Refuse Derived Fuel Research Articles

Utilization of pineapple peels, rice-washed water, and local microorganisms derived from golden snails in biodrying process of yard waste

Comestoarra.com developed Teknologi Olah Sampah di Sumber (TOSS), an on-site solid waste processing method, which efficiently converted yard waste, specifically leaves and twigs, into biomass pellets through three steps: shredding, biodrying, and pelletization. During biodrying, bioactivators expedited moisture reduction. A comparative study was conducted between Comestoarra’s AR124 bioactivator and an alternative, MOL, derived from pineapple peels, rice-washed water, and golden snails, with the first two being waste materials and the latter a rice field pest. To assess their performance in converting yard waste into refuse-derived fuel (RDF), various parameters were analyzed: moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon content, and calorific value. The Indonesian Standard SNI 8966:2021 for RDF in power plants served as reference criteria. Both bioactivators met these standards. AR124-produced RDF had 8.0±0.0% moisture, 65.0±1.0% volatile matter, 13.7±4.9% ash, 13.3±4.2% fixed carbon, and calorific value of 14.74±1.3MJ/kg (3,523±310.7 kcal/kg). MOL bioactivator resulted in RDF with 5.0±0.0% moisture, 65.0±1.0% volatile matter, 16.7±4.2% ash, 13.3±4.2% fixed carbon, and calorific value of 13.89±1.1MJ/kg (3,320±262.9 kcal/kg). These findings suggest that MOL holds promise as a bioactivator for improving the biodrying process in RDF production.

Discussion on Torrefaction Parameters for Making the Refuse-Derived Fuels by Response Surface Methodology

The torrefaction process is one of the mild pyrolysisor the low-temperature carbonization, which is a thermochemical conversion in which biomass is heated in an inert or nitrogen atmosphere, and the temperature ranges from 200°C to 300°C. It is considered to be an effective pretreatment method to make solid fuels. This study utilizes low-temperature carbonization technology to improve the combustion efficiency of solid-derived fuel (RDF-5) made from biomass. In this experiment, a tubular furnace was used to feed nitrogen gas for 15 min, and four raw materials of pennisetum, rice straw, wood chips and Camellia seed cakes were fed. The analysis was carried out, and the effects of temperature and residence time on the calorific value, energy yield and energy density of the four raw materials were explored using response surface methodology (RSM). It can be seen from the experimental results that among the four raw materials, the carbon content and calorific value of Camellia seed cakes are the highest. Elemental analysis showed that the proportions of nitrogen and sulfur in these four raw materials are very low. These four substances were understood to be suitable to be refuse-derived fuels (RDF-5). Comparing the calorific value of the four kinds of biomass after torrefaction process, the calorific value of pennisetum, Camellia seed cakes, wood chips and rice straw increased by 42.5%, 38.7%, 52.7%, and 18.6%, respectively. These findings revealed that the higher temperature and the longer residence time, the smaller energy yield and the higher energy density.

Study on the interaction between inherent minerals of coal with refuse derived fuel (RDF) during co-firing

In this paper, refuse derived fuel (RDF) and bituminous coal were co-fired to investigate the particulate matter (PM) yields and the interaction between the inherit minerals in a lab-scale drop tube furnace (DTF). The PM1-10 yields during the co-firing of coal and RDF dramatically decreased by 16.29 %∼28.5 % of the combustion of coal alone. In addition, methane auxiliary combustion inhibited the PM1 yields by 7.95 % at air atmosphere. The Si-rich minerals in coal interreacted with the organic alkali (earth) metals in RDF, massively generating sticky particles with high liquid amount of K-Al-Si and Ca-Al-Si, promoting the transformation of fine grains into coarser mode. Moreover, it was proved that both methane auxiliary combustion and co-firing can reduce the emission of fine particles. The additional heat accelerated the burn of the char at the early stage of combustion, providing adequate time for the interaction between the inorganic species. Through thermodynamic equilibrium calculations of 1500 ∼ 3000 fly ash grains, it was found that co-firing increased the formation of sticky particles by 64.8 %∼70.3 %, resulting in a significant enhancement in capturing fine particles and Na, K vapor. Therefore, the co-firing of coal with RDF offers a promising approach to realize the harmless and resourceful treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW), and inhibit land resource losses caused by landfill

Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) production and analysis in mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plant from the municipal solid waste

This study reports on the potential of refuse-derived fuels (RDF), which are produced from Sulaimani Municipal solid waste (MSW) using a biodrying process. Plastic, organic wastes, iron materials, and textiles were used in the formulation of RDF samples. A sample of raw MSW material was collected comprising of 40.6% organic, 29.3% plastic, 6.3% Textiles, 5.1% paper, 3.1% wood, 4.6% glass and stone, 5.2% iron containing materials, and 1.3% others. Physical and chemical properties of the RDF were investigated, including its moisture, ash, total chlorine, and heavy metal content with, calorific value. Based on the experimental results, RDF produced from MSW can be classified into net calorific and total chlorine content values NCV 2 and Cl 4 respectively. In accordance with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN standard), the results of this preliminary investigation of RDF samples made from non-biodegradable and non-recyclable MSW fractions, is necessary to analyze a larger pool of samples in order to project appropriate RDF energy-recovery-enhancing composition.

Assessing the Effects of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Incorporation on the Extrusion and Drying Behavior of Brick Mixtures

This study explores the potential benefits of incorporating Recycled Demolition Waste (RDF) as an additive in ceramic mass for the brick industry, with a focus on applications such as thermoblocks. The research underscores the significance of sustainable waste management practices and environmental conservation by diverting waste from landfills. RDF, exhibiting combustion properties above 550 °C, emerges as a valuable candidate for enhancing clay-based materials, particularly in the brick production process where firing temperatures exceed 850 °C. Conducted in two phases, the research initially concentrated on RDF preparation, RDF integration with clay materials, and its influence on extrusion and drying phases. Employing innovative techniques involving brick and tile industry machinery coupled with sand incorporation yielded promising results. The grounding of RDF particles to less than 1 mm not only facilitated the mixing process but also ensured stable grinding temperatures within the hammer mill, reducing operational costs. During extrusion, challenges associated with unprocessed RDF material were addressed by utilizing ground RDF, leading to a more efficient and cost-effective process with enhanced plasticity and reduced water requirements. Practical implications for brick plant operations were identified, promoting resource and energy savings. Drying behavior analysis revealed the positive impact of RDF integration, showcasing reduced sensitivity, decreased drying linear shrinkage, and improved density properties. RDF’s role as an inert additive resulted in a 5% reduction in density, enhancing porosity and thermal insulation properties, particularly in thermoblock applications. In the brick industry, where durability, thermal performance, and cost-efficiency are paramount, this study emphasizes the potential benefits of incorporating RDF into clay-based materials. While further research is needed to address the firing procedure of RDF as a brick mass additive, the initial findings underscore the promise of this approach for sustainable and environmentally responsible brick production. This study contributes to the literature by shedding light on the advantages and challenges of integrating RDF into clay-based products, supporting sustainability and waste reduction in construction and manufacturing. The findings provide valuable insights into the performance and feasibility of these mixtures, offering crucial information for industries striving to adopt eco-conscious production methods. This article not only outlines the applied methodology and experimental setup but also presents results related to the behavior of RDF-inclusive clay block mixtures in the production environment. Anticipated to exert considerable influence on future practices and policies, this research contributes to the growing body of knowledge concerning eco-friendly and sustainable manufacturing processes.

EFFECT OF REFUSE-DERIVED FUEL FEEDING RATIO ON PERFORMANCE AND STABILITY OF COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE CONTROL

In this study, the effect of Refuse-Derived Fuel type 3 (RDF-3) feeding ratio on a performance and a stability of combustion temperature control was exmined. A new direct-combustion furnace was designed and constructed for co-combustion of RDF-3 and woodchip (WC) feedstock. In this work, four main ratios on wet basis of WC and RDF-3; 100 : 0, 90 : 10, 80 : 20, and 70 : 30 wt.% were tested at the combustion temperature of 970°C. The results showed that the complete combustion was achieved from all of feeding ratios. From an actual fuel feed rate, an increase in RDF mixing ratio could reduce the using of pure woodchip by 5.3 wt.%, 14.3 wt.% and 34.0 wt.% when mixing the RDF at 10 wt.%, 20 wt.% and 30 wt.%, respectively. At increasing of RDF mixing ratio, non-smoothy burning was also found to increase, however, a more rapid ignition behavior of was achieved

Production and Coprocessing of Refuse-Derived Fuel: A Review

Objective: To review and synthesize the existing knowledge on the production and co-processing of waste-derived fuel, with a focus on the reality of solid waste management in Brazil. Method: This is a narrative review of the literature based on scientific articles available in bibliographic databases such as Scopus and ScienceDirect, as well as technical documents prepared by Brazilian governmental agencies. Results and Conclusion: Studies conducted in the country show that scenarios involving sanitary landfills, along with recycling and composting, have proven more viable in the transition to eco-efficiency. On the other hand, the energy potential of waste-derived fuel produced from urban solid waste has been explored with positive results in replacing fossil fuels and reducing CO2 emissions. However, it is necessary to ensure strict control of environmental impacts and to carry out comprehensive studies to assess the viability of co-processing in different regions of the country. Research Implications: The research contributes to the existing literature, emphasizing the performance of waste treatment techniques that can bring significant environmental gains to a country that still faces major problems related to solid waste management.

Waste to Energy: Steam explosion-based torrefaction process to produce solid biofuel for power generation utilizing various waste biomasses

Currently, humankind is facing a serious environmental and climate crisis, which has accelerated the research on producing bioenergy from waste biomass as a carbon–neutral feedstock. In this study, the aim was to develop an upcycling strategy for waste biomass to solid-type biofuel conversion for power generation. Various types of waste biomass (i.e., waste wood after lumbering, sawdust-type mushroom waste wood, kudzu vine, and empty fruit bunches from palm) were used as sustainable feedstocks for steam explosion-based torrefaction. The reaction conditions were optimized for each waste biomass by controlling the severity index (Ro); the higher heating value increased proportional to the Ro increase. Additionally, component analysis revealed that steam explosion torrefaction mainly degraded hemicellulose, and most of the torrefied waste biomass met the Bio-Solid Refuse Fuel quality standard. The results provide not only a viable waste-to-energy strategy but also insights to address global climate change.

Application of biodrying with hot air aeration system to process solid waste into rdf

Biodrying is a promising method to process municipal solid waste (MSW) while generating refuse-derived fuel (RDF) output. Recent developments in the process of generating refuse-derived fuel (RDF) have led to a renewed interest in minimal pretreatment processes. Although extensive research has been carried out, one of the most significant current discussions about generating refuse-derived fuel (RDF) using biodrying methods is that it has taken a long time to process. The biodrying method using air from the atmosphere takes 21 days to convert solid waste into RDF. As a result of this, Biodrying processes need to be accelerated by flowing hot air into the biodrying reactor. The aim of this study is to analyze the biodrying process temperature profile with a hot air aeration system. The methodological approach taken in this study is to circulate the hot air that comes from the combustion of wood charcoal. Hot air is discharged into solid waste that is inserted into the biodrying reactor. The temperature and concentration of solid wastewater are analyzed every 15 minutes. The results of this study show that the initial MSW temperature of the front reactor was 40o C and that of the rear reactor was 31o C.In the first 15 minutes until 60 minutes, the temperature shows an increase. The MSW temperature of the front reactor was 47o C, and the rear reactor was 35o C.At the 30th minute of the front reactor, it was 63o C, the rear reactor was 61o C; at the 45th minute of the front reactor, it was 81o C, the rear reactor was 73o C; and at the 60th minute of the front reactor, it was 80o C, the rear reactor was 79oC. These findings have significant implications for the understanding of how circulate the hot air aeration system works well.

Mercury content in refuse-derived fuels

Mercury content in refuse-derived fuels

Experimental studies on CO2-thermal plasma gasification of refused derived fuel feedstock for clean syngas production

In the cycle of waste generation and management, the recovery of energy from solid wastes through highly efficient and low pollutant technology is a promising way. Hence, the current study focuses on clean syngas production via CO2-plasma gasification of a solid waste termed as refused derived fuel (RDF). The performance of feed rate, gas flow rate and plasma power on the syngas concentration, yield and cold gas efficiency (CGE) is studied. The high-quality syngas with H2 (42.6 vol%), CO (44.06 vol%) content possessing a lower heating value of 13.95 MJ/m3 is obtained with a cold gas efficiency (CGE) of 39.60 % by utilizing a maximal power of plasma torch (1.6 kW). However, with optimum process parameters, a higher CGE of 49.90 % is obtained. The obtained liquid oil with LHV of 30.59 MJ/kg could be used in boilers, diesel engines, etc., while the residue containing TiO2, CaAl4O7, MgCO3, etc. has healthcare, paints, cement industry, etc. applications upon further enrichment. The reaction mechanism of RDF to syngas and other products under plasma conditions is also proposed. Finally, an empirical correlation is developed to predict the composition of each component, calorific value and CGE of the syngas with the experimental results using SPSS software.

Development of lab-scale gasification systems for different possible applications

The goal of gasification is the conversion of solid fuels or carbonaceous wastes to gas that can be further used energetically or for chemically utilisation. Due to cost-effectiveness and gaining experience, the industrial application of new systems and raw materials or mixtures must be preceded by laboratory-scale experiments. The manuscript presents the laboratory scale gasification systems we designed and used, as well as the difficulties experienced during the implementation (e.g. water introduction, sealing, etc.). In addition to these, the results of one-, two- and three-stage experiments are presented as examples, where different materials such as a mixture of wood and canteen waste, brown coal and refuse derived fuel (RDF) were used for testing the system.

Physical Chemistry Supports Circular Economy: Toward a Viable Use of Products from the Pyrolysis of a Refuse-Derived Fuel and Granulated Scrap Tire Rubber as Bitumen Additives

The production and maintenance of road pavements consume resources and produce wastes that are disposed of in landfills. To make more sustainable this activity, we have envisioned a method based on a circular use of residues (oil and char) from municipal solid waste pyrolysis as useful additives for producing improved asphalts and for recycling old asphalts to generate new ones, reducing at the same time the consumption of resources for the production of new road pavements and the disposal of wastes to landfills. This work aims to show the feasibility of the integration of two processes (thermal treatment of municipal solid waste on one side, and that of road pavement production on the other side) where the products deriving from waste pyrolysis become added-value materials to improve the quality of road pavements. In this contribution, we presented the effect of pyrolysis product addition on asphalt binder (bitumen) preparation and aging. Solid and liquid products, deriving from the pyrolysis of two kinds of wastes (refused derived fuel (RDF) and granulated rubber tyre waste), have been used for the preparation of asphalt binder samples. Rheological tests have been performed to determine the mechanical properties of neat asphalt binder (bitumen) and those enriched with pyrolysis derived products. Measurements to evaluate possible anti-aging effects have been also performed. The collected results indicate that char addition strengthens the overall bitumen intermolecular structure while bio-oil addition exerts a rejuvenating activity.

Steam gasification of char derived from refuse-derived fuel pyrolysis: adsorption behaviour in phenol solutions

ABSTRACT The increasing waste generation trends resulted in growing attention to the technologies that aim to reduce or prevent landfilling. The pyrolysis and gasification of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) allow waste to be turned into new raw materials, like pyrolysis gas and syngas. However, the wet gas cleaning processes result in the production of highly contaminated liquid waste. Phenolic compounds are common constituents of this wastewater and often appear in the wastewater of other industries as well. In this research, the laboratory-scale steam gasification of an RDF char was performed to produce syngas and adsorbent simultaneously. The RDF was previously pyrolyzed at 700 °C maximum temperature in a Hungarian pyrolysis pilot plant with approximately 120 kg h−1 capacity. In this thermal waste processing plant, the pyrolysis gas is already utilised by burning, but currently, the char ends up in landfills. The gasification of char samples was examined with different steam-to-carbon ratios (0.56, 0.84, and 1.12) and duration (30, 60, and 120 min) at 900 °C. Following gasification, the phenol removal capability of the solid by-products was investigated. The results show that its composition and energetic properties make the produced syngas more suitable to use as a raw material in the chemical industry rather than a fuel. At lower concentrations, the effectiveness of the solid by-product for phenol removal was comparable to commercial activated carbon. These are promising results about producing activated carbon from waste without any chemical treatment.

Pyrolysis of plastics-free refuse derived fuel derived from municipal solid waste and combustion of the char products in lab and pilot scales: A comparative study

Pyrolysis of refuse derived fuel (RDF) has great potential for energy recovery from municipal solid waste (MSW), while chlorine-related plastics issue was one major barrier for scale up. After screening out plastics, the RDF pyrolysis and char products combustion were evaluated in lab and pilot scales. Thermogravimetry with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results suggest that the main RDF pyrolysis reaction occurred in 190–410 °C, involving decomposition, decarboxylation, demethylation, and dehydration reactions, with CO2, CH4, H2O, CO, and organic compounds as the main gaseous products. Impacts of temperature and residence time on char yield and proximate composition were evaluated in lab, and a lower temperature was favored. The pilot-scale char had a comparable proximate composition to the lab-scale ones, but a lower heating value, lower H/C ratio, higher O/C ratio, which may due to different dominant reaction pathways during pyrolysis: apparent demethanation versus dehydration. Thermogravimetry data infers that the combustion performance of pilot-scale char, including combustion stage, weight loss, and kinetic parameters, were close to chars made in lab. Pilot-scale combustion tests show relief of flue gas pollution after upgrading RDF to char, while particulate matter and heavy metals were still main concerns. Lab- and pilot-scale investigations highlight scale up of plastics-free RDF pyrolysis and combustion as a promising and economic alternative for materials and energy recoveries from MSW.

TEKNIS OPERASIONAL PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH DI DESA NAGRAK DAN DESA CIANGSANA MENUJU TPST 3R

Nagrak and Ciangsana Village located in Gunung Putri Sub-district, Bogor Regency, West Java. The area of Nagrak Village is 5.84 km2 and the area of Ciangsana Village is 8.62 km2. The level of waste service in both villages is 12%, the planned service level target at the end of the planning year 2032 is 100%. This planning data collection uses the SNI 19-3964-1994 method regarding data collection methods in operational technical planning for waste management. Sampling using the stratified random sampling method, the waste generation rate in Nagrak Village and Ciangsana Village is 2 liters/person/day with a total population of 51488 people from the two villages, the waste generation from domestic areas has 54% organic waste and anorganic waste has 46%. The waste generation from Non-domestic areas has 60% organic waste and anorganic waste has 40%. Organic waste is processed with Black Soldier Fly (BSF), anorganic waste is processed with the Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) method at TPST 3R Trisakti. The planning stage consists of short term (2022-2024) medium term (2025-2028) and long term (2029-2032). The cost budget plan includes investment, operational and maintenance costs with a total cost of Rp.59,424,025,515. The selected alternative is alternative I, which has a more economical and affordable cost budget for Nagrak Village and Ciangsana Village.

Industrial Rotary Kiln Burner Performance with 3D CFD Modeling

As the need to minimize environmental impacts continues to rise, it is essential to incorporate, advance, and adopt renewable energy sources and materials to attain climate neutrality in industrial operations. It is established that economic growth is built upon infrastructure, where the cement industry plays a crucial role. However, it is also known that this industry is actively looking for ways to transition toward low-carbon practices to encourage sustainable and environmentally conscious practices. To this end, the use of refuse-derived fuels to substitute fossil fuels is very appealing, as these have the potential to lower clinker production costs and CO2 emissions. Bearing this in mind, the primary objective of this work is to gain insights into the combustion behavior in an industrial rotary kiln by studying real-life scenarios and to assess the potential of substituting alternative fuels for fossil fuels to reduce CO2 emissions. A 3D CFD turbulent combustion model was formulated in Ansys® considering a Pillard NOVAFLAM® burner, where refuse-derived and petcoke fuels were used, and different secondary air mass flows were considered. From the obtained results, it was possible to conclude that the outcome of the combustion process is greatly influenced by the fuel-to-air ratio. Increasing the secondary air mass flow promotes the occurrence of a complete and efficient combustion process, leading to enhanced fuel conversion and the decreased formation of pollutants such as CO, soot, and unburned hydrocarbons. An increase in combustion efficiency from 93% to 96% was observed, coupled with a slight decrease in the pollutant mass fraction in the flue gas.

Characterization and analysis of shopping mall solid waste composition for refuse derived fuel and black soldier fly (case study: X shopping mall in Central Jakarta City)

This study identified and analysed the composition of solid waste generated by retail malls in Central Jakarta City, with a particular emphasis on determining the potential applications of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) and Black Soldier Fly (BSF) technologies. The research involved exhaustive waste samplings, taken at various activities within multiple X shopping mall in order to determine the categories and amounts of waste generated. The collected samples were subjected to a thorough analysis to determine the proportion of organic and inorganic refuse and assess their suitability for processing using the RDF and BSF techniques. The investigation revealed that X Shopping Centre’s solid refuse consists primarily of inorganic waste (77.42%) and organic waste (22.58%). Essential waste characteristic analyses were conducted to determine the combustion energy potential of the inorganic waste, yielding a moisture content of 41%, an ash content of 6%, a volatile matter content of 94%, and a calorific value of 10,502 kcal/kg. Using information on waste composition and characteristics, the study investigated the potential use of RDF and BSF technologies to manage and repurpose the generated waste. The RDF processing potential was calculated to be 8.77 tons per day, while the BSF processing potential was 3.11 tons per day. This estimate illustrates the substantial capacity of these technologies to manage and convert large quantities of refuse into valuable resources. In addition, the study assessed the monetary implications of implementing RDF and BSF technologies in the context of X Shopping Mall. The estimated investment required to implement these technologies is 11,198,926,800 IDR.

Technical and financial feasibility study of utilization municipal solid waste as Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) in Griyo Mulyo landfill

Griyo Mulyo landfill, the only final waste processing facility owned by Sidoarjo Regency, received a waste generation of 201,975 tons/year in 2022. Most of the municipal solid waste received by the Griyo Mulyo landfill was straightly dumped at the old landfill at 82.2% of total solid waste. Therefore, this research examined the potential for solid waste reduction at Griyo Mulyo final processing site with the Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) plant. In addition, an analysis of the financial feasibility of the RDF process and the environmental impact resulting from this process was also carried out. In this study, an analysis of the generation, composition, and density of solid waste received by Griyo Mulyo Landfill was carried out. From these data, the calculation of the mass balance of waste processing is carried out. The financial condition of RDF processing needs to be analyzed for financial feasibility, whether this activity is economically feasible. Some financial data required to calculate feasibility are sales of RDF products, RDF investment costs, and operational and maintenance costs. The result shows an average reduction in RDF raw material was 7.72% annually. The financial analysis on waste recovery to the RDF conversion system on Griyo Mulyo final processing site is feasible to be applied.

Utilizing Pyrolysis of Plastic Debris for Refuse-Derived Fuel Production and Viable Substitute to Wood Debris

Utilizing Pyrolysis of Plastic Debris for Refuse-Derived Fuel Production and Viable Substitute to Wood Debris