Reform In Russia Research Articles

Collective Petitions and Reforms in Russia in the First Quarter of the 19th Century

Collective Petitions and Reforms in Russia in the First Quarter of the 19th Century

Forms of public participation in local self-government: Argentina’s experience in the context of reforming the Russian legislation

In the context of the ongoing municipal reform in Russia, improving the mechanisms of public participation in municipal governance should become one of the priority areas. This circumstance raises the issue of a comprehensive study of relevant foreign experience. This article examines the regional legislation of Argentina in terms of regulating the forms of participation of the population in the implementation of local self-government. The author provides a comprehensive systematic study of the legal framework for ensuring public participation in the implementation of local self-government in Argentina. The article puts emphasis on such forms of participation forms, as elections, referendums, recall of elected officials, participation of the population in the discussion of various issues through the use of various mechanisms, and the creation of decentralized territorial entities. Based on a combination of comparative legal and comprehensive research methods, the author concludes that certain mechanisms for involving the population in decision-making at the local level can be considered within the framework of the Russian legal order. Attention is drawn to improving the procedure for recalling elected officials, increasing the degree of population participation in reforming the territorial foundations of the organization of municipal government, ensuring the participation of residents of individual localities in the implementation of local self-government during the consolidation of municipalities, and the institutionalization of local communities. An analysis of the Argentine experience in this part can serve as an aid for improving Russian legislation.

The Value of Local Self‑Government in the Process of its Interaction with the State: Constitutional and Legal Aspect

The local self-government reform in Russia in recent decades has gradually diverted this institution from the essence of its creation, embedding it in the vertical of state power under the image of public power. The 2020 constitutional amendments have only accelerated this process. The paper attempts to substantiate the need to preserve municipal power in the form that it was originally inherent in, being a prototype of the theory of a free community or at least dualism. The paper is based on the theoretical advances of scientists and the author’s insights, as well as on a number of issues of local importance, including land, tax, urban planning and other public relations. The author has attempted to show the need for local self-government at the present time, if the necessary vector of development is given to it by organizational and legal means. The increasingly expanding practice of delegating state powers and the introduction of a single-level system of territorial organization of municipalities plays a negative role in the issue under consideration. In order to overcome problematic trends, it is proposed to implement the existing institutions of municipal law in a new way, which will give positive results and for which there is a real demand from the population. Thus, people are reluctant to participate in various events related to mandatory face-to-face attendance, but actively vote for options for improving public space, do not want to be deputies of rural settlements, but help each other in difficult situations and go out on clean-up days, etc. The subsequent transformation of local self-government should be based on the needs of citizens, not the state.

The Legacy of M.M. Speransky in Modern Financial Law

The article is devoted to the study of the ideas of the famous statesman and public figure of the XIX century M.M. Speransky. His merits in the development of legal science and legal education in Russia are noted, as well as his achievements in the field of financial law are especially emphasized. The project of financial reforms prepared by M.M. Speransky, called the “Finance Plan”, is analysed. The economic situation that caused the financial transformations is considered, and the measures proposed by the great Russian reformer in the field of budget revenues and budget expenditures are examined in detail. The authors note the significant contribution of his idea to the formation of the principles of the budget system of Russia – the principle of budget balance, the principle of efficiency in the use of budget funds, the principles of budget independence and the delimitation of revenues, expenses and sources of financing budget deficits between the budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation. The classification of budget expenditures proposed by M.M. Speransky for necessary, useful, excessive and excessive (useless) helps to reduce government costs and is very relevant for modern Russia. However, for its legislative consolidation, a clear system of criteria is required. It is also proposed to implement this idea by establishing the category of “priority expenses”, referring to them the so-called necessary expenses to be implemented in any state of affairs. The article indicates significant attention in the works of M.M. Speransky to the issues of proper order and the correct, transparent organization of a particular activity. It is also emphasized the relevance for the modern economy of Russia of its ideas on the reform of budget revenues, their unification, the consolidation of the principle of certainty of taxation and fees. The authors conclude that it is possible to further reform Russian financial legislation through the development of the ideas of M.M. Speransky.

Artificial Intelligence in Mental Control: the dialectical antilogies

The paper examines the influence technics on human conscience, the dialectic of interaction between artificial intelligence (AI) and human intelligence within the system: information technologies –mentality and psychology of society – control over people’s minds and technologies. The emphasis is on the essence of the concept of mentality, mental identity, the role of informal institutions, and the speed of changes in biological and information time. The author represents a conceptual view on the problem of the role of artificial intelligence in the development of mental management as a humanitarian problem in the logic of the development of ideas and approaches previously considered by the author in the following works: The Future of Russia: transition to a new formation; Strategy of Reforms in Russia: from leader to leader; and in the context of the idea of social justice and economic growth, discussed at the First Russian Economic Forum.

Samara Branch of the Union of Artists of Russia in 1985–1998: adaptation ways in the context of reforms

This article examines the ways and means of adaptation of the Samara (Kuibyshev) regional organisation of the All-Russian creative public organisation «Union of Artists of Russia» to social transformations in 1985–1998. It is noted that in the years of «perestroika» artists positively perceived democratic changes in the country, which they understood as freedom of creativity and new opportunities for self-presentation. Such problems of the regional organisation of artists as insufficient funding and poor material and technical support are revealed. Relations with the authorities at this stage were ambivalent. Criticism of passivity of party and Soviet authorities in providing the needs of the branch was accompanied by requests for material support. The termination of the Union of Artists of the USSR, centralised funding and state regulation of culture in the early 1990s caused the transformation of regional creative unions. The uncertain status and unstable economic situation of the creative organisation during the period of market reforms in Russia had a negative impact on its image. It is noted that both individual artists and the organisation as a whole used various social practices to adapt to the realities of the market economy. It is proved that, despite financial and organisational difficulties, the Samara Branch of the Union of Artists of Russia managed to overcome «disorder and vacillation», to preserve its unity and restore its role in the artistic life of the Samara Region.

Military training in modern geopolitical realities

Introduction. An assessment is made of the role of military training in terms of the geopolitical stability of Russia as an important player on the world stage. The interrelation of war and military affairs from the factors of domestic and foreign policy is shown.Purpose setting. The problem of military training in the conditions of military confrontation with the countries of the «collective West» is put forward as the fundamental task of the study. Analyzing the reforms of the country's military organization, starting from the 2000s of the XX century, the author focuses on the fact that the sovereignty of the state can be ensured only if there is a combat-ready Armed Forces, where an important role belongs to a full-fledged military mobilization reserve. Two components of the personnel of the Ministry of Defense – professional military personnel and those liable for military service who are in the reserve – act as a condition and guarantor of their readiness to repel aggression. Therefore, their military training should be organized taking into account changes in the field of military affairs, and the system of military training itself should cover the entire population.Methodology and methods of the study. The methodology is based on the analysis and comparison of the experience of military reforms by the top leadership of the military department of the Russian Federation since the early 2000s and the solution of these issues at the present time and in the near future. The dialectical approach helps the author to show the causal relationship of military reforms in Russia and their impact on the state of military educational activities, and, accordingly, the quality of training of military personnel.Results. The results of the study should be considered a demonstration of military training in Russia from the point of view of the changed conditions of geopolitics.Conclusions. The outcomes that conclude this study sum up the full range of information presented that, in order to ensure long-term peace, a country must have a reliable military capability based on militarily trained human resources. It is not by chance that the article analyzes the nature of the special military operation in Ukraine. This experience, as well as the experience of Russia's participation in other wars and military conflicts, allows us to substantiate the conclusions about the organization of an effective system of professional military training in Russia.

ГРАЖДАНСКОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО И ПРАВО СОЦИАЛЬНОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ

The article examines the evolutionary development of the institutions of the welfare state in modern Russia. How and in what ways should the state rely on the structures of civil society in the optimal implementation of pension reform. An attempt is made to compare the pension reform in Russia with implemented, successful examples of the organization of social assistance abroad.

Rol' Obshchestva penzenskih vrachej v razvitii nauchnoj obshchestvennoj mediciny Penzenskoj gubernii

One of the achievements of the era of Great Reforms in Russia was the intensification of the consolidation of social forces in various spheres of activity. The authors focus on the work of the Society of Penza Doctors, established in Penza in 1863, and the Hospital for Poor Patients who come to it. On a charitable basis, the first outpatient clinic in the history of the province was created. Through professional communication, the doctors tried to continue their self-education and promoted the popularization of the achievements of scientific medicine in the provincial society through the local “Gubernskie Vedomosti".

Higher Education System Reform in Russia: Problems of Legislative Regulation and Standardization

The paper is devoted to the problems of reforming the system of Russian higher education in the context of its legislative regulation and standardization. The author proceeds from the fact that the absence of its own independent concept of education in the context of the aggravation of the geopolitical situation and withdrawal from the Bologna process is one of the main threats to Russia’s national security. The author attempts to objectively assess the current state of legal regulation in the field of higher education. To this end, the paper characterizes the changes in the parameters of standardization in the field of education in the context of domestic reforms carried out in recent years and due to the entry into the Bologna process. The author argues that legislative innovations at this historical stage determined a number of systemic problems of public administration in the field of education. One of the most difficult and negatively affecting the quality of education problems is associated with the non-alternative introduction of a competence-based approach to the development of educational programs. The author concludes that the state policy in the field of higher education should be reoriented to return to the fundamental approach in higher education according to the general rule for all specialties and areas of training. At the same time, the competence approach should be implemented reasonably and only for those specialties for which such an approach is objectively more effective. The author considers it necessary to consolidate such a fundamental decision for domestic higher education as a principle of state policy in the field of education and suggests one of the possible options for the legal and technical formalization of this principle.

Prerequisites and practice of introducing integrated systems of medical care in England

The introduction of new conceptual approaches to public health protection is a trend of public health reform in Russia and European countries. The success of the implementation of public health policy in Russia depends both on the development of their own ideas and their implementation, on the study and use of the experience of foreign countries. For example, in England in the last decade, as part of the reform of the public health system, the idea of creating integrated medical care systems (ICS) has been actively developing and the experience of its implementation is of practical interest for Russian healthcare. 
 Goal. To study the experience of England in implementing integrated medical care systems and analyze the possibility of using its individual elements in Russia. 
 Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of a comprehensive study of open reporting data of the Department of Health and Social Security of England, the National Health Service and the National Audit Office of England (NAO), as well as scientific reports on integrated public health management systems. 
 Results. The development of integrated public health management systems being a trend in world practice, contributes to the improvement of public health indicators. The study of the experience of implementing ICS in England showed the presence of a number of risks during its implementation.
 Limitations. When conducting research, there were no restrictions that could influence the preparation of the article.
 Conclusions. Dissatisfaction with the level of management and financing of the healthcare system in England served as an impetus for the start of reforms that contribute to improving the management of medical care to the population, and the introduction of integrated medical care systems. The analysis of the NAO auditors revealed the main risks of the success of the ICS implementation. Studying the experience of implementing ICS is useful for use in the implementation of Russian national projects in the field of healthcare and demography.

Аграрное российско-белорусское пространство на пути углубления управленческих отношений с акцентом на приграничные субъекты специализированного хозяйствования

The article is devoted to the consideration of the issues of macroeconomic management of the placement and specialization of certain sub-sectors of agriculture of the border geostrategic Cen-tral macro-region of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation in the context of the development of a common agro-food market in the integration process with the Republic of Belarus. The analysis of the state of cooperation between the subjects of the Russian-Belarusian border shows that both of them do not sufficiently use the logistical proximity for more effec-tive management of specialization and concentration of agricultural production, since the indica-tors characterizing it are not higher than the average country parameters. One of the essential features of the functioning of the Russian-Belarusian agrarian borderland is the radiation pollu-tion of the territories of the subjects under consideration, which leaves its imprint on the system of agriculture and farming, requiring close macroeconomic management intervention, insuffi-cient at present. To change this situation, it is recommended to create a single management body for the contaminated territories of the Union State, with the formation of a kind of decontamina-tion agrarian economy here. Different results of agrarian reform in Russia and the Republic of Belarus, including in the border territories, indicate that the so-called "points of advanced growth" are being identified in Belarus, the basis of which is a socio-economic mechanism of an integration nature, when the agricultural production of goods of a number of industries has reached an export-oriented level here, with the export of this products to all continents of the world. Such a scientific macroeconomic approach of Belarusians is a visual algorithm for im-proving managerial relations in the Russian agro-industrial complex.

The ruling bureaucracy and reforms in Russia in the middle of the 19th century: the view of an american historian

The ruling bureaucracy and reforms in Russia in the middle of the 19th century: the view of an american historian

Политико-правовые аспекты «постглобализации»

The current issues of post-global transformations in the political and legal aspect are analyzed. The article is part of a wider research dedicated to defining the place of the issues of law within the general methodological structure of post-globalization as well as the specifics of interaction between post-global law and other socio-political aspects of worldwide transformations. The authors claim that the post-global law could be much less universal and and more dependent upon political and economic context. Structures, properties and prospects of global and macro-regional development are presented and outlined for a discussion; the question of legal reform in Russia considering the dynamics of post-globalization is raised.

Amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020 as a «Locomotive» of Constitutional Reforms in the CIS Countries

The paper analyzes the recent constitutional reforms in Russia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. The constitutional reform that took place in the Russian Federation in 2020 marked the beginning of such reforms in some countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. It is noted that mainly amendments to the constitutions of the listed states concerned the political-territorial structure and historical development of states; spiritual and cultural sphere; redistribution of powers between government bodies; legal status of the individual. It is concluded that the vectors of constitutional reforms in the considered states generally have similar directions. This fact can be associated with the Concept of further development of the CIS, which enshrines the goal of systematic convergence of the national legislations of the member states of the Commonwealth in many areas of cooperation. Thus, without a unified direction for improving constitutions, it is impossible to achieve such goals.

The structure of a private methodology for detecting and disclosing bribery in the field of education

The article presents the general theoretical foundations and approaches to the sections of methodology and tactics. The authors established their similarities and differences. Elements of a private methodology for identifying and disclosing bribery in the field of education have been developed. It is claimed that in general, the society restructuring is inevitably associated with reforms in the field of education. Bribery complicates significantly the promotion of social and economic reforms in Russia, becomes an obstacle to the formation of a new democratic society. New ways of committing these crimes are emerging, that have not yet been investigated, therefore it is difficult to identify and disclose them. The practice of combating this negative phenomenon in the field of education gives reason to believe that people who have committed bribery repeatedly are detained on suspicion of this crime. However, in the process of investigating criminal cases, they are charged, as a rule, with only an episode of criminal activity, which is documented during arrest in flagrante delicto. This indicates the need to improve, first of all, a private methodology for detecting and disclosing bribery.

Fyodor Lukich Pereverzev in Opposition to the Drinking Reforms in Russia (late 1850s – early 1860s)

Relevance. The article is devoted to the director of the Department of Various taxes and Fees of the Ministry of Finance of Russia in the late 1850s - early 1860s, Fyodor Lukich Pereverzev, who was opposed to the planned wine reform. The plot of the article was not covered in the scientific literature, but it is essential to create a complete picture of the excise transformation.The purpose of the article is to recreate the image of a high official of the finance Ministry, who prevented the transition from tax payments to the excise system of levying a tax on drinking.Objectives: to give a description of Pereverzev's official activity; to establish the circumstances that determined his position regarding drinking; to describe the essence of classes in the Special Committee for the Development of Wine Reform.Methodology. The principles of scientific objectivity and historical anthropologism became the basis for the study of the stated topic. In addition, a personal biographical method was used, which allowed through acquaintance with the biography of Pereverzev to explain his position on the wine reform.Results. Pereverzev's career path was long, he proved himself both in the military and in the civilian field. The peak of his official career was the post of director of the Department of Various Taxes and Fees. In this position, Fyodor Lukich was included in the Special Committee for the Development of Wine Reform. His work was fruitless, the reform plan was not prepared.Conclusion. Pereverzev was in opposition to the drinking transformation, since he considered the payoff a proven way of collecting a fee from drinking, and the excise tax a system that requires a long check. He was a staunch follower of E.F. Kankrin and believed that the excise system was good for the West, but not suitable for Russia.

Financial and Structural Prospects of Local Government Reform in Russia

The reform of local self-government (LSG), which started over 30 years ago, has not been completed at the moment, and the regulatory and legislative activities of Russian deputies to bring legislation into line with the new version of the country's Constitution are in progress. From the point of view of the impact on the state of local self-government, it is important to consider the impact of constitutional amendments regarding the exclusion of the mandatory settlement basis of the organization of local self-government on the prospective structure of the LSG; and also to assess the potential financial implications for municipal budgets and local self-government in general of the idea of embedding local self-government at the third level in the system of public authority. It is shown that the issue of the structure of the LSG and the economic feasibility of the consolidation of municipalities remains poorly developed. The paradox is that the need to assess the progress and results of the merger of municipalities not only with qualitative arguments, but also with quantitative calculations, is generally recognized, but there is currently no quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of the merger of municipalities in Russia, as in most foreign countries. The analysis of the reform transformations of the LSG and the improvement of regulatory and legislative acts regarding the regulation of the LSG of Russia has shown that local self-government, formally remaining an institution of public authority, in practice turns into “public administration within municipal borders”, known since Soviet times. The situation is complicated by the denunciation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government, implemented by the State Duma on the proposal of President Vladimir Putin in February 2023. The scientific novelty of the work consists in substantiating theoretical and practice-oriented proposals for improving the structural and financial components of the reform.

Создание внутренних источников экономического развития

The article reveals the specifics of the economic model of Russia, which has been formed over thirty years after the reforms of the 90s. The article addresses the new reality associated with challenges and threats to the national economy. Modern geopolitical events actualize the problem of stability and efficiency of the existing Russian economic model. The article reveals two main approaches to assessing the current model. According to the first approach, a normal market economy has been formed in Russia over thirty years, and further development consists in improving market institutions and following the vector laid down by the reforms of the 1990s: “doliberalization”, including the “second wave of privatization”. The second approach is the opposite of the first. On the basis of the author’s calculations, a deep failure in economic growth and development, which arose as a result of the radical reforms of the 1990s, is substantiated. The proposition about the “failure of private property” has been put forward and proved on the basis of the concrete material of Russian reforms. Implementing a systematic approach in their study, the authors propose significant changes in the foundations of the Russian economic model. Analyzing the strategic goal of technological development based on the principles of security and self-sufficiency, put forward at the SPIEF on June 17, 2022 by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, the authors come to the conclusion that without the active and purposeful participation of the state, this task cannot be solved, just as it has not been solved for thirty years. The authors believe that the task set is comparable in scale and complexity to the industrialization of the 1930s. Its solution requires: the development of a comprehensive and promising program of scientific and technological development of the country; strategic planning for the development of the national economy at the expense of the state budget and indicative planning for private investment using targeted incentives. It also proposes a redistribution of income streams with the transformation of foreign “leaks” into domestic “injections”.

Agricultural reforms in Russia at the turn of an era (1990-1993)

In the second half of the 1980s, Soviet agricultural policy was subjected to revisionism. The problems in the agro-industrial complex had been accumulating for many years and were the result of many factors associated with the socialist system in the USSR. Whereas in the 1930s agriculture was subject to forced collectivisation, the new conditions proposed the revival of independent peasant farms and the adoption of Western experience associated with the development of farming. Private property and the future of collective farms were at the centre of the debate. This article attempts to find the following questions: why were the agrarian reforms necessary; what was their purpose; did the country's leadership have an agenda for reforms; how did the economic, legal and social aspects interact in the reform process; did the reforms succeed in achieving their objectives. The article uses documents from the Congress of People's Deputies, the Supreme Soviet and the Russian Government. Significant static material and data from sociological surveys should be noted. Legislative acts constitute a separate group of sources.