Regia Bark Research Articles

Effective removal of chromium by adsorption using Delonix regia bark derived activated carbon from aqueous solution: a sustainable approach.

This study introduces a new biosorbent derived from Delonix regia bark-activated carbon to efficiently remove Chromium Cr(VI) metal ions from aqueous systems. The biosorbent was synthesized from the bark powder of the plant species and chemically activated with phosphoric acid. The biosorbent was characterized using FTIR, SEM, and BET to determine its functional properties and structural morphology. The batch adsorption experiments examined the optimal conditions for Cr(VI) metal ion adsorption, identifying that the highest removal efficiency occurred at pH levels of 2. The ideal adsorbent dosage was determined to be 2.5g/L, with equilibrium achieved at a contact time of 60min at the optimal temperature of about 303K for a Cr(VI) metal ion concentration of 20mg/L. Various isotherm models were applied to the adsorption equilibrium values, revealing that the adsorbent had a maximum removal capacity of approximately 224.8mg/g for Cr(VI) metal ions. The adsorption process of Cr(VI) on the DAC biosorbent was best described by the Freundlich isotherm, indicating multilayer adsorption. The kinetic data fit well with the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption process was spontaneous, exothermic, and feasible across different temperatures. Furthermore, the desorption studies showed that the DAC biosorbent can easily be rejuvenated and utilized several cycles with high adsorption capacity. These findings indicate that the developed adsorbent is environmentally friendly and effective for removing Cr(VI) from water systems.

Hepatoprotective effects of Juglans regia on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity: In silico/in vivo approach.

Juglans regia L. is a well-known therapeutic plant in Nepal, employed in traditional medicine for treating liver ailments. This study aimed to evaluate the invivo and in silico liver-protective effects of J. regia extract using a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic damage rat model. Healthy male rats were randomly divided into six groups: normal control (distilled water 10 mL/kg), toxic control (distilled water 10 mL/kg), standard test (silymarin 100 mg/kg), and three groups receiving oral J. regia extracts (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day) for seven days. On the eighth day, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) (1.5 mL/kg in 1:1 olive oil ratio for all groups, except the normal control). Rats were sacrificed on the ninth day, and blood was collected retro-orbitally for liver blood injury tests and histopathological studies. Molecular docking was performed against cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP450 2E1) enzyme for 16 selected phytoconstituents. J. regia, at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg, significantly reduced liver enzyme levels (alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, direct bilirubin, and total bilirubin), while increasing serum albumin. Histological analysis revealed mitigation of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury, reducing fatty degeneration and necrosis. Molecular docking supported the findings, with Beta-sitosterol and Betulinic acid exhibiting the best binding affinity of -9.2 and -9.1 kcal/mol, respectively. In conclusion, result suggests that J. regia showed dose-dependent hepatoprotective activity in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity and it could be utilized as a promising hepatoprotective agent. This study suggests the hepatoprotective potential of J. regia bark extracts, emphasizing the need for further clinical validation.

Green synthesis of AgNPs using Delonix regia bark for potential catalytic and antioxidant applications.

Nanoparticle synthesis from plant resources has recently gained significant impact due to its low cost, simple equipment requirements, and ease of availability. In this work, DR-AgNPs were synthesized using bark extract of Delonix regia (D. regia) plant under microwave irradiation. The formation of DR-AgNPs has been confirmed with UV-Vis, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, HRTEM, EDS, DLS, and zeta potential analysis. Catalytic and antioxidant activities were tested on synthesized spherical nanoparticles with a size range of 10-48 nm. The effects of pH and catalyst dosage on the methylene blue (MB) dye degradation were carried out. It was observed from the treatment results that 95% MB dye degradation efficiency was achieved within 4min with a degradation rate constant of 0.772 min-1 . The synthesized nanoparticles showed a strong antioxidant property when analyzed by a 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The calculated IC50 value for DR-AgNPs was 37.1 ± 0.12 μg mL-1 . Therefore, DR-AgNPs are excellent in both catalytic and antioxidant activities when compared to previously reported works. HIGHLIGHTS: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (DR-AgNPs) using Delonix regia bark extract. The catalytic activity of DR-AgNPs is remarkable against Methylene Blue. DR-AgNPs also have a strong DPPH radical antioxidant effect. Short degradation time, high degradation rate constant, and a good scavenging activity are key features of this study compared to previously reported works.

Antimicrobial effect of Juglans regia bark with commonly used antibiotics against initial colonizers of Plaque and Caries: A comparative study.

There is a progressive increase in the patients of dental caries and periodontitis in the recent years. The main emphasis is laid on avoiding the accumulation and inducing the elimination/suppression of caries-causing microbes in the oral cavity. A variety of antimicrobial agents are incorporated into oral hygiene products but these products come up with their own disadvantages. Natural products prove to be biocompatible with medicinal properties. The objective of the study is to access the antimicrobial activities of Juglans regia bark against dental caries and plaque. Also, antibacterial activity of Juglans bark is compared with oral rinses and systemic antibiotics. The study sample consisted of 50 subjects and was divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 25 samples without caries and Group 2 also included 25 samples with caries. Both samples were in the age group 18-22 years. Plant samples of Juglans regia bark from Kashmir and Himachal were collected. Extracts containing both varieties were prepared and antibacterial activities of both groups were determined. Comparison of Juglans regia bark with antibiotics and mouthwashes was also done. J. regia bark of both the varieties showed zone of inhibitions. Ethanol variety showed larger zone of inhibition than distilled water variety of both plaque and caries groups. Chlorhexidine showed satisfactory antimicrobial activity while Betadine showed none. Amoxicilline was effective but Metronidazole showed no activity against both groups. Bark of J. regia proved to be very beneficial against both plaque and caries bacteria without any side effects as both mouthwashes and antibiotics are harmful and cannot be used daily.

Efficacy of Juglans regia extract as a mouthwash in the treatment of periodontal disease

The study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Juglans Regia extracts in treatment of periodontal diseases. An extract of Juglans regia bark was preparation by mixing Juglans regia bark powder with distilled water. Phytochemicals tests were carried out for all the extract, detection of glycosides, tannins, terpenes, Steroid, Anthraquinones and, coumarines, alkaloids and saponins. 51 patients suffering from gingivitis were subjected to an experiment for 28 days, the parameters used were Gingival Index (GI), percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) and presence of inflammatory signs and symptoms. The results show that the group that received the extract was superior compared to the chlorohexidine group, and the patients recovered at a greater rate, with reduction in signs as redness, swelling and pain, also any clinical signs or side effects.

Exploration of the Fluorescence Property of Acrylic Fibers Dyed with the Residues Extract of Juglans regia Barks

This study aims to check the fluorescence property of acrylic fabrics dyed with Juglans regia bark extract. Fluorescence measurements have been developed on the aqueous extract and acrylic samples. The extraction process was assisted by a microwave with the following conditions: a concentration of 5 g·L−1, a power of 850, a pH of 5 and an extraction duration of 4 min. Afterwards, the dyeing quality was assessed by measuring the color strength (K/S) and the photoluminescence intensity (PL) of acrylic fibers dyed at 350 W for 3 min, with the extract already prepared. The effect of certain factors (pH, power, concentration and duration of dyeing) on the dyeing process was also investigated. Subsequently, this process was optimized thanks to the surface response method in order to maximize the photoluminescence intensity of dyed acrylic fibers. Best dyeing properties were achieved at 500 W, pH 2 for 4 min. The results showed good washing fastness and acceptable light fastness.

Phytochemical and Physicochemical Analysis of the Invitro Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activities of Juglans Regia L. Bark (Walnut Bark)

Preliminary phytochemical and physicochemical screenings of Juglans regia are conducted to assure its purity, safety, and efficacy, as well as to determine the antibacterial and fungal activities and inhibitory zones of extracts against certain bacterial and fungal strains, with the aim of overcoming resistance. J. regia Linn, also known as akhrot in Pakistan, is a member of the Juglandaceae family, with a dense, long-lasting bark that is fragrant and resinous. The tree has a history of medical usage in the treatment of multiple ailments. The present research focuses on using preliminary phytochemical and physicochemical analyses to standardize Juglans regia Linn bark and to explore its antibacterial and antifungal activities. These analyses were conducted through microscopic analysis of the bark and determination of its quality parameters. Four different extracts of J. regia bark were tested for antimicrobial activity against a variety of harmful fungi and bacteria. Phytochemical analysis indicated the existence of reducing sugars, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, steroids, and saponins. Stone cells with sclereids, phloem fibers, oil cells, and lignified fibers are some of the observed microscopic characteristics of the powder. Antimicrobial analysis of J. regia bark extracts at concentrations of 300 and 400 µg/ml revealed that the ethanol and chloroform extracts had a considerable inhibitory effect on the development of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. This research will serve as a reference point for correctly identifying crude medications. It will also support the use of natural products as medications and validate the antibacterial and antifungal properties of J. regia (walnut bark) through clinical trials.

Valorization of Juglans regia. L Bark Residues as a Natural Colorant Based on Response Surface Methodology: A Challenging Approach to a Sustainable Dyeing Process for Acrylic Fabrics

The dyeing industry is considered one of the most polluting industries. Thus, several researchers have focused on studying the possibilities of natural textile dyeing. The objective of this paper was to optimize the microwave extraction process for Juglans regia bark residues in order to dye acrylic fabrics. Hence, at first, the following extraction conditions were studied: microwave power, pH, extraction duration and concentration of dry mass. Flavonoid and tannin content was measured each time. Moreover, the obtained extracts were used for dyeing acrylic fibers with microwave assistance, and the corresponding color yield (K/S) was measured. Then, the microwave extraction process already developed was optimized; a response surface design was established using Minitab 19 software. The optimal extraction conditions were found to be: microwave power = 850, pH = 3 and extraction time = 4 min. Finally, dyed and undyed acrylic were characterized by infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in order to distinguish the effect of this natural dye on the external layer of the acrylic fiber.

Characterization of essential oil composition of Juglans regia bark, comparison of secondary metabolites and biological activities of its extracts

Aromatic and medicinal plants form a reservoir of active molecules; among them, Juglans regia is a plant of the Juglandaceae family, and it is used thanks to its medicinal properties. The present study was conducted to investigate the secondary metabolite content and biological activities of the infusion, methanolic extracts, and essential oil of the bark essential oil (EO) of Juglans regia harvested from North Tunisia, as well as its chemical composition. Essential oil, infusion, and methanolic extracts were prepared. Identification of essential oil composition was determined using GC-MS. Phenolic content, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities were evaluated with the colorimetric method. The obtained data indicate that J. regia is very abundant in bioactive compounds. The infusion extract of J. regia bark has been found to contain elevated amounts of phenolic compounds. The infusion extract showed stronger antioxidants and radical scavenging action than methanol. The studied methanolic extract displayed antimicrobial activity against all ten tested microbial strains but with variable degrees according to the microbial strain. The infusion extract, instead, was inactive. The use of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed the existence of 34 components in the bark (EO). The main compounds were: carvacrol (13.82%), isoeugenol (13.71%), β-caryophyllene (7.81%), 1,8-cineole (8.60%), and bornyl acetate (7.13%). Our results suggest that Juglans regia is a natural source of potent antioxidants and antimicrobials and may be useful as preventive agents in some diseases.

Juglans Regia (Walnut Tree) Bark in Dentistry

Juglans regia, commonly known as the Walnut tree, is a type of a deciduous tree. The tree has many important parts, the seed, bark, husk, leaves, oil, shell of the fruit and the kernel. The plant has been used in its crude form since ages. The kernel holds nutritional value. The leaves contain an essential oil which is extracted and used. The husk contains steroids and vitamins amongst other useful compounds. The leaves are used topically as antipyretic, analgesic, antidandruff and to heal burns. The bark is tough and has been used for mechanical tooth cleaning due to its tough fibrous texture. It contains Juglone as its main and most important constituent. Juglone works as an anti-viral, anti-parasitic, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancerous agent. In dentistry it poses as an effective anti-plaque, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-cariogenic and tooth whitening material. It was concluded that in recent years, scientists and researchers have shown increasing interest towards the in depth understanding of the chemicals and compounds of the bark and its utilization in dental products towards improving dental treatment. The author would like to thank ORIC, Khyber Medical University for assistance in publication Reference No: KMU/ORIC/AR/005.

Delonix Regia Bark Alleviated Inflammation by Stimulating Defense Responses in Rats

ABSTRACT The methanol extract of Delonix regia bark (DMeOH) was investigated for its anti-inflammatory property in kappa-carrageenan (Carr)-induced hind paw edema of rats. DMeOH was orally administered and evaluated as a measure of edema, tissue destruction, and neutrophil migration to the inflammation site. The pro-inflammatory mediators, p-p65 subunit of NFκB, interleukin (IL)-1β, cycloxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were analyzed. Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity assays and malondialdehye (MDA) were quantified. The LC-MS fingerprint of the extract identified 10 polyphenols, of which five were structurally characterized based on their [M-H]− peak, UV-vis absorption compared to published data. Anti-inflammatory studies revealed that pre-treatment with DMeOH (0.5 g kg−1) prior to Carr-injection inhibited paw edema abating tissue destruction with decreased neutrophil infiltration. Carr-injection resulted in increased NO(•-) production, iNOS transcript and p-p65 subunit of NF-κB protein. DMeOH feed inhibited NO(•-) production and iNOS transcript levels. A decreased expression of NF-κB p-p65 subunit, COX-2 and IL-1β at 0.5 g kg−1 b.w oral feed suggest that DMeOH exerted its anti-inflammatory property by inhibiting NFκB activation. An increase in the antioxidant enzyme activities of CAT (78%) and SOD (49%) with reduced MDA levels was recorded.

Teeth Whitening and Antibacterial Effects of Juglans regia Bark: A Preliminary Study.

Objectives Natural folk medicines with antimicrobial effects have been under investigation during the past decades. The aim of this study was to evaluate the teeth whitening and antimicrobial effects of ethanol extract of Persian walnut “Juglans regia” barks. Materials and Methods Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using a broth microdilution assay which was conducted through a 2-fold serial dilution method, and a whitening experiment was done in vitro on extracted teeth, with a pH test being performed on 2-fold dilutions of the ethanol extract. Result It was found that the MIC for Enterobacter and E. coli and Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas was found to be 5 mg/ml and 2.5 mg/ml, respectively. Both dilutions were found to be acidic, and the extract of Juglans regia bark also demonstrated the ability of teeth whitening. Conclusion This study supports the use of Juglans regia bark as a natural product in dentistry because of the confirmed antimicrobial ability as well as its whitening effect. Clinical Relevance. Herb extract might be incorporated within commercially available kinds of toothpaste to enhance its whitening and antimicrobial effects.

Purification, Characterization, and Biocatalytic and Antibiofilm Activity of a Novel Dextranase from Talaromyces sp.

Dextranase is a useful enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of dextran to low-molecular-weight fractions, which have many critical commercial and clinical applications. Endophytic fungi represent a source of both high heat-stable and pH-stable enzymes. In this study, from Delonix regia bark by plate assay, out of 12 isolated fungal strains, hyaline zones were detected in only one strain. By using the standard ITS rDNA sequencing analysis, the isolated strain was identified as Talaromyces sp. In the case of carbon source, in a medium containing 1% dextran T2000 as the sole carbon source, the maximum dextranase activity reached approximately 120 U/ml after incubation of 2 days where the optimum pH was 7.4. Peptone addition to the production medium as a sole nitrogen source was accompanied by a significant increase in the dextranase production. Similarly, some metal ions, such as Fe2+ and Zn2+, increased significantly enzyme production. However, there was no significant difference resulting from the addition of Cu2+. The crude dextranase was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, followed by Sephadex G100 chromatography with 28-fold purification. The produced dextranase was 45 kDa with an optimum activity at 37°C and a pH of 7. Moreover, the presence of MgSO4, FeSO4, and NH4SO4 increased the purified dextranase activity; however, SDS and EDTA decreased it. Interestingly, the produced dextranase expressed remarkable pH stability, temperature stability, and biofilm inhibition activity, reducing old-established biofilm by 86% and biofilm formation by 6%.

DELONIX REGIA BOJ. EX. HOOK RAFFIN; FAMILY: FABACEAE, BARK METHANOL EXTRACT PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer potencies of the Delonix regia bark, a first of its kind.
 Methods: The bark was extracted sequentially in Soxhlet apparatus with hexane, chloroform, and methanol in the increasing order of polarity. These extracts were subjected to find its antioxidant activity and total phenol content. Antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria was tested. The anti-inflammatory properties were elucidated by its capacity to inhibit 15-lipoxygenase (LOX) and human cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Cell cytotoxic capacity was evaluated against MCF-7 cells breast cancer cell lines.
 Results: Liquid chromatography (LC)-Mass Spectroscopy (MS) fingerprint of the methanol extract identified a total of 14 polyphenols, of which five were structurally characterized based on their mass-charge ratio [M-H]− peak, UV-vis absorption in comparison to published data. Antibacterial activity by disk diffusion inhibited human pathogenic bacteria. Bacterial biofilm inhibition capacity of extract (750 mg) imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed loss of microcolonies. Extract when tested for 15-LOX inhibition exhibited IC50 values of 94.5 ± 1.23 mg.mL−1 by enzyme kinetics studies using spectrophotometric techniques. Similarly, it could inhibit COX-2 enzyme at relatively lower concentrations (32.18 ± 1.91 mg.mL−1). Further, it quenched free radicals produced by Fentons’ reagent studied by DNS-nicking assay indicating its strong antioxidant property with the capacity to protect DNA. In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphynyl tetrazolium bromide assay and apoptosis induced in MCF-7 cells was assessed morphologically.
 Conclusion: Our data suggest that D. regia bark methanol extract exerts its therapeutic activity for further pharmaceutical evaluations. Further studies are necessary to determine the mechanisms of these pharmacological properties.

EVALUATION OF PHYTOCONSTITUENTS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF JUGLANS REGIA FROM KASHMIR REGION

Objectives: The main focus of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy (against oral pathogenic bacteria), free radical scavenging activity, and total phenolic and flavonoids content (TPC and TFC) of methanolic extract (ME) of J. regia obtained from Kashmir region.
 Methods: The plant part was collected and its ME was prepared. ME was subjected to antibacterial activity against oral bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The free radical scavenging activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazylhydrate (DPPH) assay. TPC and TFC were also determined using a standard curve equation of gallic acid and quercetin. A standard curve using different concentrations of gallic acid and quercetin was drawn from which the concentration of phenols in the test sample was calculated and expressed in mg/g.
 Results: The ME of J. regia was found effective against all the strains of microorganisms responsible for oral infection understudy. It was also observed that scavenging of DPPH increased with the increase in concentration for both standard ascorbic and methanolic bark extract of J. regia showing its antioxidant potential. The TPC and TFC of ME was found to be 43.35±0.079 and 17.28±0.125.
 Conclusions: The results obtained from the study clearly indicate that the walnut bark from Kashmir region can be a good candidate for employment as an antibacterial against oral pathogens. J. regia bark was found to be a good source of healthy compounds such as phenolic and flavonoids, suggesting that its bark could be useful to prevent diseases in which free radicals are present.

Effect of henna (lawsonia inermis) and juglans regia bark extract on some pathogenic microorganisms

Six types of extracts were prepared for henna leaves (Lawsonia inermis) and Juglans Regia bark, by using distilled water, 1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 1 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 6.0), 1 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0), ethanol and methanol alcohol. The antibacterial activities of the henna and J. regia extracts were determined using the agar disc diffusion on nutrient agar for each one of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The results of the phytochemical screening of henna extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, terpens, anthraquinones, tannins and phenols, whilst flavonoids, saponins, steroids, resins and coumarines gave negative test, on the other hand, result indicate the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols, steroids and anthraquinones, whereas the terpens, resins, and coumarines gave negative test in J. Regia bark extract. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed upon using 10 gm % (w:v) of henna extracted by 1M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and 10 gm % (w:v) of J. regia bark extracted with 1M sodium acetate buffer (pH 6.0), after mixing for 4 hours. The best concentration of henna and J. regia bark extract on discs that gave the high antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms was 10 mg/ml.

Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Walnut (Juglans regia) Bark with Characterization of the Antibacterial Activity against Streptococcus mutans

ABSTRACTA green method using Juglans regia bark extract was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles at room temperature with monitoring by absorption spectroscopy. The size and shape of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering. The average particle size was from 10 to 30 nm. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used for the separation, identification, and quantification of components of the plant extracts. A possible mechanism for the synthesis of nanoparticles was elucidated based on the GC–MS results. The synthesized silver nanoparticles showed effective inhibition against Streptococcus mutans, which is the main causative agent for dental caries. The nanoparticles also showed promising antibiofilm activity by inhibiting the glucosyltransferase enzyme.

Heavy metal accumulation in the bark and leaves of Juglans regia planted in Artvin City, Turkey

The aim of this study was to determine the level of heavy metals such as copper, iron, manganese, zinc, lead, nickel, cadmium and chromium concentrated in Juglans regia bark and leaf samples from different localities in Artvin, Turkey. Analysis of the heavy metals Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd and Cr in samples was carried out by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP–OES; Perkin Elmer, Optima 8000 DV). Statistical significance was determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The comparisons were performed in order to determine whether there were any differences between J. regia bark and leaf samples in terms of average heavy metal accumulation levels. As a result of this study, the following mean concentrations were determined for J. regia bark samples: the contents of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd and Cr (μg g−1, dry weight) ranged from 72.46 to 88.14, 14.40 to 628.0, 0.896 to 67.71, 7.000 to 28.52, 0.040 to 0.905, 1.031 to 2.744, 0.011 to 0.158 and 1.192 to 3.134, respectively. On the other hand, for J. regia leaf samples, the contents of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd and Cr (μg g−1, dry weight) ranged from 0.339 to 13.80, 12.72 to 698.2, 1.001 to 204.6, 7.362 to 56.03, 0.158 to 0.665, 0.130 to 2.744, 0.041 to 0.114 and 0.508 to 2.767, respectively. In the statistical analysis, heavy metal accumulation values of J. regia bark and leaf samples for Cu, Ni and Cr were significantly different (P < 0.05).

Cytotoxicity, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antibiofilm Properties of Tunisian Juglans regia Bark Extract

Tunisian Juglans regia bark ethanol extract (JREE) was examined for antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant activity. Its anti-proliferative effect was evaluated on normal (MRC-5) and cancer (HT29 and HEp-2) cell lines. The data revealed that JREE inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria (MICs value ranged from 32 to 128 μg.mL-1) and induced a strong antibiofilm effect (BIC50 was 23, 30, and 43 μg.mL-1 for Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively). The JREE showed high scavenging property against 2,2-diphenyl-l-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical (IC50 = 3.5 μg.mL-1) and exhibited anti-proliferative effects with IC50 values ranging from 6.6 to 25.5 μg.mL-1.

Antibacterial Effect of Juglans Regia Bark against Oral Pathologic Bacteria

Background. In this study antimicrobial effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Juglans regia bark in Iran was evaluated on four different oral bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Methods. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of Juglans regia bark were prepared by using disk diffusion technique and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) methods. Tetracycline 30 μg and Erythromycin 15 μg were used as positive control and water as negative control in disk diffusion and MIC methods. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test. Results. The results showed that S. sanguis and S. mutans were the most sensitive and the most resistant bacteria against ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. Ethanolic extract had significant antibacterial effect against all tested bacteria. Aqueous extract did not show antibacterial effect on S. mutans, in contrast to ethanolic extract. Aqueous extract had significantly antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, S. salivarius, and S. sanguis compared to control (P < 0.0001), but it did not show effect on S. mutans when compared with Erythromycin. According to the obtained MIC values, ethanol extract of Juglans regia bark had the lowest rate. Conclusion. The results may provide the basis for using natural antimicrobial substance for oral hygiene prophylaxis purposes.