development, territorial communities, land management, geographic information systems, land use, integral indicator.

Investigation on the Impact of Ancillary Roadworks on Road Safety in Uganda: A Case of Kampala –Jinja Road

Increased accidents on Ugandan roads compelled the construction of road ancillaries, with a major aim of improving road safety, to attain sustainable economic development and further achieve SDG target 3.6 and SDG target 9.1. This study investigated the impact of ancillary roadworks on road safety in Uganda, a case of the Kampala – Jinja road. The study used a correlation research design with a quantitative approach. Primary data were collected from 30 field traffic officers, 19 drivers, 03 OC traffic police stations, 36 road engineers, 01 IOV, 01 RTO, and 12 market leaders whereas secondary data were extracted from accident data from Uganda Police. Questionnaire data were analysed with SPSS version 24.0. Results indicated that 39% of installed informatory signs, 47% of installed regulatory signs, and 60% of installed warning signs had been vandalised, exposing road users to the risk of accidents. Guardrails were still existing but some had rusted and others covered with grown grass, making them not seen by road users. The majority of road accidents were serious, accounting for 149 (46.3%) cases, followed by 130 fatal accidents (40.4%) and 43 (13.3%) minor accidents for the period from 2017 to 2022. Correlation results indicated that all ancillary road works were significant except road signs. Yet, regression results indicated that road marking (βeta = 0.307), guardrails (βeta = 0.286), and humps and rumble strips (βeta = 0.360) have a positive significant effect on road safety unlike road lights, road signs, walkways, and service lanes which were insignificant. Police traffic law enforcement and regular improvement on road infrastructure are required. It is concluded that road marking, guardrails, humps, and rumble strips significantly affect road safety. The study recommended that the construction of humps and rumble strips of moderate size, road marking with higher retro reflectivity (>200 mcd/lx/m2), and strong guardrails, can help in ensuring road safety with the support of enforcement of traffic laws of Uganda.

Traffic sign comprehension among motorcyclists: the effect of sign display and sign type

The previous studies showed an inconsistent result for the effect of sign type on sign comprehension in different sign display. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the effect of sign display (symbol+text or symbol-only) and sign type (warning sign, regulatory sign, or command sign) on traffic sign comprehension. A mixed experimental design was conducted on 100 young adult motorcyclists in the Jabodetabek area with two years of riding experience. In each sign, participants were measured their reaction time to comprehend the sign (sign comprehension time) and the accuracy of the meaning of the sign (sign comprehension level). The result showed that the effect of sign display depends on the type of traffic signs both in sign comprehension time and comprehension level. Based on the results, it can be inferred that further training and socialization are needed to increase riders’ comprehension of all types of traffic signs.

Genetic dissection of regulation by a repressing and novel activating corrinoid riboswitch enables engineering of synthetic riboswitches.

In addition to proteins, microbes can use structured RNAs such as riboswitches for the important task of regulating gene expression. Riboswitches control gene expression by changing their structure in response to binding a small molecule and are widespread among bacteria. Here we determine the mechanism of regulation in a riboswitch that responds to corrinoids-a family of coenzymes related to vitamin B12. We report the alternative RNA secondary structures that couple corrinoid sensing with response in a repressing and novel activating corrinoid riboswitch. We then applied this knowledge to flipping the regulatory sign by constructing synthetic riboswitches that activate expression to a higher level than the natural one. In the process, we observed patterns in which sequence, in addition to structure, impacts function in paired RNA regions. The synthetic riboswitches we describe here have potential applications as biosensors.

Please wear a face mask: The role of British business in regulating mask-wearing through signage

This research analyses the linguistic strategies for identity construction in 246 mask-wearing signs collected from the businesses on four prosperous roads of Brighton and Hove during the pandemic. In regulating mask-wearing through signage, businesses could adopt one of four roles: (1) spokesperson for the guidance, (2) independent order giver, (3) emotional persuader, (4) strict caveator; or choose to integrate two or three of these roles. In the surveyed area most businesses preferred to act as independent order givers and instruct customers directly to wear face coverings for public health through imperative directives.This case study describes what directives were employed in terms of agency and politeness to display businesses’ stance or engagement in regulatory signs when public health was under challenge. It is intended to categorise directives in mask signage in relation to agency, politeness and identity, and explore the basic features of English regulatory signage on public health in business setting.

A Real-Time Traffic Sign Recognition Method Using a New Attention-Based Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Smart Vehicles

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the automotive industry allows car manufacturers to produce intelligent and autonomous vehicles through the integration of AI-powered Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and/or Automated Driving Systems (ADS) such as the Traffic Sign Recognition (TSR) system. Existing TSR solutions focus on some categories of signs they recognise. For this reason, a TSR approach encompassing more road sign categories like Warning, Regulatory, Obligatory, and Priority signs is proposed to build an intelligent and real-time system able to analyse, detect, and classify traffic signs into their correct categories. The proposed approach is based on an overview of different Traffic Sign Detection (TSD) and Traffic Sign Classification (TSC) methods, aiming to choose the best ones in terms of accuracy and processing time. Hence, the proposed methodology combines the Haar cascade technique with a deep CNN model classifier. The developed TSC model is trained on the GTSRB dataset and then tested on various categories of road signs. The achieved testing accuracy rate reaches 98.56%. In order to improve the classification performance, we propose a new attention-based deep convolutional neural network. The achieved results are better than those existing in other traffic sign classification studies since the obtained testing accuracy and F1-measure rates achieve, respectively, 99.91% and 99%. The developed TSR system is evaluated and validated on a Raspberry Pi 4 board. Experimental results confirm the reliable performance of the suggested approach.

Origin, heterogeneity, and interconversion of noncanonical bistable switches from the positive feedback loops under dual signaling

Designing new functional motifs with unique properties is an important objective in the realm of synthetic biology. We uncover emergent properties of positive feedback loops (PFLs) under dual input signaling using pseudo potential energy-based high-throughput bifurcation analysis. We show that under dual signaling a single PFL generates a variety of noncanonical bistable switches, with one or more bistable regions, due to fusion of multiple canonical bistable switches. Regulatory signs of the dual signaling must be coherent for mutual inhibition loop and incoherent for mutual activation loop of the PFL. Occurrence probabilities show that some of the noncanonical switches, such as isola and mushroom, are highly recurrent under random parameterization. Phase diagrams of the noncanonical switches reveal that feedback strengths of the PFL control the transition from one switch to another. Our calculations decipher the design principles of noncanonical bistable switches that originate from synthetically feasible simple PFL motifs under dual signaling.

Encouraging Respectful Wildlife Viewing Among Tourists: Roles for Social Marketing, Regulatory Information, Symbolic Barriers, and Enforcement

Background The practice of viewing animals in captivity is losing popularity among tourists, who would rather observe wildlife in their natural environments. A laudable sustainability goal is to provide enjoyable viewing possibilities while also protecting wildlife. Focus of the Article This study tested a social marketing campaign that promoted replacement behaviors against standard regulatory signage in persuading individuals to follow the viewing distance guideline for Hawaiian green sea turtles. The characteristics of one of the study sites also offered the opportunity to study the impacts of symbolic barriers (e.g., rock walls, orange safety cones) and enforcement from authority-like figures on people’s compliance. Research Questions The study addresses three research questions: (1) Can a social marketing-based approach encourage respectful wildlife viewing? (2) How does the approach compare to one providing simplistic information about the behavior and associated laws? (3) How do symbolic barriers and enforcement by authority-like figures add impact to influencing respectful wildlife viewing? Program Design/Approach The “Amazing from Afar” campaign was designed with insights from federal wildlife managers, existing literature on tourists’ psychology and goals, and key informant interviews with local residents. The campaign promoted replacement behaviors of taking forced perspective photos of sea turtles and was evaluated alongside other techniques to encourage respectful viewing. Importance to the Social Marketing Field This article demonstrates the effectiveness of social marketing for nature-based recreation, an under-served area where interest in approaches focused on behavior change is emerging. The study documents improved compliance with wildlife viewing distances using a social marketing approach compared to the more standard approach of stating rules/laws and putting up symbolic barriers. Plus, it illustrates how symbolic barriers and enforcement can enhance impact. Methods Research took place over two studies, one on Oahu ( n = 1,437) and one on the Island of Hawai‘i ( n = 10,217) using a quasi-experimental design where the control conditions reflected existing efforts at the site. Using naturalistic observation, we categorized and counted people at various distances from basking sea turtles before and during the social marketing campaign. Results Findings showed regulatory information signs located near the sea turtles positively impacted people’s compliance with the viewing distance guideline, and the social marketing campaign improved compliance even further. The symbolic barrier could help or hurt compliance depending on how close sea turtles got to its edges, but compliance was over 90% with the social marketing campaign in place. Recommendations Natural resource managers and conservationists should carefully consider how regulations/enforcement, environmental design, and marketing can work together to achieve wildlife protection while preserving fulfilling viewing opportunities. Limitations The field research relying on observations of people’s behavior did not allow for assurances of exposure to signage, and in some cases, the symbolic barriers could have been overlooked as well. Instead, there could have been descriptive norm cues from others since it was common for multiple parties to be viewing at once.

Understanding of Traffic Signs by Drivers on Urban Roads – A Case Study of Ilorin, Kwara State

The effectiveness of traffic signs, which are used often to promote safe driving and are designed to convey critical information quickly, is contingent on drivers' ability to understand them. Therefore, researchers in Ilorin set out to determine how well-understood and compliant traffic control devices were among drivers representing a range of demographics. The study was conducted using a descriptive survey research approach. The population for this study covers commercial and private drivers in Ilorin. The three local government areas in Ilorin were selected Ilorin South, East and West. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select three hundred and eighty-four (384) drivers from the population for the study. The research instrument used for the study is a well-structured questionnaire. Statistics including frequency counts and percentages were used to examine the demographic information, the total proportion of drivers who properly recognized the traffic control device, and the variables that contribute to drivers' inability to comprehend traffic control devices. The average comprehension percentage of warning signs, regulatory signs, information sign, driver’s knowledge of road marking 56.1%, 60.3%, 64.6% and 59% respectively. The study's findings revealed that 60% of drivers in Ilorin generally comprehended traffic control devices.

How effective is training for improving traffic sign comprehension? Examining the interaction between training and sign type among motorcyclists

Previous research has demonstrated that training is an effective intervention to increase traffic sign comprehension among road users. However, the effectiveness of training may interact with the characteristics of the sign, and the evidence is still limited. The present study aimed to examine the effects of training and sign type on sign comprehension among motorcyclists. An experiment with 2 (Training: training vs control) x 3 (Sign Type: warning signs vs command signs vs regulatory signs) x 2 (Time: pre-test vs post-test) mixed design was conducted on seventy-nine motorcyclists aged 18 to 27 years old in the greater area of Jakarta. Participants were randomly divided into two groups (training and control), and the experiment was conducted individually using a computer. Sign comprehension level was then measured. Analysis of pre-test and post-test scores revealed that comprehension was lowest for warning signs across groups. A mixed factorial ANOVA showed a significant interaction effect between training and sign type on sign comprehension before and after training, with the group that received training showing the largest improvement in comprehending warning signs. This study implies that training is effective for improving sign comprehension, especially for warning signs, among motorcyclists. Development of training programs should thus take into account the differences among sign types to ensure their effectiveness.

뮤지엄 사인시스템 프레임워크 연구

The goal of this study is to establish a sign system framework that can efficiently access events such as exhibitions, education, performances, and festivals by curators and researchers based on the problems of the signing system, the need to redefine functional spaces, and the importance of setting guidelines. Therefore, previous studies on the sign-in system available in the museum, field inspection, and target group interview (FGI) were conducted. The findings are as follows. First, previous studies on the museum sign system and the sign system of domestic museums were investigated and analyzed. Second, the importance of basic, core facilities, and auxiliary facilities was presented to establish the name and function of the museum space. Third, to propose the museum sign system framework, we proposed the direction of four guidelines: location, installation, marking element, form and structure, and tone and manner, focusing on guide, descriptor, regulatory sign, guide sign, and decorative sign. Fourth, the process of developing a sign system was proposed to the museum. This study can bring about the improvement of exhibition and educational services and the increase of promotion in terms of museums, curators, researchers, and design.

Comparison of the mental representation of traffic signs in Ecuador: Regulatory signs and warning signs

Comparison of the mental representation of traffic signs in Ecuador: Regulatory signs and warning signs

Investigation into the Understanding of Traffic Signs, Symbols and Safety Rules among Drivers in Southern Nigeria

Aims: This study examines the understanding of traffic signs and symbols as a safety measure towards accident reduction among drivers in Southern Nigeria. It investigated the understanding of traffic signs and symbols by drivers in Nigeria with regards to their personal characteristics such as age, educational background, and driving experience and also determined the major factors influencing the high rate of road traffic accidents in Nigeria.
 Study Design: Investigation into the level of knowledge of drivers in understanding traffic signs and symbols in Southern Nigeria.
 Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Southern Nigeria, from September, 2017 to December, 2017.
 Methodology: 600 questionnaires were administered within the various city parks in Anambra, Enugu, Delta, and Lagos states but 476 of the respondents participated. A total of 27 symbols, which includes ten regulatory signs, nine warning signs, three traffic signals lights, and five road pavement markings were investigated. Miscellaneous questions for driving under special conditions, mechanical factors, and general guides were also assessed among the drivers. The use of Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS), as a tool was employed to analyze the data obtained from the respondents.
 Results: The analysis showed that there is a low understanding of traffic signs and symbols by drivers in Southern Nigeria. The overall average percentage of drivers who correctly understood the regulatory signs was 59%, warning signs was 64.2%, and pavement markings was 31.8%. The average knowledge percentage of drivers for driving under special conditions, speed/mechanical factor, and general guides are 43%, 53.66%, and 46.4% respectively. From the statistical -analysis of the findings, there is significance prove that age, driving experience, and educational background play an important role in drivers’ understanding of traffic signs and symbols.
 Conclusion: It is recommended that drivers are properly trained and sensitized on the correct meaning of traffic signs and symbols. The body concerned for issuing a driver’s license should carefully test the drivers’ knowledge before issuing a driver’s license and also traffic law court should be established for the prosecution of defaulters.

IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM DARURAT MASA COVID-19 DI MIN LIMA PULUH KOTA

Emergency Curriculum is an education unit level curriculum that is prepared and implemented by education units during an emergency by taking into account the applicable regulatory signs and the limited conditions of each educational unit during an emergency. The purpose of the study was to determine the level of implementation of the emergency curriculum at state madrasah, and to determine the process of implementing learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research is quantitative research. Data collection techniques using questionnaires. The objects of this research are teachers at the State Islamic School (MIN) Lima Puluh Kota. The results of the research on aspects of the implementation of the emergency curriculum, the application of learning principles, the implementation of learning activities, and the evaluation of learning showed a high category. This means that the emergency curriculum has been socialized and implemented in madrasah. as well as teachers who have implemented aspects of the curriculum in the learning process. The geographical conditions and situations where students live must be a concern in implementing distance learning using internet media, because in certain conditions the network is not capable of being used so that the learning process does not take place optimally. In the learning process, teachers still have to consider the conditions, needs and characteristics of each student (related to student conditions), accommodate different student conditions, support facilities, learning styles and learning needs. There are some students who are constrained by the network, learning tools, and the use of learning media.

ОКРЕМІ БІХЕВІОРАЛЬНІ ІНДЕКСИ У РАМКАХ ПРОГРАМНО-ОРІЄНТОВАНОГО ПІДХОДУ

The war in Ukraine exacerbated certain behavioral reactions of the social groups selected for the study. The city, as a complex socio-economic mechanism, has the opportunity to monitor the manifestations of atypical reactions of these groups and, based on these manifestations, to determine indicators of long-term and preventive impact. The authors argue that such indicators are currently lacking in long-term planning systems of large cities, especially for wartime planning and management as a high-risk, dynamic context. Examples of the manifestations of two characteristic indicators are given, which relate to certain social groups exposed to the influence of increased mental stress caused by such a phenomenon as war. The research methodology is empirical, as well as based on focus group discussions and document analysis. 3 types of index frameworks are considered, namely: the context of wartime work planning, the index of coverage of members of society with incomplete functionality, as well as the mechanism of long-term forecasting in response to changes in external factors. According to the authors, the need for careful planning in situations of high uncertainty makes the risk factor and especially its impact component among the priorities for analysis and decision-making. That is, if the risk is high and the consequences are dire, you should engage in the potentially risk-generating direction first. During the war, you will have several such directions, from which you can select those that, in case of implementation, carry the largest risk impact and the moderate, “background” risk impact. With regards to the members of society with incomplete functionality, it is good to display regulatory signs such as "red flags" or "blind spots" which will allow to either focus their attention on something important, or limit their view so that they are not distracted, so there is a chance to prevent further destruction. With regards to the priorities of the economic behavior of households that formed based on the undistributed income available to them and on new/existing regulatory norms or other "windows of opportunity" in the market, this significant factor for the development of the city shall be analyzed preventively because some household purchases can significantly affect the ecosystem of the city and ultimately its economy.

CHALLENGES ON THE EXPOSITION OF TRAFFIC SIGNS AND SYMBOLS TO LAGOS STATE ROAD USERS

The Paper reports on the challenges on the exposition of Traffic signs and symbols to Lagos State roads users. The result has proven that there is low exposition of traffic signs and symbols to road users most especially the Drivers in Lagos State, Nigeria. The overall average percentage of road users who correctly interprets the regulatory signs was 59%, cautionary signs were 64.2%, and a pavement marking was 31.8%. The average knowledge percentage of road user (driver) for driving under special condition, speed/mechanical factor and general guides are 43%, 53.66% and 46.4% respectively. The statistical cross analysis significance conducted in the study proved that age, driving experience and educational background play a major role in drivers understanding of traffic signs and symbols. The study recommends adequate training and sensitization of our drivers on the meaning of traffic signs and symbols and the importance of compliance by the road users .The body concerned for issuing driver’s license should carefully test the drivers’ knowledge before issuing driver’s license and also traffic law court should be established for prosecution of defaulters.

Language use and tourism in Yogyakarta; The linguistic landscape of Malioboro

The present study provides a depiction of Malioboro through the interconnected prisms of language presentation, language preferences, and sign informativeness. Seven hundred and twenty-nine public signs were examined and analysed. Although the analysis was limited to words, the survey also paid attention to language preferences and sign informativeness, wit, clarity, and visibility to both local and foreign visitors. Our findings reveal the dominance of Indonesian in the linguistic landscape (LL) of Malioboro, Yogyakarta’s most famous street; 73% of the signs were in Indonesian; indeed, all non-commercial signs use Indonesian. Only 15% of all signs used English and fewer than 5% of the signs contained Javanese, either in its original script or romanized. True to its principal target group, Indonesian speakers, the LL of Malioboro displays an exclusiveness and reflects the implementation of Indonesia’s language policy. Our survey shows both Indonesian and English prevailing in commercial, regulatory, and infrastructural signs, most of which are informative.

Ecuadorian regulatory traffic sign detection by using HOG features and ELM classifier

This article presents an algorithm for Ecuadorian regulatory traffic signs detection, under extreme lighting conditions during the day. The method is composed of the following modules, i) video stabilization to reduce vertical oscilation, ii) a method to for obtaining regions of interest (ROIs) based on color information and geometric restrictions, iii) a two-stage multi classification algorithm, based on Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and HOG descriptor, to classify by form and content. A database of Ecuadors regulatory traffic signs has also been created. It has more than 47,000 images of Ecuadorian road signs divided into 16 classes. The experimental results, from the recognition module, generate an accuracy of 99,85 %, and a sensitivity of 99,78 % in the first stage, and an accuracy of 96,71 % and a sensitivity of 94,16 % in the second stage. In addition, its robustness was compared with two other classifiers, in order to choose the one with the best performance in terms of accuracy and low computational cost. This system works at 24 frames per second, and it was tested in real driving conditions, from 6:00 a.m. until 7:00 p.m., on the streets of several cities and highways of Ecuador.

Study on the Relationship between Drivers' Personal Characters and Non-Standard Traffic Signs Comprehensibility.

Drivers’ incorrect perception and interpretation of the road space are among reasons for human errors. Proper road markings are elements improving perception of road space. Their effectiveness relies on traffic participants receiving the provided information correctly. The range of signs used is constantly expanding and unusual situations in traffic require use of non-standard signs or an unusual combination of existing standard signs. The aim of this study was to explore the level of comprehensibility of four different types of non-standard signs. The relationship between the level of comprehensibility of these signs and personality traits of the drivers was also studied. A total of 369 drivers were tested using a questionnaire to analyze the traffic signs comprehensibility and Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). The obtained results indicate that symbolic signs, unlike symbolic and text ones, are much better comprehended by drivers. Men comprehend the significance of non-standard symbolic regulatory signs better than women. Higher level of comprehensibility of symbolic and text regulatory signs is shown by older, better educated drivers and professional drivers. The study found there is a link between personality traits of the driver and the comprehensibility of symbolic regulatory signs.

Using Anonymous Connected Vehicle Data to Evaluate Impact of Speed Feedback Displays, Speed Limit Signs and Roadway Features on Interstate Work Zones Speeds

Annually, there are over 120,000 crashes in work zones in the United States. High speeds in construction zones are a well-documented risk factor that increases the frequency and severity of crashes. This study used connected vehicle data to evaluate the spatial and temporal impact that regulatory signs, speed feedback displays, and construction site geometry had on vehicle speed. Over 27,000 unique trips over 2 weeks on a 15-mile interstate construction work zone near Lebanon, IN were analyzed. Spatial analysis over a 0.2-mi segment before and after the posted speed limit signs showed that the regulatory signs had no statistical impact on reducing speeds. A before/after analysis was also conducted to study the impact of radar-based speed feedback that displays the motorists’ speed on a sign below a regulatory speed limit sign. Results showed a maximum drop in median speeds of approximately 5 mph. Speeds greater than 15 mph above the speed limit dropped by 10% - 15%. The reduction in speeds began approximately 1000 feet ahead of the sign and results were found to be statistically significant. The analysis also revealed that larger speed drops inside the work zone were due to geometric constraints that required additional driver workloads, especially during shoulder width changes and lane shifts. The results from this study will be helpful for agencies to understand driver behavior in the work zones and to identify proper speed limit compliance techniques that significantly reduce driver speeds in and around work zones.