Refrigeration Components Research Articles

Experimental study on performance characteristics of a −70 °C ultra-low temperature medical freezer with mixed hydrocarbon refrigerant

It is well-known that the −70 °C ultra-low temperature freezers have been widely concerned for vaccine and biomedical products storage due to the outbreak of COVID-19. This paper carries out the experimental investigation on performance characteristics of a −70 °C ultra-low temperature medical freezer with single-stage Joule-Thomson refrigeration system by using binary hydrocarbon mixture R601a/R1150 and ternary mixture R601a/R290/R1150. The aim is to explore and verify hydrocarbon refrigerants that can achieve lower energy consumption, thereby providing a scientific basis for the optimization of ultra-low temperature medical freezers. The experimental results show that both R601a/R1150 and R601a/R290/R1150 with a charge of 250 g could achieve the refrigeration temperature below −70 °C in a 568 L large volume vertical freezer. Comparing binary with ternary refrigerants, it is found that the addition of medium-boiling component R290 is beneficial to reduce the daily energy consumption. When the mass fraction of R601a/R1150 is 0.70/0.30, the lowest daily energy consumption for −70 °C is 9.06 kW h·24 h−1. When the mass fraction of the R601a/R290/R1150 is 0.70/0.10/0.20, the daily energy consumption is 8.42 kW h·24 h−1, which is 7.06 % lower than that when using the R601a/R1150. This indicates that careful selection of refrigerant components and composition optimization can lead to substantial energy savings. Furthermore, it is also observed that among these three components, the low-boiling component R1150 has the most significant influence on the system pressures and operating power, followed by R601a and R290.

A comprehensive review on the Dynamical behavior of heat and fluid flow mechanism: Thermal performance across different geometries

The prominent novelty of current review is to exhibit the fluctuating and oscillatory convective heat transfer properties along various geometries with magnetic force, variable density, Prandtl number, buoyancy force and magnetic Prandtl number effects. The significance of present work is to illustrate a comprehensive review on transient convective heat transfer. Transient convective heat transfer plays an essential role in various technological and environmental applications, including climate control, structure safety, engines, thermal control, computer heating and cooling, and energy safety. The literature primarily focuses on steady temperature and velocity domains, with few studies exploring time-varying fluid flow in forced, natural, or mixed convective mechanisms with different methods. In current review, justification of results was performed by using oscillating stokes conditions directly in partial differential models. The similarity variables and stream functions are used in literature but in current review, the primitive variable transformation is used with implicit form of finite difference method and Gaussian elimination technique through FORTRAN and Tecplot-360 programming tools. The governing model is reduced into steady, real and imaginary form to explore steady and oscillating convective heat transmission. Transient flows have gained significance due to their ability to achieve large oscillating convective heat transfer rates. Compared with steady movement, oscillating flows exhibit higher velocity variations along the heated surface. Periodic flow produces an improved transient surface heat transmission rate than steady flow. Predicting and controlling transients in thermal exchangers requires a concept of transient forced convection heat transport. Transient convective thermal transmission solutions are important for ensuring the effectiveness and reliability of electrical components, nuclear and thermal power stations, heat-generating engines, steam turbines, condensation systems, catalytic converters, heat shielding for spacecraft, electrical devices, internal combustion engines, air conditioning and refrigerator components, cooling networks for batteries, generators, and transformers. It is found that the frequency of convective heat transport enhances through periodic and oscillating stokes variables. It was depicted that the higher amplitude in convective heat transfer was displayed for each choice of magnetic force parameter around two angles π/4 and π of circular magnetized surface. It was depicted that the maximum transient convective heat transmission was reported along vertical angle π/2 with buoyancy force, Prandtl and magnetic Prandtl values.

Design and performance of the J-T component of dry dilution refrigerator

An effective J-T component is crucial for the operation of dilution refrigerator due to its function as a 3He liquefier in a refrigeration cycle. This paper briefly introduces the principle of the J-T component in dry dilution refrigerator, studies the influence of J-T component on the still and its design method. An effective J-T component is designed to cool over 3 K of 3He gas to almost 1 K of 3He liquid. The basic still temperature is below 0.5 K in a dilution refrigerator prototype. In this prototype, a two-stage step heat exchanger was adopted to obtain the lowest temperature below 26 mK.

Numerical study of heat transfer characteristics of intermittent flow cold storage surface heat exchanger

The intermittent flow cold storage surface heat exchanger is a key component of the new pulse tube expansion cryogenic refrigerator, which is responsible for the periodic heat transfer of cold and hot helium, and its heat exchange efficiency directly affects the thermodynamic efficiency of the whole machine. In this study, a three-dimensional model of the heat exchanger unit is established, and numerical simulation is employed to investigate its heat exchange characteristics. The analysis focuses on understanding the internal temperature distribution patterns within the heat exchanger and explores the influence of wall materials on its heat transfer characteristics. Results show that the existence of the temperature lag loop minimizes the effective heat transfer temperature difference, consequently decreasing the heat exchanger’s efficiency. Moreover, the choice of wall material significantly affects the performance of the heat exchanger, with optimal thermal conductivity and volumetric specific heat enhancing its efficiency. This research provides valuable insights for future design and improvement of similar heat exchangers.

Study on a novel hydrogen liquification process applying mixed-refrigerant for pre-cooling and cryogenics

Reducing the energy consumption of hydrogen liquefaction process is an urgent issue to improve the economy of liquid hydrogen transportation. A novel large-scale hydrogen liquefaction system, with a capacity of 100 TPD, is proposed in this paper. The pre-cooling system is composed of a mixed-refrigerant (MR) refrigeration cycle and a CO2–NH3 cascade refrigeration cycle. Due to the auxiliary pre-cooling effect of the CO2–NH3 cascade cycle, temperature of the pre-cooled hydrogen can be as low as −200.9 °C. A modified MR Joule Brayton cycle with an additional compressor is used as the cryogenic system to cool the hydrogen from −200.9 °C to −252.2 °C. Besides, a four-stage ortho-to-para conversion (OPC) process is utilized. Performance of the novel system is investigated and optimized using the Aspen HYSYS software. According to the results, the lowest specific energy consumption (SEC) of the proposed process is 6.15 kWh/kgLH2 and the exergy efficiency is as high as 67.4%. Based on the energy analysis, the best system coefficient of performance is 0.1751 with a 96.3% of p-H2 in the liquid hydrogen. In addition, compared to the initial conceptual system, the proposed system exhibits significant performance enhancements, a 20% reduction in SEC and a 27.9% increase in exergy efficiency. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the impact of refrigerant composition and hydrogen pressure on the system, resulting in the determination of the optimal proportions of refrigerant components and the optimal inlet pressure. Results of the study can provide theoretical reference for the further development of large-scale hydrogen liquefaction technology.

Experimental investigation on a non-flammable mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson refrigerator for a 100 K cooling temperature

A non-flammable mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson refrigerator is developed for a cooling temperature of 100 K without freezing of the working fluid itself. A mixture of nitrogen, argon, tetrafluoromethane (R14, CF4), and octafluoropropane (R218, C3F8) is selected as the working fluid of the cascade type Joule-Thomson refrigerator. The optimized composition of the mixed refrigerant components is determined as N2:Ar:R14:R218 = 0.2:0.3:0.3:0.2 which has the freezing temperature of lower than 77 K according to our previous research. The coefficient of performance was obtained as 0.162 with 60 % isentropic efficiency based on the numerical simulation with aforementioned composition in the cascade configuration. As a result, the lowest temperature of 98.5 K is realized, and the maximum cooling capacity is 15 J/g at 103 K, which is the normalized value with respect to the mass flow rate of the working fluid. Additionally, the inefficiency of the experimental apparatus is analyzed and the possibility of further improving the coefficient of performance is proposed. Additionally, the inefficiency of the experimental apparatus is analyzed and the possibility of further improving the COP is proposed. This paper demonstrates that the non-flammable mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson refrigerator can achieve cooling temperature of 100 K, below the freezing point of its pure components. It confirms the potential of using non-flammable mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson refrigerators in large-scale industries, such as high-temperature superconducting transmission cable industries, semiconductor manufacturing, or bio-preservation fields.

DESIGN OF ANDROID-BASED LEARNING MEDIA IN REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING COURSES

Learning media in Refrigeration Engineering courses are still fairly monotonous, the media used at this time is only power point. The use of android-based media can be said to be rarely used in lectures today. Based on these problems, an android-based learning media is needed. The purpose of this research is to create and assess the feasibility of android-based learning materials in refrigeration engineering courses, especially refrigeration component material. This research method uses the DBR (Design Based Research) method. The research subjects are aimed at Refrigeration and Air Conditioning students in the Department of Mechanical Engineering Education who have and are contracting refrigeration engineering courses. Validation of learning media was carried out by two experts, namely material experts and media experts. The results of the assessment of learning media are said to be valid with a score of 85.3% by media experts, and a score of 82% by material experts, and a response value of 83.5% by students.

Research and design for improved packaging of food during daily use outside refrigerated environment

Food waste has a huge impact on economic losses and climate. One of the leading problems is due to lack of effective refrigeration. Transitioning to alternative cooling technologies, such as passive cooling, can offer a potentially more sustainable solution. Therefore, the research investigates how food can be kept cold without relying on a refrigerator or electrical components utilizing the combination of insulation materials and cooling fluid. Using design thinking as a methodology, first of all a user survey was conducted during the study to understand user behavior regarding the storage of chilled food and to define the target audience. Subsequently, an exploratory study was performed to determine the optimal placement of cooling elements to a cooling box for extended cooling. Further, material research was conducted for the inner and outer layer of the cooling container, considering temperature resistance and insulation effects. In parallel with this, an examination was carried out to identify a cooling fluid with efficient cooling capacity and low environmental impact. After implementing this method, it was discovered that the most efficient approach involved placing an ice cooling element at the bottom and around the side walls of a cooling container. Further, the material PLA was demonstrated as suitable to use for cold environments. In consideration of previous research and the application of cooling media in commercial settings, salt solutions were capable of storing food below 4.4 °C. Consequently, the decision was made to proceed with a 20% NaCl solution mixed with water. Ultimately, a final cooling element was designed that fits into the standard IKEA +365 containers measuring 15 x 15 x 7 cm. The cooling capacity of this product was tested and maintained a temperature below 4.4°C for an average of 1.17 hours. This study contributes to existing literature by providing more insights in how passive refrigeration can be aligned with the needs of end-users in order to design both practical and user-fit solutions. However, further research is required regarding the practical implications; to improve insulation, address condensation issues and evaluate compatibility with dishwashers.

Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Reliability in Floating LNG Operation: A Hydrofluoroolefin-Based SMR Cycle with Thermo-Economic Assessment and Uncertainty Analysis

Natural gas liquefaction is the most energy-intensive technique in floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) operations. Hence, a hydrofluoroolefin-based single mixed refrigerant (SMR) technology was proposed to achieve energy-efficient and eco-friendly operations. The study was perfomed to enhance the SMR process by substituting expansion valves with hydraulic turbines to improve process reversibility and enhance energy efficiency. The proposed process was optimized using a sine–cosine concept-based algorithm that tuned the design variables which yielded an overall compression energy consumption of 0.2501 (kWh/kg-LNG), resulting in a 21.43% saving as compared to the conventionally used mixed refrigerant-based process. This resulted in a reduction of about 38.81% in overall exergy destruction. The economic analysis results draw curtains that the process saves about 26.02% of total annualized cost as compared to conventional study. Owing to the appropriate mixed refrigerant component mixture ratio and process design improvement. To determine the process reliability under uncertain conditions the optimal compression power and minimum approach temperature were determined. Further, uncertainty analysis reveals that the methane and butane refrigerant flow rates along with evaporation, and condensation pressure, were among the most influential parameters that influence the process most that may affect the whole operation in uncertain process inlet conditions. In summary, our approach presents immense promise for achieving energy efficiency, environmental responsibility, and economic viability in FLNG operations, offering a robust solution for the challenges of offshore plants.

Optimization method for mixed refrigerants in Joule–Thomson refrigerators with fixed-temperature heat loads

Mixed-refrigerant Joule–Thomson refrigeration is a widely used and effective method for refrigeration in the temperature range of 80–230 K. The demand for cooling heat loads at fixed temperatures, such as biological storage and cryogenic treatment of materials, is significant. The mixed refrigerant determines the refrigeration temperature and capacity in many cases; therefore, optimizing the mixed refrigerant composition is essential. The current mathematical approach for optimizing mixed refrigerants is not well-defined, owing to the challenge of determining how to adjust the concentrations of the components in the optimization process. Therefore, the current approach may exhibit poor robustness or a longer optimization time. This study proposes an alternative optimization method based on the effective refrigeration effect. The method aims to overcome the challenges associated with complex algorithms typically used in optimizing mixed refrigerants. The maximum refrigeration capacity was achieved by optimizing the isothermal throttling effect in the full-temperature zone without cycle simulations. Only one component with a significant refrigeration effect was changed at each optimization step. The proposed method was applied to a cryogenic refrigerator at 120 K, achieving a higher coefficient of performance than a genetic algorithm and other references. The study determined that varying the initial concentrations of the refrigerant components changed the performance coefficient to less than 0.002, indicating good robustness of the proposed optimization approach. Thus, our proposal is reliable for optimizing the composition of mixed refrigerants and can be extended to all mixed-refrigerant Joule–Thomson refrigeration systems with fixed-temperature heat loads.

Thermodynamic evaluation of mixed refrigerant selection in dual mixed refrigerant NG liquefaction process with respect to 3E's (Energy, Exergy, Economics)

The dual mixed-refrigeration process makes it possible to achieve higher liquefaction of natural gas with the advancement in both the refrigeration cycles and refrigerant combinations of components. This is made possible by the fact that the process uses multiple mixed refrigerants. This has a significant impact on the overall improved performance of natural gas liquefaction by having a negative influence on the quantity of energy that is consumed. This study proposes a methodology for selecting the MR components based on their thermodynamic behavior in both warm and cold refrigerant streams. As a result, eighteen alternative scenarios are simulated for this study, each based on (i) fixing the warm loop components or (ii) fixing the cold loop components. The procedure was investigated from the point of view of process engineering, with the 3E model of energy, exergy, and economics serving as the decision-making factor. The findings indicate that increasing the number of components for pre-cooling and subcooling cycles from three to five results in specific energy consumption of 0.49 kW.kgLNG−1, which seems to be a reduction of 54% in terms of the amount of energy that is consumed in comparison to the process that is based on three components. The irreversibilities of the process were uncovered by doing an exergy analysis. It identified the cases based on five refrigerant components providing reduced exergy destruction of 3505.02 kW with 59% exergy efficiency. The viability of the proposed process is assessed even further through economic analysis. It was observed that five MR-based processes save 22.93% of the total capital cost, 43.56% of the overall operating cost, and 33.61 %of the total annualized cost.

Refrigeration components sizing tool for design of domestic refrigerators (ReSiCo): Demonstration in full scale

Domestic refrigerators have caused various energy-related issues for years. Replacing old refrigerants, using more flexible components, and reducing power consumption have been the main concerns of manufacturers. It is an improper use of energy and resources to implement each new change in the construction of the refrigeration cycle by trial and error. Therefore, virtual labs can assist designers in investigating potential changes before implementing that in practice. This work describes the procedure by which a flexible software is developed to simulate each component of the refrigeration cycle and predict the desired variables in an efficient time. In this software, the amount of refrigerant charge and the degree of superheat are provided as input variables; geometrical parameters for each component are considered in detail. The tube-by-tube and map-based methods are implemented to model the heat exchangers and compressor, respectively. Heat transfer between the suction line and capillary tube is simulated as well. Eventually, the performance parameters with all thermodynamic properties of the cycle at any arbitrary location can be reported as outputs. The case studies showed that the coefficient of performance will increase from 1.58 to 2.1, and from 2 to 2.2 by tuning the suction-line-heat-exchanger and evaporator fan speed, respectively.

A new strategy for mixed refrigerant composition optimisation in the propane precooled mixed refrigerant natural gas liquefaction process

The natural gas liquefaction process occupies a considerable part of the energy consumption in the LNG industry chain, and efficient optimisation methods should be developed to improve the economic and environmental performances of this process. In this work, a new optimisation strategy based on the particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm and bisection method was developed to optimise the propane precooled refrigerant process (C3MR). In the proposed optimisation strategy, the molar fractions of the mixed refrigerant (MR) components were directly adopted as variables in the PSO algorithm, and the MR flow rate was independently adjusted by the bisection method to satisfy the minimum temperature approach constraints. The results show that the optimal operating conditions reduced the energy requirement of the C3MR process by 4% and decreased the consumption of MR by 31.9%, compared to traditional using the flow rates of MR components as variables. The correlations among the properties of key streams were calculated based on the intermediate results of the proposed method and visualised with the heat map. The results show that the energy requirement of the C3MR process decreased with the increase of the low boiling temperature components and increased with the high boiling temperature components of MR.

Effect of Refrigerant on the Performance of a C3/MRC Liquefaction Process

The Mixed Refrigerant (MR) component is an important factor influencing the performances of natural gas liquefaction processes. However, there is a lack of systematic research about the utilization of propane pre-cooled (C3/MRC). In this paper, this mixed refrigerant cycle liquefaction process is simulated using the HYSYS software and the main influential parameters involved in the process are varied to analyze their influence on the liquefaction rate and power consumption. The results show that an effective way for lowering the power consumption of the compressor consists of reducing the flow through the compressor through optimization of the percentage of mixed refrigerant. The power consumption of the compressor in the hybrid refrigeration process is affected by both flow and pressure ratios. Its specific power consumption can be reduced by increasing the flow and decreasing the pressure ratio at the same time. The increase in refrigerant pressure at the high-pressure end can significantly mitigate the energy loss of the heat exchanger and compressor.

Experimental analysis on wave dynamics of pressure oscillating tube

The 600 mm double-opening pressure oscillation tube as the core component of industrial-scale gas wave refrigerator (GWR) and its visualization investigation platform are designed and setup in this paper. The quantitative description of the density gradient field in the gas wave oscillation tube is obtained by high speed multi-schlieren splicing technology which is firstly proposed in this paper, and its accuracy is validated with two-dimensional Euler equation under different pressure ratios and rotating speeds.The experimental results show that the shockwave Mach number increases with the increasing of pressure ratio or rotating speed.When the pressure ratio increases from 1.5 to 3, the intensity of both shockwave S1 and 1st reflected expansion wave E1 increase significantly and strengthening the expansion process after HP nozzle closed.When the rotating speed is increased from 800 rpm to 2400 rpm, the movement path of the 2nd expansion waves E2 as nozzle closing gradually bend towards the LT port, which slows down the movement speed of the 1st reflected expansion wave E1 and increases the residence time of the 2nd expansion wave E2, which benefits the refrigeration. The higher pressure ratio and rotation speed mean the shorter distance of shockwave to the HP nozzle, which is an important guidance to lightweight strategy of GWR and extend the application into compact construction requirements.

Ultralow Emittance Thermal Radiation Barrier Achieved by a High-Contrast Grating Coating

Thermal radiative emission in vacuum is minimized using metal-backed flexible “space blankets” that have a theoretical minimum infrared emittance of 0.03. However, their presence under oxygenated and degradation-prone environments rapidly increases emittance due to metal oxidation, surface pitting, and implantation of contaminants. A monolithic dielectric coating composed of microscale periodic metasurface gratings on multilayers and metal thin film can achieve sub-1% total emittance. The minimum emittance can be tailored to any temperature-function blackbody emission, so long as the selected dielectric coating materials have near-zero absorption. Using computational optimization and theoretical understanding of high-contrast grating phase-shift mode conditions, we identified characteristic at-wavelength germanium gratings and a near-quarter-wave layer above a low-refractive-index infrared-transparent Fabry–Pérot multilayer interference cavity. This dual mechanism can achieve a room-temperature total emittance of 0.0085, paving a new theoretical minimum multilayer insulation effective conductance. As multilayer insulation, this coating offers total effective emittance of 0.0032 per pair of optimally mismatched grating surfaces. This ultrahigh reflection coating design can also be relevant in thermal management of refrigeration and electronic components.

Performance evaluation of graphene-enhanced LPG in a vapour compression refrigeration system: An experimental approach

Hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants will be phased out of domestic refrigeration shortly, by the Montréal and Kyoto Protocols, due to their high global warming potential (GWP), making them environmentally unfriendly. This study looked into the possibility of using graphene-nanolubricant in a domestic refrigerator system to improve liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) of propane and butane mixtures. In a 50–70 g charge of LPG refrigerant, the graphene-nanolubricant was investigated. To monitor the temperature of the system, four Type K thermocouples were connected to the refrigerator components. Two pressure gauges were also mounted in the compressor to assess the domestic refrigerator’s suction and discharge pressure. With graphene-nanolubricant concentrations, the COP was found to be higher. The refrigerator system’s compressor input was reduced by 13.1 % to 32.5% and refrigerating effect increased by 3.5% to 17.2%. As a result, graphene-enhanced LPG is capable of replacing LPG with the base lubricant in a vapour compression refrigeration system.

High precision assembly test technology for space high reliability thermoelectric refrigeration system

Abstract Space Thermoelectric cooler is a key component of cryogenic equipment, which is used for high efficiency refrigeration of spacecraft in orbit. Its assembly state directly determines the refrigeration effect and service life. At the same time, it is characterized by high brittleness and low strength. In the assembly to low temperature equipment, thermoelectric cooler is required to be closely connected with internal and external components to achieve seamless connection and efficient heat transfer. At the same time, it is necessary to prevent the damage caused by large compressive stress caused by excessive assembly load, so as to meet the purpose of long life, high reliability and stable operation. The stiffness curve of thermoelectric refrigerator was obtained by measuring the component displacement when the pressure was applied under the simulated thermoelectric refrigerator assembly state, which was used as the guiding parameter to guide the thermoelectric refrigerator assembly. Meanwhile, the damage of thermoelectric refrigerator under different pressure loads was checked. Explore the variation law of displacement under different preload of refrigeration components. Finally, the high precision assembly is realized by unified combination of thermoelectric refrigerator and structural components of refrigeration assembly to meet the requirements of high efficiency, high reliability and long life refrigeration of space cryogenic equipment.

Increasing the efficiency of liquefied natural gas production plant with considering appropriate refrigerant components

AbstractIn liquefied natural gas (LNG) production, the total efficiency of the system increased by using mixed refrigerants for the liquefaction process. In this study, the mixing of the effective refrigerants is considered as one of the most important factors in the optimization of liquefaction process of natural gas. In this regard, three mixed refrigerants with different compositions and conditions were selected. The refrigerants were selected based on optimization of power and electrical efficiency, overall thermal efficiency, heat exchanged with refrigeration cycle, and mass flow rate of Refrigerants in cycle. The optimized chemical process with related energy integrations were simulated and evaluated by Aspen HYSYS and Aspen energy analyzer (HX‐Net), respectively. Furthermore, the Aspen Capital Cost Estimator (Icarus) was employed for the economic analysis of these processes. The investment and operating costs of the optimized process (in the process with considering the MR3 refrigerant) are less than other processes. The calculated capital, operating, and equipment costs are about 22.6, 20.1, and 10.3 million US Dollars in the process with MR3 refrigerant. The mixed refrigerant 3 (MR3) contains the CH4, C2H6, C3H8, and N2with the mole fraction of 0.1316, 0.1317, 0.0299, and 0.7098, respectively. Modeling and cost estimation techniques can be used as a useful tool for the design and optimization of appropriate gas liquefaction and refrigeration processes with an effective performance for various industrial applications.

Study of the Performance of a Thermoelectric Refrigeration Membrane Cold Chamber Distillation Component

Thermoelectric Refrigeration Membrane Distillation (TERMD) is an emerging membrane-based evaporation technology with excellent prospects for separation industries. However, the development of the TERMD system was further limited by excellent membrane component properties. In this paper, a cold chamber component of a TERMD is manufactured. Then, the cooling performance of the component is studied to examine the coupling between the Thermoelectric Refrigeration (TER) and the Membrane Distillation (MD) process. Moreover, the effects of the membrane components properties are studied by changing the water flow rate, and the input current of thermoelectric refrigeration. The results showed that when the TERMD cold room inlet current is maintained stable and the heat dissipation intensity increases, the cooling temperature gradually decreases. Also, the temperature on the cold side tends to stabilize while the flow rate exceeds 600 L/h. In addition, the input power decreases as the heat dissipation intensity increases in the cooling dissipation intensity of the Thermoelectric Refrigeration Component (TERC) cold chamber is kept stable. And, the input power will reach a critical value while the water volume flow rate is over 500 L/h. Furthermore, the cooling rate reaches the maximum of 1.59 at the water volume flow rate of 700 L/h while the operating current of the TERC is 12 A. It is concluded that the thermoelectric refrigeration component can supply great refrigeration power and a high Coefficient of Performance (COP) under small current conditions for the analysis of the thermoelectric performance of the TERC.