Philosophical Reflection Research Articles

Breaking stereotypes: “a philosophical reflection on women criminals from a gender perspective"

Introduction: The subject of female criminals and their relationship with gender stereotypes is a subject of study that has generated interest on the part of the academic community especially philosophers, psychologists, criminologists and historians; due to the fact that women's roles have been relegated to subordinate roles, history of mistreatment violence and transgressions among others that has influenced the way in which their participation in crime is perceived. Method: Reflective that leads to understand the phenomenon of female criminality, under the generation of knowledge that is built from the selection of scientific advances from the social and cultural phenomenological context through the promotion of dialogue and contrast of the studied topic. Results: it was identified that the main reasons attributed to criminality are based on structural inequalities, roles, stereotypes and gender violence. Conclusion: Addressing the needs of women, promoting social justice and gender equity will generate a greater deterioration of women in the face of current challenges.

Why educative school leadership based on anarcho-syndicalist principles will fail, but is still necessary: A conversation at the intersection of theory and practice

This article takes a novel approach to thinking about the practice of educative leadership. An intellectual conversation between two academics and a school principal, it seeks to work through questions regarding the practicalities for a school principal in actually advancing educative leadership based on anarcho-syndicalist principles. Taking these questions seriously, the intention of this article is to think through these questions not from the ‘ivory tower’ but in dialogue. The aim was to write something that was more collaborative than an interview but less formal and academic than a philosophical dialogue. Instead, the authors worked together to have an intellectual conversation bringing together philosophical and practical reflection on how educative leadership based on anarcho-syndicalist principles might be imagined and initiated.

Stage Unity of D. Lider’s Plastic Concept of Scenography and S. Danchenko’s Theatre Direction

The purpose of the study is to highlight the stage unity of the plastic concept of D. Lider’s scenography and S. Danchenko’s theatre direction, to characterise the original concept of the image of the performances, their uniqueness of artistic solution. The research methodology is to apply the functional and typological method to consider the scenographic activity of D. Lider as an innovative form of artistic creativity in the context of the formation and development of the direction of effective scenography, as well as to assess its significance in the development of scenographic vocabulary of the Ivan Franko National Academic Drama Theatre. The art method is used to analyse the scenographic solution of the performances directed by S. Danchenko and to identify the main conditions and principles of scenographic solutions, compositional techniques and components of D. Lider’s scenography, as well as to determine their influence on the artistic image of the productions. An axiomatic method helped consider Danylo ider's worldview prerogatives in the context of the peculiarities of the formation of his philosophy and artistic and aesthetic position as a master of effective scenography. The novelty of the study. The article comprehensively examines the stage unity of the plastic concept of D. Lider’s scenography and S. Danchenko’s theatre direction in the context of the formation and development of the scenography of the Ivan Franko National Academic Drama Theatre. Conclusions. As a philosopher of theatre, D. Lider’s scenography is not guided by any prescribed rules, and it is impossible to judge it by means of a defining judgment, by imposing certain already known categories on his scenographic vocabulary. The scenery created by the master testifies to an innovative form of the sublime that allows for the acquisition of creative energy – D. Leader sought to overcome the dictates of sensual perception of reality in order to reflect the essential, hidden characteristics of existence. The associative connection and drawing parallels between the actual problems of the present and the problems of a literary work as the basis for deep philosophical and aesthetic reflections introduced by D. Lider is the basis of Ukrainian stage art of the twenty-first century.
 Key words: Danylo Lider, Serhii Danchenko, director, theatre, scenography.

The Interpretation of the Characters in Eileen Chang's Novels Under the New Coronavirus Epidemic

In recent years, people's health and even lives have been seriously threatened by the global outbreak of a new coronavirus. As the disaster comes to people's lives unawares, the self of each individual is brought into greater focus. The epidemic calls for literary expression and philosophical reflection, and in the isolated island of Shanghai in the 1940s, Zhang Eiling's attention to and interpretation of people with traumatic experiences gives us the possibility to dialogue with Zhang Eiling's characters under the epidemic, and Zhang Eiling's research provides us with valuable experience in paying attention to the state of existence and the journey of individual lives under the epidemic.

The craft: an experience of cultural and philosophical reflection

The craft: an experience of cultural and philosophical reflection

Philosophical reminiscences in the work of the artist Mikhail Kapustin

The author examines the art history problem of the influence of philosophical trends on the art that is relevant to them on the example of the work of the St. Petersburg ceramic artist Mikhail Yuryevich Kapustin and his philosophical reflections revealed in the plastic search for impressive images. His worldview was formed in a whirlwind of contemporary philosophical trends, scientific and technological discoveries, new trends in culture and contemporary art. The article reveals the regular change of one philosophical direction to the next, often alternative, and how artists reacted to this in their work, finding new ideals and expanding expressive possibilities in the visual arts. The purpose of the article is an attempt to decipher the in-depth meanings of the artist's works. The subject of research is philosophical reminiscences in the author's sculptural and graphic works of the ceramic artist. The main themes of his artwork are Man, Earth, and Time. The study has a novelty, because its materials are original and are offered for publication for the first time. In domestic and foreign art criticism there was no scientific study of the work of M. Kapustin. The works of M. Kapustin are large-scale, peculiar ceramic (sculptural and graphic) compositions of epic imagery, represent a compressed formula of an idea in a tense volume of form. The logical chain of his creative process as a ceramic artist goes as follows: from the idea towards the artistic image, material, technology, and finally – work. The results and research methods in this article can be used in art criticism for contribution in writing monographic works about the work of other artists.

서 평] 참된 만남 : 마르틴 부버의 ‘나와 너’

Through Martin Buber’s ‘I and Thou’, a profound philosophical reflection on the encounter between ‘I and Thou’, we can see that we can achieve true life only through true encounter. In contrast, if we live inhumanely, using each other as if we were objects, in an ‘I-It’ relationship, the value and dignity of the personality of members of our community is lost. The essence of a true encounter is a direct conversation with one's whole being. The important thing is that I cannot achieve such a meeting and conversation just because I want it and am obsessed with it. The meeting time is when you empty your heart towards the other person and wait for that grace with sincerity. That one moment of grace becomes an eternal moment in a person's life.

Воспитательная функция искусства в английской журналистике и литературе первой половины XVIII века

The aim of the study is to identify the features of the idea about the educational function of art as one of the leading ideals of the Enlightenment in the English periodicals and literary works of the early XVIII century. The paper defines the role of art in the iconic works of enlightenment writers, identifies the techniques of describing the educational function of art used by publicists. The scientific novelty of the study lies in actualising the role of educational ideology in a comprehensive analysis of the lexemes and techniques used to interpret the ideal of the educational function of art in the periodicals of R. Steele, J. Addison and the literary works by H. Fielding, D. Defoe carried out for the first time. As a result, it has been proved that publicists of the Enlightenment employed such techniques as creating the images of the characters embodying the best qualities of a person; using humour and satire; turning to social commentary and philosophical reflection.

Psicología política de los líderes transformadores en las escuelas del siglo XXI

The schools of the 21st century are no longer only social spaces dedicated to the reproduction of the teaching-learning processes, of the basic instructional knowledge for the consolidation of human capabilities, but also, engines for the teaching of the necessary mentalities that make the key actors of the educational system (teachers and students), potential transforming leaders of the communities in which they are immersed, as responsible citizens and political subjects of proven value. Therefore, the objective of this article was to identify the contents of political psychology required for the formation of transforming leaderships in the XXI century, as a condition of possibility to develop schools with a vocation for the political formation of the leaderships that today’s society needs. Methodologically, the documentary research technique and philosophical reflection were used. The results obtained allow us to conclude that by embodying the characteristics of transformational leaders and understanding the difficulties of political psychology, these leaders not only foster an environment of growth and innovation, but also ensure that ethical considerations are at the forefront of decision making, for the benefit of their learning communities and democracy in general.

No one came from Outside: A critique of the abject-Lovecraftian foundations of dark ecology

In recent decades, philosophical reflection on the utopian has focused on the analysis of the way in which the future-possible and the radically unknown or “other” influence our present. Specifically, accelerationism and Object-oriented Ontology have identified horror and weird fiction in general, and H. P. Lovecraft in particular, as the privileged field from which to access a radically anti-humanist absolute exteriority (Outside) with the aim of developing a new anti-species worldview, one which Timothy Morton calls “Dark Ecology.” This article analyzes the philosophical foundations of this worldview, showing the exclusive and proto-fascist character it harbors, which is why it should be clearly separated from other post-humanisms and/or new materialisms based on the hybridization and interconnection characteristic of relational ontologies.

G. MUTANOV’S POETRY AS THE UNFADING LIGHT OF A DISTANT STAR

Conceptual analysis refers to the analysis of key words within a specific cognitive domain of the culture being studied. Of particular interest is studying the lexical context and compatibility surrounding the chosen keyword. Other elements within the field are combined in relation to it.While reading the philosophical reasoning of Galym Mutanov, it reminded me of the statements made by I.S. Turgenev in his book “Poems in Prose.” This sparked a desire to compare the philosophical understanding of life between a classic Russian literature figure from the 19th century and a poet from the 21 century.The purpose of this article is to identify the thematic connections in the description of a specific chapter from Galym Mutanov’s book “Shine.” It aims to provide a semantic-syntactic analysis of the analyzed texts, emphasizing the originality of the evidence base and linguistic means used in the book.Analyzing Galym Mutanov’s book “Shining” is challenging not due to its length, but because of the profound philosophical reflections it presents. At the core of Mutanov’s perception of life lies a deep love for life itself, humanity, and the entire world around us. The poetic style employed in his writing showcases a remarkable sense of language.

G. Adamovich’s Literary Criticism as Meaning Creation

In the article the author analyzes the creative manner of G. Adamovich in his reception of new literary works. Adamovich’s literary criticism can be defi ned as a specifi c genre of “literary conversation”. It has syncretic character, including elements of genres related to criticism, such as essays, memoirs, philosophical refl ection and proper conversations with the reader. When analyzing individual authors, works or topics, Adamovich avoids methodical reasoning and does not adhere to any defi nite theoretical doctrine. His “method” is a kind of existential “meeting” with the author he is considering, which is deliberately formulated not in direct and rigid characteristics, but in a “roundabout” way through personal impression and some detail of the artistic world.

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AS THE HISTORICAL BASIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE

ABSTRACTPhilosophy is an extensive science, meaning it is closely related to our daily lives, and philosophy is the driving force of our daily lives as individual human beings and as collective human beings in the form of a society or nation. Philosophy of science is a philosophical reflection on the nature of science which will not recognize a stopping point towards achieving the goal, namely truth and reality. Understanding the philosophy of science means understanding the intricacies of science so that its most essential aspects and foundations also understand the perspective of science, the possibility of its development, and its interweaving between one branch of science and another. The research approach that researchers use in writing this scientific work is a type of library research. Philosophy is a science that seriously studies the true nature of everything. Science is a method of thinking objectively in describing and giving meaning to the natural and moral world to organize and systematize. Knowledge indicators are: It is accumulative, and its truth is not absolute but objective. There are six phases of scientific development: The Pre-Ancient Greece Phase, the Ancient Greek Phase, the Medieval Age Phase, the Renaissance Age phase, the Modern Age phase, and finally, the Contemporary Age phase. Keywords: Philosophy, Historical, Development, Science, Knowledge

The Sophisticated and Naive View of Moral Experience

In this paper, I draw a contrast between two ways of posing the question of moral experience: the episodic and the contemplative. On the first, the episodic outlook, the question of moral experience is the question of specifying the workings of a capacity (or set of capacities) whose exercise may ground claims of moral knowledge. On the contemplative outlook, on the other hand, the question of understanding moral experience is the question of articulating a standpoint: the moral standpoint. On this view, philosophical reflection on moral experience aims to shed light on the human experiences that paradigmatically exemplify and, thus, best reveal the moral standpoint. In the tradition of contemplative accounts, I propose that some of the human experiences that paradigmatically exemplify and reveal the moral standpoint are experiences of “moral growth and change”. Finally, I argue that in “moral growth and change”, one is in view of the world as what is at stake. This leads to a different sense in which moral experience grounds knowledge claims.

AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY & THEIR UTILITY IN CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL POLITY CONCEPTUALIZATION OF TECHNOLOGY

Introduction. The central argument of this study is that for science to meet the challenges of globalization and justice in the 21st century, it needs to be ethically informed, and thus philosophical reflection on and in science is cardinal.Problem Statement. The study focuses on the 21st century trends in philosophical thoughts that influence scientific motivations. To this effect, the research question that the study sought to answer is, ‘How and to what extent can philosophy be valuable/influential to scientific advancements in contemporary times?’Purpose. This paper aims to demonstrate that despite some differences between science and philosophy in their origin and methodological conceptions, they do have reciprocal rudiments. The study gleaned this relationship with the view to assess the utility of their relationship in a technologically and fast-paced 21st Century. This study contributes to the literature by providing theoretical perspectives that critique conventional (Western) epistemic stances of scientific knowledge construction and highlights lessons to be learnt through a juxtaposed pool of ideas from all regions of the globe, not just from the West.Material and Methods. The methodology adopted for this study leans on a descriptive and thematic literature approach which builds on qualitative data gathered through academic journals, scholarly books, and online publications. The study review endeavors to focus on the 21st century trends in philosophical thoughts that influence scientific motivations.Results. The study notes that the relationship between science and philosophy has endured for many hundreds of years, and despite their differences which mainly lie in their scope, attitudes, methods, and peculiar challenges, both are keenly engaged in advancing increased human capacity for innovation, ingenuity, and critical thinking. The study concludes — from the prism of the future — that a critical global appraisal and continuous rigorous review of scientific and philosophical activities is essential today more than ever before, if the futures project is to contri bute effectively to the (re)construction of sustainable frameworks of scientific production that yield results in an equitable and environmentally sustainable manner. Conclusions. The study has brought to the fore, a stark reminder that neither science nor philosophy — operating singularly — offers genuine solutions on sustainable growth and development; hence stakeholders can make sense of complex phenomenon from both science and philosophy by critically reviewing their outcomes in a reciprocal manner that appreciates the advances, thegaps, and excesses from both sides. Most significantly, the study has pushed the envelope of comprehending science and philosophy beyond Western constructions that often tend to overlook, and in some cases purposely downgrade orthodox but otherwise valuable scientific insights from subaltern constellations of the global South.

Anti-Oedipus: Metaphysics and method

ContextThis article is a philosophical reflection on Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's critique of psychoanalysis and its relation to clinical practice. It draws on Guattari's clinical practice at La Borde as well as his philosophical collaboration with Deleuze, particularly their co-authored work Anti-Oedipus. First published in 1972, the book was written in the wake of the May, 1968 upheavels in France and focuses, in particular, on the interconnection between psychoanalysis and capitalism. The author is a philosopher working at the intersection of philosophical history and politics from within a Deleuzian framework. While Anti-Oedipus was seen as the liberatory, theoretical underpinning for some political movements in Europe and South America, it has also been deployed by Accelerationist theorists to intensify capitalist hegemony. Later works by Deleuze and Guattari, such as A Thousand Plateaus, counsel more prudence. This shift in tone has raised interpretive issues, as well as issues of praxis. Thus, while it remains clear that Deleuze and Guattari are arguing for liberation and the creation of the new throughout their work, the means of pursuing this remain underdetermined. ObjectivesThis article has two primary objectives. This first objective is to show that Deleuze and Guattari's critique of Oedipus arises out of Guattari's clinical practice. This critique of Oedipus is in line with Deleuze's critique of the history of philosophy and necessitates the creation of a new metaphysics to ground not only clinical practice but thought in general. The second objective is to show what method Deleuze and Guattari propose for replacing psychoanalysis. A method they call “schizoanalysis.” MethodQualitative. A single case study is used as an illustration and framework to organize the explication of Deleuze and Guattari's argument in Anti-Oedipus. ResultsThe critique of psychoanalysis creates space for a new, liberatory praxis. The fundamental principles of schizoanalysis are outlined. InterpretationsThe primary limitation of this study is that it is focused entirely on theoretical foundations. Future work would need to incorporate an analysis of empirical data, not only in relation to the history of La Borde Clinic and its outposts but also of current therapeutic regimes.

Making mathematics together by modeling shared experiences

IntroductionThis article illustrates a pedagogical approach to integrating models and modeling in Geometry with mathematics teacher-learners (MTLs). It analyzes the work of MTLs in a course titled “Computers, Teaching, and Mathematical Visualization” (or “MathViz”), which is designed to engage MTLs in making mathematics together. They use a range of both physical and virtual models of 2-manifolds to formulate and investigate geometric conjectures of their own.ObjectivesThe article articulates the theoretical basis and design rationale of MathViz; it analyzes illustrative examples of the discourse produced in collaborative investigations; and it describes the impact of this approach in the students’ own voices.MethodsMathViz has been iteratively refined and researched over the past 6 years. This study focuses on one iteration, aiming to capture the phenomenological experience of the MTLs as they structured and pursued their own mathematical investigations. Video data from two class sessions of the Fall 2021 iteration of the course are analyzed to illustrate the discourse of collaborating students and the nature of their shared inquiry. Excerpts from this class’s Learning Journals are then analyzed to capture themes across students’ experience of the course and their perspectives on its impact.ResultsAnalysis of students’ discourse (while investigating cones) shows how they used models and gesture to make sense of geometric phenomena; forged connections with investigations they had conducted throughout the course on different surfaces; and articulated and proved mathematical conjectures of their own. Analysis of students’ Learning Journals illustrates how experiences in MathViz contributed to their conceptualization of making mathematics together, using a variety of models and technologies, and developing a set of practices that that they could introduce with their future students.DiscussionAn argument is made that this approach to collective mathematical investigation is not only viable and valuable for MTLs, but is also relevant to philosophical reflections about the nature of mathematical knowledge-creation.

Advancing the study of life and death education: theoretical framework and research inquiries for further development.

Life and death education, also known as life education and death education, is an interesting subject that may coincide with the subject of lifespan development. In brief, from our theoretical perspective, which guides our teaching and curriculum development, life education considers personal understanding of life functioning on a daily basis, whereas death education explores matters that are related to death and dying. For example, how can a social worker utilize his life knowledge, or life wisdom, to assist a relative to understand the intricate nature of death? In a similar vein, how can a senior citizen use her personal experience of Buddhist meditation practice to overcome a minor Covid setback? Central to our teaching practice is the premise of 'active transformation' (i.e., transforming life knowledge into positive practice) and the premise of 'theoretical infusion' (e.g., the infusion of a distinctive epistemological belief in the teaching of life) that would, in turn, help to enhance and facilitate deep, meaningful understanding of life and death. The purpose of the present article is for us to discuss a proposition of a theoretical-conceptual model, which depicts the 'unification' or integration of three major viewpoints of life and death: the social viewpoint, the philosophical viewpoint, and the psychological viewpoint. We theorize that unification of the three theoretical viewpoints may help provide grounding for effective teaching and holistic understanding of the subject contents of life and death. Such discourse, importantly, may also assist to advance the scope and complexity of the lifespan development subject. Finally, in addition to our theoretical-conceptual model of life and death, we propose three major research inquiries for development: the meaning of situated mindset, the underlying nature of spiritual transcendence, and proposition of appropriate methodological accounts for usage. Overall, then, we purport that our conceptual analysis and discussion overview, based on philosophical reflection, may serve to stimulate interest, intellectual curiosity, scholarly dialog, etc.

THE IDEA OF THE WORLD AS TOLERATING UNCERTAINTY

In the modern world of total technologization, scientific knowledge devoid of worldview correction (humanitarian expertise) carries a threatening tendency of self-denial: without a constant, philosophically correct transformation of objective knowledge about certain fragments (branches) of the surrounding reality into human knowledge (questions) about itself, the practical effectiveness of such knowledge inevitably accumulates in itself the threat of practical helplessness. Aim and the tasks of the research. Based on an in-depth analysis of the category of existence, as well as on modern philosophical reflections on the methodological and cognitive insolvency of the idea of the world, to find out the real meaning of those changes that this idea meaningfully undergoes in the conditions of the modern total technologization of human life. The research methodology. From a methodological point of view, the author prefers a dialectical approach, considering the analyzed phenomena, regardless of the mode of their reality, in their development and internally contradictory essence. H. Plesner’s theory of eccentric positionality serves as a certain base point for the analysis of human nature and, accordingly, the world of human existence. Research results: The problematic existence of the world and the epistemological «failure» of the corresponding category, declared in some modern philosophical reflections, are connected exclusively with its anthropological and worldview function, which is based on the fundamental uncertainty of a man’s place in the world. The «worthlessness» («futility») of worldview thematization is derived from the allencompassing inability of the human figure in the world, from that «emptiness» and «invisibility» (specific own transparency) of the spiritual dimension of human existence, on which, however, this existence is based. Discussion. The human «option» of fulfilling the unity of living being can be characterized as extremely intense. In this variant, the phylogenetic line of development turns into an ontogenetic point of worldliness devoid of predetermined content, a fundamentally new type of integration. The horizons of such integration far exceed primarily because of its understanding. And the subject of such a meaningful life is forced to integrate everything that happens to him every time into a certain system (synthesis) of the world. That subjectivity the world has distinguishes the subject from the thing. Subjectivity and the world mutually belong to each other - they are correlative. A thing exists because it is what it is. The subject (and with it his world) does not exist like that. A subject is how and to what it relates. But the relation «how» and «to what» is not carried out completely anew and isolated every time, but exists in its multiplicity in a certain relationship. Each individual case, each individual action (method of action) acquires its meaning from a wider, structured context – in whole or in part. This context is the «world», the «life world» of the real subject, or the «world» as an anthropological idea. Conclusions. The task of modern humanitarianism is not only to find opportunities for rational use of the fact of the fundamental openness of the human being, but also to cultivate the ability to reconcile a man with himself, to accept himself. This gives us certain reasons to hope for the enduring significance of worldview thematization. Criticism regarding the seemingly paradoxical conclusion that to become a man, one must already be one, could be considered fair, but only if one does not take into account the principled nature of such an aphoristic position, because this is exactly how the human world exists - as the art of tolerance uncertainty.

Philosophical and educational reflections of ancient Greek peripatetics

Philosophical and educational reflections of ancient Greek peripatetics