Referential Meaning Research Articles

The Poetic Image and its Role in the Visitor/Poet Shawqī’s Interaction with the Historical Monuments: An Analysis Study

The relationship between archaeology and language is one of the main subjects of both fields since most remains are related to humans and society. Linguists examine aspects and types of human language, such as the poetic language used in the context of recovering the past, its memories, and the referential meaning of its places. Based on the interrelation between Archaeological anthropology, language, and poetry, this study analyzes the neo-classical poet Aḥmad Shawqī's (1932) Sīnīya "Journey to Andalusia" in the light of the works of the linguist and anthropologist Arnold Van Gennep's (1957) "rites of passage" and the religious language scholar Theodore Gaster's (1992) "seasonal pattern," as employed by the critic Suzanne Stetkevych in reading the rituals of the journey in classic poetry. The study uses the descriptive method to uncover the poet's interactions with Islamic antiquities during his travels to Spain. It also shows the poet's movement, through his poetic language and images, from nostalgia to evocating the lost past Islamic remains, ending with blame to strengthening his Egyptian community's present and enlightening their future.

Analisis Puisi “pada suatu Hari Nanti” Karya Sapardi Djoko Damono: Kajian terhadap Jenis Makna dalam Ilmu Semantik

The use of many figurative words makes it difficult for readers to understand the meaning contained in the beautiful stanzas of poetry. The purpose of the research is to analyze semantically with the object of study of a poem entitled "Pada Satu Hari Nanti" written by Sapardi Djoko Damono. This research is studied through semantic analysis to examine the meaning that focuses on analyzing lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, referential meaning, and connotative / figurative meaning. In accordance with the above objectives, the type of research is descriptive qualitative research. Data collection is done using documentation techniques, library techniques, and note-taking techniques. The results of the analysis show that in each stanza of the poem there is a complexity of lexical, referential, grammatical, and connotative/figurative meanings that provide depth and richness of meaning in poetry as well as broader knowledge of the use of language in literary works and how meaning can be interpreted through semantic analysis. The use of many figurative words makes it difficult for readers to understand the meaning contained in the beautiful stanzas of poetry. The purpose of the research is to analyze semantically with the object of study of a poem entitled "Pada Satu Hari Nanti" written by Sapardi Djoko Damono. This research is studied through semantic analysis to examine the meaning that focuses on analyzing lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, referential meaning, and connotative / figurative meaning. In accordance with the above objectives, the type of research is descriptive qualitative research. Data collection is done using documentation techniques, library techniques, and note-taking techniques. The results of the analysis show that in each stanza of the poem there is a complexity of lexical, referential, grammatical, and connotative/figurative meanings that provide depth and richness of meaning in poetry as well as broader knowledge of the use of language in literary works and how meaning can be interpreted through semantic analysis.

SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC MANIFESTATION OF MODALEM AND SPECIFICS OF DIALOGIC DISCOURSE TRANSLATION (based on the parallel corpus)

The article centers on the description of the category of subjective modality of dialogic discourse in terms of its semantic and pragmatic nature, exemplify the concept of modalem as a semantic marker of a verbal message, a means of expressing the subjective modality and a semantic quantum of the speaker’s remarks in a literary discourse. It alsо provides a semantic typology of modalems and illustrates the role of modalems with equivalent verbal content. The structure of dialogic discourse includes: producer – reference situation – remark – recipient. These are the components of communicative situation. The semantic load of such a communication conveys an obligatory modal aspect which is formed by the superposition of semantic and pragmatic coordinates. The process of subjectification (modalization) of the speaker’s remark in fictional discourse begins with the subjective view and perspective one of objective reality, described through a selected subjective mode of comprehension which represents the subjective modality of discourse. In other words, the subjective modal marking of discourse implies the speaker’s intention. Modalization is a complex process of including additional meanings onto the verbal information of a remark, determined by the author-producer’s intentions and their attitude towards the referential meaning. It serves as a pragmatic and axiological quantum of information that the producer embeds in their verbal message. The deciphering of modalem in the context of direct communicative interaction, as exemplified by the dialogic discourse of fictional prose, represents the semantic link that binds together “what the speaker said” and “what they meant to say” into a single semantic whole. For beginner translators, working with corpora for identifying the ways to convey modalems in different languages serves both a reliable basis for successful translation activities and an essential source for practicing interpreting and simultaneous translating.

On the Semantics of Kant’s Concept of Substance

This paper examines the debate about the referential meaning of Kant’s concept of substance. In the Critique of Pure Reason and other works such as the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, the category or concept of substance appears quite uncontroversially to have both a logical meaning (by which it means roughly ‘a thing that is the ultimate subject of predication’) and an objective meaning (by which it means roughly ‘a thing that is permanent’, or, equivalently, ‘a thing existing at all times’). However, it is highly contested what kind of object, or objects, are supposed to meet, in experience, the criteria imposed by the conjunction of these two distinct meanings. I discuss two examples of the main interpretations to be found in the literature (Peter Strawson’s, 2000, who thinks that the reference of substance is only matter, and Claudia Jáuregui’s, 2021, who also counts ordinary particular objects as substances) and scrutinize their fit with some of the textual evidence, primarily from the First Analogy of Experience.

Analisis Semantik Dalam Puisi “Hujan Bulan Juni” Karya Sapardi Djoko Damono

Poetry is the recording and interpretation of important human experiences transformed into a memorable and interesting form. Poetry is one type of literary work that is of interest to various groups and age groups. Not only reading poetry, some people are also interested in creating poetry. Linguistically, poetry is mostly free, not bound by specific rules. The use of figurative language sometimes makes it difficult to understand the meaning of beautiful words in poetry. The poem June Rainfall by Sapardi Djoko Damono is the subject of this research. The problem raised by the author is only limited to the meaning of words in this poem. The purpose of this research is to describe the meaning contained in the poem June Rainfall through semantic analysis, which focuses on analyzing lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, referential meaning, and figurative meaning. Qualitative descriptive method is used as the research method. The techniques used in this research include documentation techniques, library techniques, and note-taking techniques. The results of the discussion show that this poem can be analyzed through semantic studies.

Analisis Semantik Pada Puisi "Sajak Matahari" Karya W.S Rendra

Poetry is a literary work that is produced from someone's experiences. A poem is composed using beautiful language and meaningful words written in the form of verses. To understand the meaning conveyed in a poem, semantic analysis needs to be conducted. Semantics is a branch of linguistics that discusses meaning and significance. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the meanings contained in W.S. Rendra's poem titled "Sajak Matahari" (The Sun Poem). Semantic analysis in this study is focused on analyzing lexical meaning, referential meaning, grammatical meaning, and figurative meaning. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive method. The qualitative descriptive approach will allow researchers to analyze the details of meaning in the poem to explain the meaning more deeply. In collecting research data, researchers use reading and note-taking techniques. The reading technique is carried out by reading the contents of the poem, then the results of reading the poem to examine the meaning. Note-taking technique is used to record lexical, referential, grammatical, and figurative meanings. The result of the meaning analysis in the poem "Sajak Matahari" is a poem that discusses perseverance/call for creating change in society, thus creating a fair and peaceful situation.

(Im)precise personae: The effect of socio-indexical information on semantic interpretation

Abstract In this article, we address the following question: how do comprehenders reason about the persona embodied by the speaker to determine the referential meaning of numerical expressions such as ‘The price is $200’? Using a picture selection task, we show that descriptions uttered by speakers embodying a Nerdy persona, indexically associated with highly precise speech, are interpreted more precisely than those uttered by speakers embodying a Chill persona, indexically associated with imprecise speech. These findings contribute to building a more integrative perspective between the socio-indexical and the referential domain of signification, highlighting comprehenders’ social perception of the speaker as a crucial element informing pragmatic reasoning, and meaning interpretation more broadly. (Social meaning, personae, pragmatic reasoning, precision, numerals)*

The knowledge of binding principles in early child grammar: Experimental evidence from 30-month-old toddlers

ABSTRACT We investigated toddlers’ understanding of the hierarchical syntactic configurations that constrain the referential meanings of reflexives and pronouns. In particular, reflexives must co-refer with the c-commanding antecedent within the local domain (Principle A) (e.g., Hei washes himselfi. Johni knows that Billj likes himselfj.), and pronoun reference must be disjoint from its local c-commanding antecedent (Principle B) (e.g., Hei washes himj. Johni knows that Billj likes himi.). French-learning 30-month-olds participated in an eye-tracker task. In Experiment 1 each trial presented a simple sentence containing a reflexive or a pronoun and a target verb (e.g., Il i se i/le j lave. “hei washes himselfi/himj”), while displaying side-by-side pictures depicting self- directed versus other-directed actions of the target verb. Experiment 2 tested the locality conditions of the principles using complex sentences, with the target verb and the reflexive/pronoun appearing in the embedded clause (e.g., Le bébé i voit que le papa j se j /le i lave. “The babyi sees that the dadj washes himselfj/himi”); the pictures were those of Experiment 1, with the patient of the verb being the local antecedent in the embedded clause versus the non-local antecedent in the matrix-clause. Experiment 3 tested the c-commanding requirements of the principles with sentences containing a complex subject, a reflexive/pronoun and a target verb (e.g., Le bébé i du papa j se i /le j lave. “The babyi of the dadj washes himselfi/himj”). In the pictures the patient was the linearly farther versus closer antecedent. Eye-gazes to action images showed adult-like interpretations across sentential structures, demonstrating that binding principles are in child grammar during age two.

A typological approach to intersubjective uses of the Finnish clitic markers =hAn and =se from the perspectives of engagement and their interrelations with subject person

Abstract The present study adopts a typological approach to investigate intersubjective uses of the Finnish clitic markers =hAn and =se, which are derived from third-person pronouns, within the emerging framework of engagement. The methods encompass two data gathering approaches: 1) a qualitative survey involving actual Finnish language users through a questionnaire to identify functions, and 2) a quantitative survey examining co-occurrences between the clitic markers and subject persons using the Suomi24 Sentences Corpus 2001–2020 for usage-based frequencies. The data analysis focuses on the interrelations with a subject person, drawing parallels with other languages which exhibit similar phenomena of pragmatic extension from referential uses towards engagement marking. The results reveal that the two Finnish clitics semantically inherit their referential meanings from their lexical forms and further extend them towards marking interlocutors’ intersubjectivity, enriching the engagement system of Finnish. A distinct difference related to the subject person becomes evident. On the one hand, =hAn as a recognitional marker more frequently co-occurs with first person, signalling the speaker’s involvement in epistemic management as a speech act participant responsible for managing inclusive attention and shared information with the hearer. On the other hand, =se as a contrastive marker co-occurs more frequently with third person in general and with second-person statements which involve the speaker’s observed information and its exclusivity.

Delta-band Activity Underlies Referential Meaning Representation during Pronoun Resolution.

Human language offers a variety of ways to create meaning, one of which is referring to entities, objects, or events in the world. One such meaning maker is understanding to whom or to what a pronoun in a discourse refers to. To understand a pronoun, the brain must access matching entities or concepts that have been encoded in memory from previous linguistic context. Models of language processing propose that internally stored linguistic concepts, accessed via exogenous cues such as phonological input of a word, are represented as (a)synchronous activities across a population of neurons active at specific frequency bands. Converging evidence suggests that delta band activity (1-3 Hz) is involved in temporal and representational integration during sentence processing. Moreover, recent advances in the neurobiology of memory suggest that recollection engages neural dynamics similar to those which occurred during memory encoding. Integrating from these two research lines, we here tested the hypothesis that neural dynamic patterns, especially in delta frequency range, underlying referential meaning representation, would be reinstated during pronoun resolution. By leveraging neural decoding techniques (i.e., representational similarity analysis) on a magnetoencephalogram data set acquired during a naturalistic story-listening task, we provide evidence that delta-band activity underlies referential meaning representation. Our findings suggest that, during spoken language comprehension, endogenous linguistic representations such as referential concepts may be proactively retrieved and represented via activation of their underlying dynamic neural patterns.

Colour and furniture brand identity: Exploring the strategic value of brand’s iconic colour

This research explores the intersection of colour marketing and brand identity, focusing on the role of iconic colour in furniture branding. A comprehensive framework for crafting a furniture brand’s iconic colour was developed, and structural equation modeling was used to analyze data from three offline experiments with a total sample size of 111 subjects. The findings highlight the crucial influence of iconic colour on brand identity, revealing that both the referential meaning of hue and gender significantly impact brand perception. Contrary to conventional beliefs, variations in saturation and value are not solely detrimental; they can also enrich brand identity. The iconic colour serves as a cornerstone for ensuring consistency across internal and external brand dimensions, solidifying the brand’s core identifiers, and resonating with consumers’ minds. This research underscores the pivotal role of iconic colour in forging a coherent and distinct brand identity, offering valuable insights for marketers and brand strategists in the furniture industry and beyond.

Absorption of Arabic Vocabulary into Indonesian (Analysis of Phonology, Morphology and Meaning in the Kbbi V Dictionary)

This research aims to detail the process of absorbing Arabic vocabulary into Indonesian, emphasizing phonology, morphology, and semantics changes. This approach is library research using the listening, tapping, and free listening methods to collect data from various sources such as books, articles, networks, magazines, newspapers, and related documents. In phonological analysis, it was found that Arabic loan words used in daily communication experienced phonological changes, including sound changes, sound weakening, and changes in certain sounds. The results showed significant changes in the pronunciation of loan words. Meanwhile, semantic analysis reveals changes in meaning in borrowing Arabic words into Indonesian, including narrowing, widening, and changes in the meaning of adjectives, nouns, adverbs, and verbs, including changes in referential meaning. From a morphological perspective, changes in word classes are recorded, such as changes from nouns to adjectives, nouns to verbs, and other changes. The complexity of vocabulary absorption is illustrated through changes in these word classes. This research highlights that absorbing Arabic vocabulary into Indonesian is dynamic and complex. These findings have important implications for the evolution of Indonesian and interlanguage relations. Changes in phonology, semantics, and morphology reflect the complex interactions between these two languages, which will continue to develop along with changes and developments over time. This research provides deep insight into understanding the evolution of Indonesian and the dynamics of interlanguage relationships.

Kajian Penamaan Kuliner di Makassar Menggunakan Teori Semantik Odgen-Richard

The main focus of this research is to examine how the Odgen-Richard theory works on culinary naming in Makassar City (food or drink). This research is also related to culture in South Sulawesi, specifically in Makassar City. Language is still related to culinary, culinary requires language as part of establishing one's identity and the uniqueness of a region, language and culinary are part of culture. The linguistic phenomenon of culinary naming is very interesting to study. Therefore, researchers analyzed the naming of culinary delights in Makassar City. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data sources in this research are in the form of photos and documents. The data analyzed are the names of culinary businesses in Makassar City. The research instrument is the researcher himself, the researcher plays an active role in obtaining data during field observations. From the research results, 3 aspects related to language can be identified, namely 1) linguistic form, 2) various types of meaning, and 3) factors that influence culinary naming. 1) linguistic form shows the presence of (1) naming using a code-mixing system, (2) complete writing, (3) forming new terms, and (4) abbreviations. 2) various types of meaning in culinary naming, it is known that there are (1) lexical and referential meanings, (2) contextual meanings, and (3) non-referential meanings. 3) factors that influence culinary naming, namely (1) the influence of foreign languages, (2) typical Makassar food, (3) inspiration from regional names, and (4) the history of the culinary business owner.

Unveiling Semantic Errors Found in Lexical Translations of Tasya Farasya’s Tiktok Account

The research observed the semantic errors in lexis that occurred in the translation by TikTok machine translation. It became the main issue in translation studies because the accuracy of translation produced by machine translation was still questionable and debatable. The research aimed to identify the types of semantic error in lexis made by TikTok auto machine translation found in Tasya Farasya TikTok’s account and suggested a more appropriate translation. The research applied a descriptive qualitative method to analyze the error in translation produced by TikTok machine translation. The theory proposed by Sayogie (2014) was used to classify the data based on semantic aspects: grammatical meaning, contextual meaning, and referential meaning. The research results show that three types of errors are found, and the most frequent error found is an error in contextual meaning. TikTok machine translation is incapable of translating accurately because it does not know the context of the situation and translates it literally. Based on research findings, TikTok users cannot entirely rely on machine translation because it still has weaknesses in translating several terms. Thus, it is highly important that TikTok should evaluate and improve the quality of the machine translation.

To what extent are sacred language practices ultralingual? The experience of British Muslim children learning Qur’anic Arabic

This article draws on qualitative data from a study of young Muslims learning Qur’anic Arabic in the UK to reveal how they engage in sacred language practices that I choose to call ‘ultralingual’. Such practices inevitably foreground linguistic form and performance over meaning, at least in the referential sense. Observable in many faith contexts, the ability to acquire a certain proficiency in an invariably ancient sacred language and then participate, actively and passively, in a range of ritual acts is demonstrated by millions of children globally. Usually attending supplementary forms of education, such children learn to access the code of their respective faiths (e.g., Qur’anic Arabic for Muslims and Biblical Hebrew for Jews) through, usually, a traditional learning approach based initially on systematic instruction in sound-letter correspondences which eventually develops into secure decoding proficiency. An important characteristic of this language practice is the ambivalent role of referential meaning. Often, performers, whether in recitation or in the words uttered in prayers, have partial or no access to the meaning of the words they utter. This article calls this ‘ultralingualism’, a language phenomenon that occurs also in non-religious contexts such as vocal music and multilingual literacy mediation, but which is particularly apparent in faith practices which centre on an ancient text and its language. The young Muslims in this article, however, do not take part in meaningless activities. Much sacred language practice (and some co-sanctified language practice) happens ultralingually, that is, form is emphasised over referential meaning. Evidence in this article argues that such ultralingual practices are accompanied nevertheless by layers of meaning often unrelated to referential or lexical meaning.

Hate Speech against the Bima Tribe: A Semantic Study in Perspective for Forensic Linguistics

Language is one of the legal evidence tools that requires the field of linguistics to dissect disputed languages. The disputed language is inseparable from its ambiguous nature. Therefore, it is important that the language in question be analysed linguistically to help provide evidence in the judicial process. This paper aims to analyse speech as legal evidence. The study uses the methods of listening, recording, and using semantic approaches and forensic linguistics. The use of the listen-and-record method is necessary because the data is sourced from Saifudin Ibrahim's audio-visual video on Facebook and YouTube. The results of this study show that speech that has lexical meaning, such as people, humans, nations, or Bima, is speech that is directly intended by SI for its interlocutors. While the interlocutor referred to by SI is mentioned with words that are included in the referential meaning, such as the regent, his inferiority, Bima people, and brain, he is unable to express words or phrases referred to by SI as objects of discussion about his interlocutors. First, SI speech falls into several categories, primarily speech that attacks the honour of the Bima community by giving a negative assessment of the Bima community leader. Second, spreading fake news related to Bima society in the context of family and social psychology. Three utterances contain insults to the Bima tribe by degrading the ability or competence of the Bima people.

The Representative Meaning of Longing in Mahmoud Darwish's "Ila Ummi" Poem Viewed from a Semantic Approach

Poetry is one literary form that requires comprehension. Therefore, this study examines the lexical, grammatical, and referential meanings of the poems in Ila Ummi. By summarizing the data gathered, this study employs descriptive qualitative research methodology. The poem Ila Ummi by Mahmoud Darwish, which can be found in his poetry collection Aasyiq Min Filastiin, serves as the primary data source for this study. Books, journals, and other supporting materials make up the secondary data. The study's findings indicate that Ila Ummi's poetry has referential, grammatical, and lexical semantic meanings. Grammatical meaning is the meaning of a sentence that varies due to structural changes, as opposed to lexical meaning, which is the meaning stated in a dictionary or refers to the real meaning. Furthermore, this paper investigates the role of figurative language, metaphor, and symbolism in conveying the emotional depth of longing in "Ila Ummi." The poet's use of metaphors, such as the land as a mother, and symbols, like the olive tree, are explored to unveil the layers of meaning that these elements contribute to the overall semantic structure of the poem. This study contributes to the understanding of Mahmoud Darwish's work as a literary and cultural artifact that transcends individual sentiment and embodies the collective experience of longing for a homeland. By employing a semantic approach, the paper highlights the poem's ability to evoke many emotions and associations, making "Ila Ummi" a profound representation of longing that resonates with readers on both personal and universal levels.

DEIXIS ANALYSIS OF LABRINT’S SONG LYRICS

The purpose of this study is to investigate three different deixis types found in Labrinth song lyrics. Researcher used Labrinth’s album to analyze three types of deixis because it is one of the most famous album in the world. The three types of deixis with referential meaning make up the majority of a song. As a result, song lyrics can be examined through a practical perspective that emphasizes deixis. A quantitative descriptive methodology was used in this investigation. Numerical data must be collected and analyzed for quantitative research. Twenty songs from the Labrint album were used as data, which were then divided into various deictic categories. The findings show that three types of deixis, such as person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis are used in the song lyrics of Labrinth’s album. Based on the discussion and findings that have been researched it could be stated that all deixis is present in every song with personal deixis being the most prevalent (255 frequencies and 80.70% percentage). At the second position, spatial deixis (36 frequencies and a percentage of 11.39%), and at the third position, temporal deixis is the most commonly found (36 frequencies and a percentage of 7.91%)

« Etes-vous la victime d’un “isme”? »: emploi nominal et référentiel du suffixe –isme

Abstract This article addresses the nominal use of the suffix -isme in French, as in the sentence “êtes-vous la victime d’un isme?” (“are you the victim of an ism?”). Using data from a media corpus, first I observe that there are occurrences where the suffix -isme is indeed a noun with a referential meaning (i.e. referring to extralinguistic objects), refering to doctrines, movements, religions or attitudes. Then, I observe that the suffix -isme is associated with axiologically negative realities (especially conflict) in its nominal use. From this information, I try to answer two questions: what is isme the name of and how to describe the negative assessment associated to it?

A Semantical Analysis on Amir Hamzah Poems

This study aims to determine the lexical meaning of Amir Hamzah's poem Ibu Dehulu and to identify its referential meaning. In producing a poem, only a few writers like Amir Hamzah produce a poem that contains implied meanings or meanings that are not written down clearly or explicitly through the words written in his poems. Although this poem is an old poem, this poem is contained aesthetic messages and is still interesting and worth reading until now. Based on the explanation and the condition above, the writer is interested in reviewing and analyzing five famous poems by Amir Hamzah through semantic studies. In reviewing the poem, the writer focuses on two types of meaning contained in the semantic field such as lexical meaning, and referential meaning The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, since the analyzed data were described qualitatively. Qualitative research is a research design that has three formats. The three formats include descriptive, verification, and grounded research formats, then described based on lexical and referential used as a reference for research. The results showed that in the Ibu Dehulu poem by Amir Hamzah selected by the author, there were 5 lexical words that have and referential meanings