Regions Of Kazakhstan Research Articles

Голод 1921–1922 гг. в Уральской губернии: причины и последствия

Introduction. The study analyzes a variety of newly discovered archival documents and materials for a comprehensive insight into the 1921–1922 mass famine in Uralsk Governorate. To facilitate this, the paper shall examine the causes, mitigation measures, and consequences of the famine in the designated region of present-day Kazakhstan. Materials. So, the study focuses on related documents from the State Archive of West Kazakhstan Region that have never been introduced into scientific discourse and received only fragmented attention. Results. The work provides a historiographic review on the topic under consideration, while some key research results are based on analytical insights into the archival papers. Our narrative centers around the causes and socio-demographic consequences, conditions of livestock breeding and agrarian industries, famine mitigation measures. Statistical data contained in the reports of governorate-level commissions prove most instrumental in evaluating the 1921–1922 famine’s scale and tracing negative socioeconomic dynamics. Conclusions. Uralsk Governorate happened to be a most famine-affected region of Kazakhstan, which was dramatically preceded (and paralleled) by harsh natural and climatic conditions, such as drought, crop failure, zud (jut), and livestock reduction. These were aggravated by poor agrarian development of the region and reduction of cultivated areas — only to be face the early twentieth century political cataclysms (e.g., Russian Civil War, increase of taxation, etc.). The famine’s consequences included increased mortality rates, population decline, dramatic fall of living standards, and large numbers of orphans and homeless children.

Культ святых и генерирование этнической идентичности казахов в Северо-Казахстанской области

Introduction. The formation and maintenance of Kazakh identity in the northern regions of Kazakhstan was largely associated with the specificity of historical, cultural, linguistic resources, and the religious factor played an important role therein. The shaping of ‘Kazakhness’ in the pre-Soviet period was based not only on the self-image as free nomads and language community but also on belonging to the world of Islam. Such local resources of the Kazakh ethnic identity comprise the cult of holy warriors and seers — batyr, auwliye and zhyrau, i.e. true historical heroes from the period of fierce struggle for the region throughout the seventeenth–eighteenth centuries. Goals. The study attempts an insight into the specifics of the saints’ cult among Kazakhs of Northern Kazakhstan. Real supporters of Khan Abylai and active participants of steppe wars — batyrs Kozhabergen, Kulsary and Kuleke — were included in the pantheon of saints across the designated region. Materials and methods. The work examines a wide range of sources, both published archival documents and pre-revolutionary statistical collections, as well as ethnographic material collected by the authors in the form of family trees (shezhire) and ethno-genealogical legends about the deeds of cultural heroes. The documents introduced into scientific turnover have made it possible to verify the relevance of data articulated by oral shezhire narratives and legends, which together constitute a valuable layer of sources yielding insights into the mentality and spiritual world of nomads. Results. The ethnic history of the northern Kazakh clans and tribes and the emergence of the local cult of holy warriors show a close connection between lifestyle and religious factor for the reproduction of ethnic identity. Under the conditions of constant hostilities and distrust toward alien neighbors across northern steppes, those were Genghisids — famous warlords/batyrs and charismatic leaders of mighty tribes — that became objects of veneration, rather than Muslim righteous men or descendants of the Kozha clan. The informal alliance of Genghisids and batyrhood did facilitate the preservation of “Kazakhness’ during the period of heavy defeats and severe trials in the sixteenth–eighteenth centuries. The lives of heroes served as examples to all Kazakhs regardless of tribal affiliation and as models of ideal behavior. Later, descendants would endow their ancestors with the traits of Muslim saints and pass on narratives claiming their gifts of soothsaying and healing from generation to generation. Being a local Muslim variant of saints’ worship practices which incorporated elements of pre-Islamic beliefs, the cult of the northern batyr-auwliye performed an important integrative function and contributed to the deep ethnicization of clan/tribal roots among local Kazakhs.

INNOVATIVE MECHANISM OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE REGIONS OF KAZAKHSTAN

The study of the relationship between the innovative development of the region and the level of tourism development in the region is relevant today. The development of regions and innovative solutions contribute to the development of tourism, and tourism, in turn, contributes to the development of innovation and attracting investors, so we can talk about a two-way mixed process of innovative development of regional tourism and regions. The purpose of this article is to consider the innovative development of the region as a condition for the effective development of tourism in the region. The object of research is the tourism sector of the regions of Kazakhstan; the level of innovative development of the region and the level of development of regional tourism in the region. Carrying out a conceptual analysis in the article; to give a brief description of the two positions of the regions (from the point of view of regional innovations and the development of regional tourism); to analyze the indicators of the regions of Kazakhstan according to various ratings.

MECHANISMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRITOURISM IN TURKESTAN REGION

The development of agrotourism in the Turkestan region is important for the development of not only the natural resources of rural areas, but also culture, national cuisine, history and traditions of the Kazakh people. This industry belongs to a potential topic that determines the directions of the future development of domestic tourism and agriculture. Agrotourism is a type of tourism that can be organized in rural areas, which in recent years, according to statistics, is in great demand among consumers. This sector is aimed at the economic growth of rural settlements, the preservation of ecosystems and cultural values, the development of territories, as well as providing solutions to issues such as infrastructure, unemployment in rural areas. Definitely, it will be useful to use the experience of European countries in the field of agrotourism for some regions of the Turkestan region. In this regard, the Turkestan region, one of the most developed regions of the country's agriculture, was chosen as the object of study of the scientific article. The goal - is to comprehensively identify the factors of socio-economic potential and propensity of the Turkestan region to agrotourism. Research results - it was found that there are enough resources for the development of agrotourism in this area; it was noted that financial assistance to support some areas of agrotourism is sufficient from local government agencies; recommendations were analyzed and given on which areas have the highest opportunities for the development of agrotourism; the features of agrotourism as a successful tourist destination of agricultural entrepreneurship in general are shown. Conclusions - due to the fact that the agro-tourism resources of the Turkestan region differ from other regions, the task of its professional development arises, for example, in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan, the first mechanisms for the development of agro-tourism have been formed. Consider this, a detailed analysis of the resources of the agro-tourism potential of the region was carried out in the scientific work.

Detailed seismic zoning of the East Kazakhstan region in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is currently drafting new construction regulations that comply with the major provisions of the Eurocodes. Such regulations are created on the basis of seismic zoning maps of various degrees of detail, developed by our Institute of Seismology using a new methodological approach for Kazakhstan. The article is about creating the first normative map of the Detailed Seismic Zoning on a probabilistic foundation for the Republic of Kazakhstan's East Kazakhstan region. We carried out the probabilistic assessment of seismic hazard using a methodology consistent with the main provisions of Eurocode 8 and updated compared with that used in developing maps of Kazakhstan's General Seismic Zoning and seismic microzoning of Almaty. The most thorough and current data accessible for the area under consideration were combined with contemporary analytical techniques. Updates have been done to not only the databases being used but also the way seismic sources were shown, including active faults now. On a scale of 1:1000000, precise seismic zoning maps of the East Kazakhstan region were created for two probabilities of exceedance: 10 % and 2 % in 50 years in terms of peak ground accelerations and macroseismic intensities. The obtained seismic hazard distribution is generally consistent with the General Seismic Zoning of Kazakhstan's previous findings. However, because active faults were included and a thoroughly revised catalog was used, there are more pronounced zones of increased danger along the fault in the western part of the region. In the west of the territory, acceleration values also increased due to a more accurate consideration of seismotectonic conditions. Zoning maps are the basis for developing new state building regulations of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

SOIL EROSION AND IMPACT ON RECREATIONAL RESOURCES IN THE SHYNGYRLAU BASIN, WESTERN KAZAKHSTAN: A MULTI-ANALYTICAL ASSESSMENT

Over the past decades, water erosion has increased significantly in the Shyngyrlau River basin. Recreational development, haphazard construction and operation of roads have led to increased water erosion and the formation of numerous linear erosion forms. Erosion reduces the natural resource status of the region. Water erosion develops in most cases along roads laid along the thalwegs of the ravine-hollow network. The light substrate along with sparse vegetation cover (the sparseness is aggravated by intensive grazing) predetermine its rapid development. Water erosion is an acute problem arising from the present climate change, agricultural intensification and diverse forms of anthropogenic land degradation. Assessment of present and potential soil erosion is useful for landscape preservation as well as development planning. Multi-analytical modeling can provide a quantitative and consistent estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield under locally specific environmental conditions. The soil loss model, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), integrated with GIS, has been used to estimate soil loss in the Shyngyrlau Basin (a left-bank tributary of the Ural River, NW Kazakhstan). The RUSLE model is based on remote sensing and field data; erosion probabilities were determined using GIS. The percentage ratio of the soil loss in the Shyngyrlau River basin shows erosion variation of 0.001–2.47 t/ha/yr. The degree of erosion increases with the length of the slope. A new factor Chip curvature (Cu factor), defining the accuracy of the soil loss results, was defined. According to this factor, soil erosion in the study area is 0.007–2.48 t/ha/yr within the low erosion class. The lowest indicator of the K factor is 0.2 in sandy clay soils used as pasturelands. The highest K factor (0.3) relates to clayey arable soils. The research results add to implementation of new strategies in soil management and conservation practices reducing soil erosion in the Shyngyrlau Basin. Both climate and anthropogenic factors are seen behind the activated ground erosion. The development of forms of water erosion leads to a violation of the integrity of modern natural complexes of the West Kazakhstan region, which significantly reduces their stability and recreational potential.

THE INFLUENCE OF RECREATION ON THE PROCESSES OF SOIL EROSION IN THE FORESTS OF THE WEST KAZAKHSTAN REGION

The relevance of the topic is determined by the increasing demand for forest recreational resources of the West Kazakhstan region. The forests of the West Kazakhstan region are under the influence of recreational activity, which is growing every year and leads to the transformation of the natural environment. The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of recreation on the processes of soil erosion in the forests of the West Kazakhstan region. An increase in the recreational load and the steepness of the slopes leads to degradation of the forest floor and grassy cover. The remnants of these materials move downhill under the influence of visitors, and the soil surface is compacted. The porosity coefficient of the upper soil layer decreases as recreational loads increase. This leads to a decrease in soil water permeability and an increase in surface water runoff. The study showed that the runoff coefficient, the air-dry mass of the forest floor and the porosity coefficient are closely related. These relationships characterize an increase in the water runoff coefficient with a decrease in the air-dry mass of the forest litter and the porosity coefficient. In the field in 2023, based on the morphological description of the profiles, the degree of soil erosion in the selected woodlands was determined.

A study of the cenopopulations and ontogenetic structure of Adonis wolgensis in the Akmola region

The article presents the results of study of six cenopopulations of rare medicinal plant Adonis wolgensis Steven ex DC. (Ranunculaceae) in Akmola region of Northern Kazakhstan. Ecological-phytocenotic characterization was given and ontogenetic structure of cenopopulations was studied. It is established that in the studied region Adonis wolgensis grows among steppe grasses, in bushes, occasionally on forest edges and on forest lawns. In general, the condition of the studied Adonis wolgensis cenopopulations is satisfactory. Analysis of age spectra showed that cenopopulations not or slightly affected by anthropogenic impact are characterized by a spectrum in which the absolute maximum falls on the age states of the pre-generative period. In the four cenopopulations, a significant proportion of individuals are in the young generative state, indicating their capacity for self-renewal. This ensures the stability of the species in the plant communities of the study areas. The condition of two cenopopulations is assessed as degrading, and urgent measures are needed to preserve them and restore their numbers. Cattle grazing in cenopopulations leads to a decrease in plant viability and suppression of seed reproduction. To preserve the species it is necessary to limit grazing, prohibit collection of raw materials, develop methods of cultivation in culture, organize reproduction of the species in industrial volumes, and strengthen protection measures. The results obtained have provided new information on the status of the species in Northern Kazakhstan and serve as a reliable basis for its further conservation.

To the methodology for the study of intraspecific variability and selection of wild forms of Viburnum opulus L.

The methodological recommendation for the study of intraspecific variability and the selection of wild-growing promising for breedingforms of common Viburnumis written on the basis of a large amount of factual material obtained from the study of this species in the East Kazakhstan region. It includes an assessment of the current state of Viburnum opulus L. populations, with range mapping in ArcMap and ArcGis programs. The geobotanical, phytocenotic description is given. First, the forms are described according to 25 quantitative and qualitative features. Then, on the basis of this, the selection of promising forms, the collection of seeds and cloning with green cuttings is carried out. The distribution of Viburnum plants occurred according to the degree of flowering, fruiting, fruit length and diameter. The data were divided into classes with the smallest, average and largest values into five groups, by weight and number of fruits into four groups. The scoring system was applied to seven characteristics: the general condition of plants, winter hardiness, the degree of flowering and fruiting, color, taste, and the nature of the detachment of fruits. The study of endogenous variability of morphological and economic-biological characters is carried out in the crown of one individual. After studying the average indicator of the trait and the amplitude of its variation for different individuals, they proceed to the study of intra-population variability. After mathematical processing, a questionnaire is filled out for each plant according to the selected form, which will make it possible to better represent the studied form to study genotypic and phenotypic variability in the future. The use of this recommendation in research work will allow assessing the genetic potential of the species, the level of its intraspecific variability, and selecting promising forms.

Comparison of Climate Change Effects on Wheat Production under Different Representative Concentration Pathway Scenarios in North Kazakhstan

Adverse weather conditions, once rare anomalies, are now becoming increasingly commonplace, causing heavy losses to crops and livestock. One of the most immediate and far-reaching concerns is the potential impact on agricultural productivity and global food security. Although studies combining crop models and future climate data have been previously carried out, such research work in Central Asia is limited in the international literature. The current research aims to harness the predictive capabilities of the CRAFT (CCAFS Regional Agricultural Forecasting Toolbox) to predict and comprehend the ramifications stemming from three distinct RCPs, 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5, on wheat yield. As a result, the arid steppe zone was found to be the most sensitive to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, since the yield difference between RCPs 2.6 and 8.5 accounted for almost 110 kg/ha (16.4%) and for 77.1 kg/ha (10.4%) between RCPs 4.5 and 8.5, followed by the small hilly zone with an average loss of 90.1 and 58.5 kg/ha for RCPs 2.6–8.5 and RCPs 4.5–8.5, respectively. The research findings indicated the loss of more than 10% of wheat in the arid steppe zone, 7.6% in the small hilly zone, 7.5% in the forest steppe zone, and 6% in the colo steppe zone due to climate change if the modeled RCP 8.5 scenario occurs without any technological modernization and genetic modification. The average wheat yield failure in the North Kazakhstan region accounted for 25.2, 59.5, and 84.7 kg/ha for RCPs 2.6–4.5, 4.5–8.5, and 2.6–8.5, respectively, which could lead to food disasters at a regional scale. Overall, the CRAFT using the DSSAT crop modeling system, combined with the climate predictions, showed great potential in assessing climate change effects on wheat yield under different climate scenarios in the North Kazakhstan region. We believe that the results obtained will be helpful during the development and zoning of modified, drought-resistant wheat varieties and the cultivation of new crops in the region.

The study of the nutritional value of the national product «Kurt» produced at the enterprises of the East Kazakhstan region and the Abai region

The article presents the results of the physico-chemical parameters of the product "Kurt", produced by limited liability partnerships and individual entrepreneurs of the East Kazakhstan region and the Abai region.Kurt is a versatile fermented milk product that is added as a seasoning to various dishes and consumed as a separate food product. It is a good source of macro- and micronutrients in an easily digestible form for the body, contributing to the maintenance of beneficial intestinal microflora. The product is popular among children and adults and is in great demand as a healthy food product [1].In this regard, the study of the nutritional and biological value and quality of kurt is an urgent task.The purpose of the study is to study the nutritional value of the national fermented milk product "Kurt", produced at enterprises of the East Kazakhstan region and the Abai region.When determining the nutritional value of the national product "Kurt", physico-chemical parameters (mass fraction of protein, fat, ash, moisture, salt) were determined in 3 types of kurt of the most common enterprises of the East Kazakhstan region and the Abai region: Vostok-Moloko Corporation LLP, Bagration Ulan LLP, Individual Entrepreneur R.G.Petrosyan. The research was conducted at the V. M. Gorbatov Federal Scientific Center of the Food System of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

VARIETIES TESTING OF CHINESE HYBRIDS OF SPRING RAPE IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE NORTH KAZAKHSTAN REGION

Spring rapeseed hybrids of Chinese selection are characterized by high yield and good seed quality in the territory of the People's Republic of China. For more productive cultivation of any crop, research is needed to find the most effective varieties and hybrids of crops. Crop variety testing allows us to solve this problem. The purpose of this article is to conduct a comprehensive variety testing of various spring rapeseed hybrids to adapt to the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan and use the yield potential. To achieve this goal, it is planned to solve the following problems: determining field germination, plant safety, elements of the crop structure and seed yield of rapeseed hybrids. The subject of the study is spring rapeseed hybrids. The research was carried out according to the guidelines for variety testing of agricultural crops. The study includes economic and morphological indicators, as well as seed productivity. The results of the study helped to determine the most economically productive hybrid of spring rape between zoned hybrids in the North Kazakhstan region and hybrids of Chinese selection. The scope of application of the research results covers agriculture and the entire agro-industrial sector. The conclusions of the article provide recommendations for selecting optimal rapeseed hybrids for cultivation in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan, which will help increase the yield level and production efficiency of this crop.

SEROMONITORING OF CRIMEAN-CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER IN FARM ANIMALS

The article presents data from serological studies of blood sera of farm animals for the presence of antibodies to the Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHF). In 2022, 590 small cattle blood sera collected in 4 regions were examined, and in 2023, 1004 small cattle sera and 1090 cattle sera from 15 regions of Kazakhstan. As a result of the studies, it was established that the seroprevalence of CCHF virus among cattle in 2023 was 5.32%. Seropositive cattle were detected in 6 (Atyrau (9.38%), Kyzylorda (57.5%), Zhambyl (40%), Turkestan (78.58%), Almaty (4.77%), West Kazakhstan (1, 93%) from 15 studied regions. Seropositive sheep were detected in 4 regions in 2022 and in 5 out of 15 studied regions in 2023. The presence of antibodies to the CCHF virus was detected in 2022 in West Kazakhstan (4.5%), Turkestan (11 .3%), Zhambyl (30.9%) and Kyzylorda (44.3%) regions, and 2023 in West Kazakhstan (6.9%), Turkestan (14.52%), Zhambyl (15%), Kyzylorda (70%) and North Kazakhstan (12.1%) regions. The results of our research show that the distribution area of CCHF has expanded significantly. Based on the data obtained, we can conclude that two endemic regions for CCHF have formed on the territory of Kazakhstan: the southern endemic region, including Kyzylorda, Turkestan, Zhambyl, and Almaty regions, as well as the western endemic region, including West Kazakhstan and Atyrau regions. Given the constant movement of wild and farm animals within the country, there is a high risk of CCHF spreading from endemic regions to free regions. To confirm these data, it is necessary to conduct constant monitoring of farm animals, ticks, and other blood-sucking carriers of this virus.

Калмыки-спецпереселенцы в Аральском районе Казахстана в документах и воспоминаниях очевидцев

Introduction. The article is devoted to the history of the Kalmyks who were in exile (1943–1957) on the territory of the Aral region in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the study is to highlight individual materials from documents about Kalmyk special settlers and to introduce into scientific circulation the information about oral stories of deported Kalmyks who were exiled to the Aral region of Kyzylordinskaya oblast of the Kazakh SSR. Results. The deportation of a part of the Kalmyk people to the Aral region of Kyzylordinskaya oblast of the Kazakh SSR was initially not planned. However, the decision to evict the Kalmyks to this region was made immediately after the adoption of the documents on the deportation of the Kalmyk people, and on January 2, 1944, the district committee of the CPSU (b) and the district council were already considering the resettlement of Kalmyks sent to the Aral region. The destination of the SK-406 train was the Aral Sea railway station. The deportation of part of the Kalmyks, residents of the sea-side Lagan ulus, to the Aral region was due to the aim of the authorities to use the deportees in the fishing industry, which suffered significant damage during the period of hostilities in the European part of the territory of the USSR and thus which faced huge tasks to ensure the front and rear. The deported to the Aral region Kalmyks experienced the same restrictions in rights and deprivation as those Kalmyks who found themselves in the regions of Siberia. At the same time, the relatively compact settlement of the large group and the milder climate, compared to the Siberian one, were favorable factors. The Kalmyks left a mark in the memory of the local population of the Aral region of Kazakhstan. The chief doctors of the hospitals E. N. Lidzhiev, previously the People's Commissar of Health of the Kalmyk ASSR, and V. B. Mukharaev, who also became famous for his participation in the film “Daughter of the Steppes” (1954), gained special fame among the population here. The respect for Kalmyks is also manifested in the memory of famous figures who showed themselves after returning to their homeland, but who spent their youth in the Aral region: the memory of them is alive among the Kazakh population.

VIRAL DISEASES OF POTATOES IN KAZAKHSTAN

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a staple food crop worldwide, including Kazakhstan. Viral infections represent a major obstacle to sustainable potato production due to deterioration of both qualitative and quantitative indicators. To determine the current status of the main viral diseases Y, X, M, S, PLRV, plant and seed material (tubers) from different potato growing regions of Kazakhstan was sampled. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction by reverse transcription (mpRT-PCR) and primers specific for coat protein (CP) were used to amplify the corresponding viruses. Monitoring of seed material revealed that the most prevalent virus in almost all regions, was potato virus S (PVS). Analysis of plant material sampled in the fields revealed that the most common viruses in the regions were potato virus M (PVM) and potato virus S (PVS). The work done to monitor viral diseases in different regions of Kazakhstan will provide a basis for directing future efforts to control and monitor the phytosanitary status of potato in the country.

Золотоордынские караванные пути и караван-сараи на юге и юго-западе Западного Казахстана и юге Волго-Уральского междуречья в XIII–XVI вв.

Introduction. In West Kazakhstan and the Volga-Ural interfluve, it is Golden Horde cities, caravan routes, and caravanserais that remain as under- or uninvestigated. Particular attention be paid to the necessity of exploring caravan routes and caravanserais from Urgench to Saraychik (Saray-Jük), and from Saraychik to the Volga Golden Horde cities. Goals. The study seeks to systemize and analyze materials on caravan routes and caravanserais in the south and southwest of West Kazakhstan and in the south of the Volga-Ural interfluve. It also aims at reconstructing some functioning patterns of caravan trade routes from Saraychik to the Volga Golden Horde cities in the thirteenth to sixteenth centuries. So, the paper shall systemize and examine archaeological, ethnographic, archival data and sources on the Golden Horde cities, caravan routes, and caravanserais across the mentioned territories; describe some identified caravan routes and caravanserais. Materials and methods. The work focuses on materials from archaeological excavations in Kazakhstan, Russia, and Uzbekistan; considers outcomes of field (expeditionary) historical, geographical, and ethnographic surveys conducted across Mangystau and Atyrau Regions of Kazakhstan in 2019–2022; performs analyses of geographical maps. The research methodology includes general scientific, historical, and geographical tools and techniques. Results. The paper basically systemizes the efforts undertaken by scholars affiliated to Saraishyq State Reserve Museum of History and Culture (Kazakhstan). The field (expeditionary) surveys have identified more Golden Horde sites and settlements to yield an improved map of caravan routes. At large, the article provides a general territorial scheme of caravan routes and caravanserais from the Golden Horde period across the south and southwest of West Kazakhstan and the south of the Volga-Ural interfluve. Conclusions. Our insights attest to that the Golden Horde caravanserais and caravan routes were characterized by quite efficient territorial patterns in the examined regions that grew to shape a comprehensive transit-trade system for the transfer of people, goods, and knowledge along a northern branch of the Silk Road.

POPULAR MOVEMENTS IN THE WESTERN REGION OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE 1930S: THE UPRISING IN THE MANGYSTAU REGION

The article tells about the mass struggle of the people in the 20th 30s of the XX century on the territory of modern Atyrau and Mangystau regions of Kazakhstan, directed against the violent policy of the Soviet government, known in the former historical literature as the "Adai Uprising", and its ruthless suppression by the Bolsheviks with unspeakable cruelty. The violent policy of the Soviet government after the Civil War led to an increase in discontent among the population of the Western Region, and the public came out to openly fight against the policy of the Soviet state. The purpose of this article is to tell about the mass participation of the population who lived at that time against the injustice of the Soviet government, which covered not only the Mangystau region of the Adai uprising but also, above all, the Kyzylkoginsky, Embinsky districts, Sagiz, Topyrakshashkan regions of the Atyrau region. As a result of the article, data related to the Adai uprising, previously unknown to historical science, were shown. After the October Revolution, the social status of the population living throughout the republic and on the territory of the modern Atyrau region was extremely low. The failure to take into account the laws of the natural development of the economy and the incessant administration made agriculture completely shaky and sharply aggravated the situation. This caused discontent among the population and led to an uprising.

Embracing Change: The Transition of the West Kazakhstan Medical Journal to English

For nearly two decades, the West Kazakhstan Medical Journal (WKMJ) has been a cornerstone of medical knowledge and research in the West Kazakhstan region, serving as a vital platform for local and regional healthcare communities. In a strategic move, the journal is transitioning to the English language, aligning itself with the global discourse in medical science. This transition aims to enhance accessibility, visibility, and impact, fostering international collaborations and contributing valuable insights to the broader medical community. The metamorphosis signifies a commitment to global integration without compromising the journal’s unwavering commitment to quality, ethical publishing, and rigorous peer review. The transformation invites researchers, practitioners, and institutions worldwide to participate in this journey, elevating the exchange of medical knowledge on a global scale

Monitoring of sunflower breeding material to identify the level of resistance to false powdery mildew

Increased production of sunflower oilseeds requires the use of yielding, adapted to the conditions of cultivation varieties and hybrids resistant to harmful pathogens of the growing area. A number of reasons contribute to the decline in crop resistance. One of them is the emergence of conditions for the development of not only new diseases, but also more aggressive races of already well-known pathogens. The most effective and environmentally friendly way to control crop diseases is to create sustainable breeding material. In this regard, in the conditions of the East Kazakhstan region studies were conducted to assess the resistance to false powdery mildew of the promising breeding material of sunflower created by the specialists of the East Kazakhstan Agricultural Experimental Station. Quantitative indices of affected plants and the intensity of sporoniferous lesions on seedlings were determined. Characterization of the degree of susceptibility of the tested samples on a 5-point scale was given. The results of the experiments confirmed the possibility of selection at different stages of the breeding work. The selected source material can be used as parental forms in the creation of new sunflower varieties and hybrids.

«ҚЫРЫМНЫҢ ҚЫРЫҚ БАТЫРЫ» ЖЫРЛАР ЦИКЛІНДЕГІ ТАРИХИ ТОПОНИМДЕР

Annotation. In determining the general civilizational and national nature of the ancient Turkic song tradition, which has been going on since ancient times, the sequence of songs "forty heroes of Crimea" has a special place and importance. The song chain was sung orally among the Volga, North Caucasus, West Siberian Turks, as well as on the territory of Kazakhstan, Karakalpakstan. But not in the form of a whole, but individual songs are preserved in different versions. Mangystau region is the most fully preserved homeland of the zhyr chain compared to other regions of Kazakhstan. Because in this region there is a Special School of poetry, which promotes the "forty heroes of Crimea", through the representatives of the school, the text of the song has continued from teacher to student for centuries without interruption. This article presents the results of research on toponomastic names in the cycle of poems "forty heroes of Crimea", their relation to the history of Mangystau. Tomonomastic names in the text of the song indicate the exact location of the events in the song and provide data on the historical events that formed the basis of the plot of the song. Key words: forty heroes of Crimea, Nasir zhyrau, epic epic, epic science, toponomastic names, Serikbol Kondybay, nogayli.