Reflection Intensity Research Articles

The Epicurean and Leviathan: The Practical Ethics of Ernst Jünger

The purpose of the article is to explore the fundamentals of practical ethics which was developed by the famous German intellectual and fiction writer Ernst Jünger (1895–1998) and reflected in his autobiographical prose. The analysis focuses on the period of his life and work marked by intense moral reflection – the tragic decade that began before the Second World War and ended with the occupation of West Germany by the victorious states. It is proved that the form of ethics that Jünger cultivated throughout his earthly journey most corresponds to the Epicurean scheme. This is evidenced by its general vector aimed at achieving the serenity and quiet joy bestowed by life as well as the main issues which are solved in it. These issues include the reasonable ordering and control of sensual desires and fears. In connection with the general direction of Jünger’s ethics, the concept of inner emigration turned by the thinker into a consciously Epicurean way of life is discussed. The main attention is paid to the innovations that Jünger brought to this scheme. Their predominantly Christian character is substantiated. Instead of conceptual analysis and along with autogenic training (both are the core of the Epicurean “healing of the soul”), the thinker practiced Christian asceticism in relation to desires and belief in immortality against the fear of possible destruction. The conflict between Epicurean (“Live unnoticed”) and predominantly Christian (“Live with dignity”) moral attitudes that is manifest in Jünger’s life and thoughts at that dramatic time is also considered. It is shown that he resolved this conflict in favor of the second attitude – even if not always in practice, but invariably at the level of beliefs.

Reflection Intensity Guided Single Image Reflection Removal and Transmission Recovery

Reflection Intensity Guided Single Image Reflection Removal and Transmission Recovery

Detekcja zawilgoceń i zmian materiałowych na hiperboloidalnych powłokach chłodni w oparciu o intensywność odbicia wiązki lasera

Using a hyperboloidal cooling tower undergoing repair as an example, the paper examines the possibility of using a laser beam reflectance intensity value for the automated detection of perforations in cooling tower shells and the identification of material changes characteristic of the renovated sections of reinforced concrete structures. Due to the specific geometry of the analysed object, the practical application of the value of the fourth coordinate was preceded by its a priori modification. The applied correction solution made it possible to effectively eliminate the influence of the measurement geometry, adjusting the intensity values to correspond to the properties of the scanned surface. In the usability analyses of the corrected radiometric data, the author’s approach to eliminating information loss was applied, assuming the use of the fourth coordinate values as scalar fields. The proposed methodology was verified by comparing the obtained results with those of the commonly used unsupervised classification. The agreement, based on the similarity of the structures, between the results of the image classification and the areas extracted through the segmentation of the scalar fields, representing the corrected values of the laser beam reflectance intensity, confirmed the reliability of the proposed solutions. The usefulness of the radiometric data in 3D space was confirmed by comparing the obtained results with the analyses of the local surface curvature determined by the point cloud based on principal component analysis. Thanks to the segmentation of the scalar fields, the detection of rising damp and corrosion leaks, consistent with the results of the surface condition assessment based on the local curvature analysis, made it possible to specify the degree of degradation of the hyperboloid shell according to a seven-point scale that is consistent with the industry requirements. The values of the fourth coordinate also allowed the identification of material changes caused by the repair, and their comparison with the shell damage contours extracted from the local curvature analysis made it possible to verify the amount of repair mortar used and to assess the validity of the work carried out.

Study on Ship Type Identification by Distribution of Radar Reflection Intensity Data

Study on Ship Type Identification by Distribution of Radar Reflection Intensity Data

Koncepcja oceny korozji powierzchniowej stalowego mostu kolejowego z zastosowaniem aktywnego systemu teledetekcji bliskiego zasięgu

The concept of assessing surface corrosion of a steel railway bridge was born as a response to the industry need for quick and non-manual assessment of the progress of surface damage of monochromatic bridges. The fourth coordinate of the point cloud, through imaging algorithms, can indicate homogeneous surfaces of the bridge, and therefore subject to corrosion processes or not. The intensity of the object's point cloud, through the use of unsupervised classification tools, ensures the detection of changes in the surface properties of a mono-colored railway bridge. The classification method of unsupervised raster representation of grayscale reflectance intensity (generated from TLS data), as in the case of classical remote sensing, produces classes of pixels with similar reflectance properties. The concept of scientific research on the detection of corrosion progress on a steel railway bridge using an active short-range remote sensing system assumed the development of algorithmic advances allowing for the comparison of periodic classifications of rasters from point clouds. Thanks to the differentiation of images, it is possible to determine changes in the location and extent of corrosion, the rate of its progress in the case of aged steel objects, and the detection of scratches and cracks as critical points of the structure, proving the fulfillment of the operational capabilities of the object, as provided for in the technical documentation. The study indicated the empirical basis for conducting research on automatic corrosion detection.

Influence of the Zn/Al molar ratio over the photocatalytic hydrogen production by ZnS/ZnAl-LDH composites

In this work, ZnS/ZnAl-LDH composites were prepared by the sulfuration of pristine Zn–Al LDHs with Zn:Al molar ratios between 2 and 4. The sulfured samples (ZA2-S, ZA3-S, ZA4-S), were evaluated in the photocatalytic hydrogen production to verify the effect of the Zn:Al molar ratio. The X-ray powder diffraction revealed the presence of a well-crystallized hydrotalcite-like structure in all samples, but ZA4 also exhibited hydrozincite and Zn(OH)2 reflections. It was observed that as the Zn:Al ratio increased in the sulfured samples, more intense reflections of ZnS were detected. The sample with the highest amount of ZnS (ZA4-S) displayed the lowest bandgap value (3.54 eV) and the highest photocatalytic H2 production (4409.0 μmol g−1 h−1); although, it presented the lowest specific surface area (16 m2 g−1). Moreover, it was confirmed that after 5 cycles uses its activity not only was maintained but it increased slightly. As ZnS itself displayed a lower hydrogen production capacity compared to the ZA4-S composite, the photocatalytic activity of the prepared samples was explained in terms of the formation a type II heterojunction between ZnS and the LDH.

Intelligent Target Classification Algorithm for 77G Radar Based on Correction Data Set

Traffic participant classification is crucial in autonomous driving perception. Millimeter wave radio detection and ranging radar is a cost-effective and powerful method to perform the task in adverse traffic scenarios, especially in bad inclement weather (e.g. fog, snow and rain) and poor lighting conditions. This paper presents an intelligent target classification algorithm for 77G radar based on correction data set. First, in order to handle the problem that the original data set may easily be interfered by obstacles, the angle information is filtered by analyzing the spatial information of radar signals, which means the interference clutter of obstacles can be effectively removed. Second, the primary data set is corrected using the significant difference between the micro-Doppler of the human body and car. Finally, the characteristic information of the radar signal is extracted, including distance, speed, orientation, micro-Doppler and reflection intensity, and the obtained data sets containing three types of targets (vehicles, human bodies and obstacles) are generated. The generated dynamic and static data sets are collected by sufficient experiments to construct deep learning classification models. The results show that the classification accuracy is improved by the measure of data set correction.

Detailed Bathymetry and Seafloor Backscatter Image Dataset for Monitoring Ecosystem Environment: Southern Ulleungdo

We obtained a detailed bathymetry dataset using multi-beam echo sounder around Neunggeol located at Southern part in Ulleungdo. The survey period was from September 1, 2019 and the bathymetry survey was carried out by RV Jangmok No2 of Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology. The instrument equipment used for the survey were Kongsbergs’s EM2040 (multi-beam echo sounder). The detailed bathymetry of the study area shows gradually depth change from about 4 to 190 m. The study area has relatively gentle slopes from the coast to 25 m and below about 125 m in depth, but a steep slope from about 25 to 125 m. The rocky bottom zones identified from detailed bathymetry and backscattered seafloor images are distributed in the northeastern sea of the coastal area, the central sea, and around Neunggeol. In particular, Neunggeol and the near large outcropping rock are tumulus-like submarine landforms, forming big vertical walls. The submarine cable buried between Ulleungdo and the Korean mainland appears in the northern seafloor of the survey area. Stopper stones and gravels sediment are distributed around it. The rocky bottom zone has a strong and irregular reflection intensity in the seafloor backscattered image and the sandy sediment zone has a relatively weak reflection intensity and a uniform pattern, so the two zones are well divided. We classified the sediment zones into fine-grained sediments, sandy sediments, and gravel-like sediments by using the different reflection intensities due to differences in sediment particle size in the seafloor image. Detailed bathymetry and seafloor backscattered image dataset around Neunggeol can be used as a basic data for habitat environment mapping.

Atomic Layer Deposition for Tailoring Tamm Plasmon-Polariton with Ultra-High Accuracy

In this study, we demonstrate the potential capability to control Tamm plasmon-polaritons (TPP) by applying atomic layer deposition (ALD) as a highly precise technique for plasmonic applications. Applications in plasmonics usually require tens of nanometers or less thick layers; thus, ALD is a very suitable technique with monolayer-by-monolayer growth of angstrom resolution. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and polarized reflection intensity identified the TPP resonances in the photonic band gap (PBG) formed by periodically alternating silicon oxide and tantalum oxide layers. The sub-nanometer control of the Al2O3 layer by ALD allows precise tailoring of TPP resonances within a few nanometers of spectral shift. The employing of the ALD method for the fabrication of thin layers with sub-nanometer thickness accuracy in more complex structures proves to be a versatile platform for practical applications where tunable plasmonic resonances of high quality are required.

Pair Distribution Function Analysis of Local Structural Rearrangement in Spinel Vanadium Oxide Cathodes

Being a divalent cation with the lowest mass, Mg2+ has garnered quite attention in recent times due to the high volumetric capacity of it’s batteries. Theoretical studies reveal that the combination of a Mg anode and a spinel oxide cathode would be able to surpass the current limits found in widely used Li-ion batteries Therefore, to design materials with high diffusion and reversible insertion capacity, a conclusive demonstration of the intercalation mechanism of Mg2+ into metal oxides, is required.Among the numerous options for cathodes, vanadium oxides show evidence of the largest capability toward reversible intercalation of Mg ions. In particular, spinel-type MgV2O4 shows a capacity of 200 mAh/g, corresponding to the cycling of ~0.7 mol Mg2+ per mol of oxide, and layered α-V2O5 reaches 300 mAhg-1, intercalating 1 mol Mg2+ per mol of oxide. The extent and reversibility of these reactions were confirmed by elemental, redox and structural characterization in recent work [1,2]. This high capacity is only observed at 110°C and it is accompanied by a large hysteresis in potential during the electrochemical cycling. The push to overcome these bottlenecks demands a more comprehensive definition of the underlying mechanisms of reaction than is currently available.Previous X-ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements conducted on the oxide indicated a loss of reflection intensity due to a loss in their crystallinity which makes structural characterization using typical diffraction techniques difficult. Through this work, we mainly make use of pair distribution function techniques to study the changes in the local structures of these oxides in both their pristine and charged state, and the effect of annealing for longer hours with the goal of further pushing the efficiency of multivalent battery materials.Reference: Hu, L., Jokisaari, J.R., Kwon, B.J., Yin, L., Kim, S., Park, H., Lapidus, S.H., Klie, R.F., Key, B., Zapol, P. and Ingram, B.J., 2020. High capacity for Mg2+ deintercalation in spinel vanadium oxide nanocrystals. ACS Energy Letters, 5(8), pp.2721-2727. Yoo, H.D., Jokisaari, J.R., Yu, Y.S., Kwon, B.J., Hu, L., Kim, S., Han, S.D., Lopez, M., Lapidus, S.H., Nolis, G.M. and Ingram, B.J., 2019. Intercalation of magnesium into a layered vanadium oxide with high capacity. ACS Energy Letters, 4(7), pp.1528-1534.

“Batygin was a Deep-Thinking Social Philosopher, but could Come Down to the Level of Empirical Sociology”. Interview prepared by D.M. Rogozin

This interview is dedicated to remembering the Russian scientist G.S. Batygin (1951–2003), who made a significant contribution to the field of sociological methodology. Particular attention is paid not so much to his scientific thinking, associated with intense critical reflection on different methodological approaches in social theory, but to ideas about him as a personality type.

STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN CdTe SINGLE CRYSTALS UPON IRRADIATION WITH HEAVY IONS OF INDERENT GASES

The paper presents the results of studies on the production of a polycrystalline or amorphous layer by irradiation of single-crystalline cadmium telluride with ions of inert gases differing in radii. The influence of the ion radius on the resistivity and structure of the (111) layer of a single crystal of cadmium telluride has been studied. The samples were irradiated with neon, argon and xenon ions with radii of 38, 71 and 108 picometers (10-12 m), respectively. The radiation dose for all ions was 250 Mrad. It has been shown that ions with a large radius have the strongest influence on structural transformations; at the same dose (250 Mrad), the drop in intensity of the (111) reflection under the influence of xenon ions is twice as high as that of neon ions. In accordance with X-ray data, as the radius of the ion increases, the resistivity increases, and the larger the radius of the ion, the greater the rate of increase r. Irradiation transforms a single crystal into a polycrystalline state with the formation of a large number of defects, which are sources of current carrier capture, which leads to an increase in r. The increasing growth of r with increasing ion radius is apparently due to the fact that ions with a larger radius have a significantly larger effective cross section for interaction with the crystal.

Research on Hail Mechanism Features Based on Dual-Polarization Radar Data

Hail is a type of severe convective weather disaster characterized by abundant water vapor and strong updrafts, resulting in intense and high reflectivity echoes in hail clouds, often accompanied by an overhanging form. Although hail research has made great progress, it is still challenging to achieve accurate identification of hail. Compared with traditional radar, dual-polarization radar can output a variety of polarization parameters and provide information about the shape and phase of precipitation particles, which is conducive to the identification of hail particles. In this study, dual-polarization radar data are used to explore more hail features from various perspectives, starting with the morphological characteristics of hail clouds and using common feature extraction methods in the field of image processing. A comprehensive approach to high-dimensional features is developed. Using machine learning methods, hail identification models are constructed in both the traditional mechanism feature space and the new feature space constructed in this study. Experimental results strongly confirm the significant effectiveness of the five-dimensional new mechanism features developed in this paper for hail identification.

Cytosine-rich mismatched DNA aptamer combined with superparamagnetic photonic crystal sensing material for the specific visual detection of silver ions

DNA aptamer superparamagnetic photonic crystals (DSPCs), enriched with a highly selective cytosine-rich mismatched single-stranded DNA aptamer (CRDA), were successfully employed in a novel visual detection strategy for the detection of silver ions (Ag+). The technologies of superparamagnetic colloidal nanospheres (SCNs), DNA aptamer, and photonic crystals were combined to fabricate DPSCs. The aptamer was immobilized via electrostatic adsorption with amino groups that were chemically introduced on the surface of the SCNs, forming D–NH–SCNs. The detection is achieved by forming an Ag+ complex (C–Ag+–C) between Ag+ and D–NH–SCN. The DSPCs assembled under a magnetic field by D–NH–SCNs effectively detected Ag+ in the range of 1 μg/L to 5 mg/L, corresponding to the critical concentration range for heavy metals in drinking water. During the detection, the DSPC exhibited a wavelength blueshift from 652.8 nm to 626.4 nm (26.4 nm), as well as changes in reflection intensity. Notably, when detecting Ag+, a change in DSPC color from orange to yellow was observed. In summary, the developed visual detection material facilitates direct Ag + sensing. In the future, different DNA aptamers will be modified further to detect various targets in the fields of medicine, environmental monitoring, and food safety.

EXPLORING THE LIMITS OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNERS ON AEROSPACE MATERIALS

Abstract. Terrestrial laser scanners are powerful measurement devices commonly used for 3D modelling tasks generating large volumes of data with fast acquisition as a first priority. However, these scanners can alternatively be used to produce near real-time, engineering quality spatial data concerning the changing state of manufactured components. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of two terrestrial laser scanners capturing aerospace materials and components, and their associated quality measures. In order to explore the limitations of the tested TLS instruments, a mechanical jig was designed incorporating both a rotation and translation stage. This study involved three elements of a point cloud processing workflow: data capture, registration and feature extraction. Sphere-based 7DoF registration is applied using two different commercially available software packages with varying levels of user control. To analyse the quality of the registration, control points extracted from captured point clouds were compared to nominal values measured using a laser tracker. The quality of the registration was consistent, with differences kept between 0.4 mm and 0.6 mm. To evaluate the quality of the captured point clouds, two different tests were conducted. This included planar fit tests on an aluminium drilling template, and sphere fitting tests on white 1.5” spherical targets in magnetic nests. One half of the aluminium drilling template was coated with matte spray to reduce erroneous laser reflections. Finally, the registered point clouds were input to a developed algorithm which automatically extracted drilling holes from the drilling template. Previous scanning work performed on aerospace materials showed evidence of optical rattling caused by high intensity reflections from the interior holes in a drilling template. Further exploration showed that the amount of optical rattle varies systematically with incidence angle. This work demonstrates a systematic offset in the location of extracted hole centres in the drilling template. This offset is dependent on laser incidence angle, and can therefore be accounted for when locating manufacturing components from a known scanning position.

Vectorial characterization of surface wave via one-dimensional photonic-atomic structure

Quantitative assessment of polarization properties of waves opens up the way for effective exploitation of them in many amazing applications. Tamm surface waves (TSW) that propagate on the interface of periodic dielectric media are proposed for many applications in numerous reports. The polarization state of TSW is not simply intuitive and would not be extracted from reflection spectra. Here considering orientation sensitive nature of the interaction between polarized electromagnetic wave and atom, we try to quantitatively characterize the polarization state of TSWs, excited on the surface of the 1D photonic crystal. To do this we performed direct contact between TSW and rubidium atomic gas by fabrication of a one-dimensional photonic crystal-atomic vapor cell and applied a moderate external magnetic field to create geometrical meaning and a sense of directionality to dark lines in reflection intensity. Our experimental results indicate that transition lines in the reflection spectrum of our hybrid system modify dependent on the orientation of the applied magnetic field and the transverse spin of TSW. We have used these changes to redefine the geometry of Voigt and Faraday for evanescent waves, especially Tamm surface waves. In the end, we performed simple mathematical operations on absorption spectra and extract the ratio of longitudinal and transverse electric field components of the polarization vector of TSW equal to 25\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\frac{2}{5}$$\\end{document}.

Nanocomposite Hydrogel‐Based Optical Fiber Probe for Continuous Glucose Sensing

Diabetes mellitus (DM) presents a substantial global health concern due to elevated blood glucose levels, necessitating an affordable, rapid, and reliable continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) solution. In this pursuit, a pioneering approach is introduced utilizing optical fiber (OF) sensors based on nanocomposite photonic hydrogel functionalized with phenylboronic acid (PBA) for precise CGM. The fabrication of OF sensors involves a streamlined process, involving one‐step polymerization of PBA‐based hydrogel onto a commercial fiber tip and the integration of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) via a simple dipping process. These sensors offer robust performance within the physiological glucose range (0–20 mm), exhibiting a remarkable 25% increase in transmission intensity and a 4 nm blue shift in the surface plasmon resonance with increasing glucose concentration. Additionally, there is a noticeable elevation in reflection intensity, affirming the sensor's suitability for remote sensing applications. These results are further validated using a green laser, underlining the method's reliability. The sensors exhibit a swift 30 s response time, followed by a 5 min saturation period, for all measurements. Practicality is demonstrated through smartphone readouts, utilizing the phone's photodiode to measure optical power changes concerning various glucose concentrations. These OF sensors hold great promise for CGM integration, enhancing diabetic management.

QUICK PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATING THE ATTRIBUTE INFORMATION OF UNSTRUCTURED POINT CLOUD DATA INTO A SOLAR ENVELOPE SIMULATION

ABSTRACT This study proposes a novel method of solar geometry by considering the potential application of point cloud data combined with the simulation of solar radiation. With the support of geometric and radiometric information stored in the point cloud such as position information (XYZ) color information (RGB), and reflection intensity (I), architects may compensate for missing information on the existing context during the simulation, especially due to the limited capacity of current 3D modelling sites. However, the dataset often comes in the format of unstructured point cloud data retrieved from merged data scans and as a result, the radiometric information is difficult to occupy due to multiple reference points. Through a 3D subtractive procedure, this study not only examines volumetric samples of the three-dimensional matrix that fulfills the criteria of solar envelopes but also finds the optimal values of the merged data scan for input of solar radiation. In this regard, simulation of solar radiation contributes to identifying the most and the least exposed areas to the sun in existing contexts. This provides information related to visible sun hours that can be used to perform ray tracing analysis between the proposed 3D plot and surrounding contexts. Our proposed method ultimately helps architects not only generate solar geometry based on real contextual settings but also to understand comprehensively the microclimate conditions of the design context.

MMAF-Net: Multi-view multi-stage adaptive fusion for multi-sensor 3D object detection

In this paper, we propose a 3D object detection method called MMAF-Net that is based on the multi-view and multi-stage adaptive fusion of RGB images and LiDAR point cloud data. This is an end-to-end architecture, which combines the characteristics of RGB images, the front view of point clouds based on reflection intensity, and the bird’s eye view of point clouds. It also adopts a multi-stage fusion approach of “data-level fusion + feature-level fusion” to fully exploit the strength of multimodal information. Our proposed method addresses key challenges found in current 3D object detection methods for autonomous driving, including insufficient feature extraction from multimodal data, rudimentary fusion techniques, and sensitivity to distance and occlusion. To ensure the comprehensive integration of multimodal information, we present a series of targeted fusion methods. Firstly, we propose a novel input form that encodes dense point cloud reflectivity information into the image to enhance its representational power. Secondly, we design the Region Attention Adaptive Fusion module utilizing an attention mechanism to guide the network in adaptively adjusting the importance of different features. Finally, we extend the 2D DIOU (Distance Intersection over Union) loss function to 3D and develop a joint regression loss based on 3D_DIOU and SmoothL1 to optimize the similarity between detected and ground truth boxes. The experimental results on the KITTI dataset demonstrate that MMAF-Net effectively addresses the challenges posed by highly obscured or crowded scenes while maintaining real-time performance and improving the detection accuracy of smaller and more difficult objects that are occluded at far distances.

“Appropriate dressing” non-fluorination strategy: Dopamine coating CuSiF6 framework derived F-rich SiC/CuF2@C electromagnetic wave absorber

For enhancing the electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing performance of SiC-based composites, constructing multiple interface polarization and defects through doping highly electronegative fluoride (F) is of great significance. However, integrating F constituent into SiC composites using presently available fabrication techniques of fluorination with high-temperature sintering really remains a challenge due to the pronounced temperature sensitivity and the chemical activity of fluoride. Herein, we present a facile one-step “non-chemical fluorination” strategy on a PDA-coated CuSiF6 framework with optimal “chemical dressing”, which generated a high-performance EMW absorber (denoted as SiC/CuF2@C-5) with intense reflection loss (RLmin) of −42.74 dB and broad effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 5.6 GHz (9.12–14.72 GHz). The proper PDA-coated on CuSiF6in situ induced the uniform distribution of SiC and doping of electronegative F-sites in the carbon matrix, eliminating the extra fluorination procedure and preventing the gasification of fluoride. Moreover, generated abundant hetero-interfaces, and the enriched defects regulated polarization loss and impedance matching. This work presents a promising synthesis strategy for high-performance SiC-based EMW absorbing material.