Reference Text Research Articles

COMMUNICATIVE PARADIGM OF A LITERARY WORK: THE MEGATEXT STRUCTURE OF THE ORIGINAL AND ITS FOREIGN LANGUAGE TRANSFORM

The annotated study is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of the communicative paradigm, that is, the totality of a certain literary work and its communicative transform — a translated version in the unity of all existing megatext components. The object of the comparative study was the reference megatext, which included the main text of Y. Harari’s monograph “Sapiens. A Brief History of Humankind” and its auxiliary text messages: footnotes, comments, etc., and its communicative transform, megatextual Ukrainian version: Ю. Харарі, «Sapiens. Людина розумна. Коротка історія людства» in a combination of the main and auxiliary communicative components. The list of the latter turned out to be non-identical in the reference text and its communicative transform. The analysis highlighted the presence of two opposite tendencies of communicative transformations that appear as a result of the involvement of additional communicative figures (those of the translator and the editor of the Ukrainian edition of the work) in the communicative chain of the addresser (author)–the original text–(addressee) reader. Communication takes the following modified form: addresser (author)–original text– translator/editor–translated text — (addressee) translation reader. On the one hand, the transformed version demonstrates the narrowing of the information volume of the megatext (due to the removal of the subject index and the list of sources of illustrative materials, the reduction of the number of pictographic messages). On the other hand, the Ukrainian version of the publication significantly expands the amount of information that the megatext-transform conveys, due to enlightening comments added by the translator in page-by-page footnotes. The reader of the translated version of Y. Harari’s monograph receives additional information on the subject of discussion. These may be historical references to the cultural phenomena referred to in the original, or new data that have appeared during the period of time that has passed between the publication of the original and the appearance of its translated version. The Ukrainian-speaking reader of the megatext learns about new angles of the discussed problems, and also receives information about the appearance of Ukrainian publications related to the topic. The translator takes over the function of commentator and interpreter, in which the educational characteristic of the analyzed discursive phenomenon is clearly manifested. As a result of the mentioned megatextual and architectural transformations, we note a change in the image of the hypothetical reader of the Ukrainian version of the megatext, rather than the one that was embedded in the reference megatext. In particular, the expected thesaurus reserves of the Ukrainian reader turn out to be smaller than that of the reader of the original text, which is also evidenced by the extended version of the title: it contains an explanation of the Latin word Sapiens. Людина розумна, no such analog is observed in the original version of the title of the monograph. Eventually, we conclude that the reference text and its communicative transform are close, but not identical, communicative phenomena.

A systematic methodology to assess the identity of plants in historical texts: A case study based on the Byzantine pharmacy text John the Physician's Therapeutics

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIn recent decades, the study of historical texts has attracted research interest, particularly in ethnopharmacology. All studies of the materia medica cited in ancient and medieval texts share a concern, however, as to the reliability of modern identifications of these substances. Previous studies of European or Mediterranean texts relied mostly on authoritative dictionaries or glossaries providing botanical identities for the historical plant names in question. Several identities they suggest, however, are questionable and real possibility of error exists. Aim of the studyThis study aims to develop and document a novel and interdisciplinary methodology providing more objective assessment of the identity of the plants (and minerals) described in these resources. Materials and methodsWe developed an iterative experimental approach, using the 13th century Byzantine recipe text John the Physician's Therapeutics in its Commentary version (JC) as a case study. The methodology has six stages and relies on comparative analyses including statistical evaluation of botanical descriptions and information about medicinal uses drawn from both historical and modern sources. Stages 1–4 create the dataset, stage 5 derives the primary outcomes to be reviewed by experts in stage 6. ResultsUsing Disocorides’ De Materia Medica (DMM) (1st century CE) as the culturally related reference text for the botanical descriptions of the plants cited in JC, allowed us to link the 194 plants used medicinally in JC with 252 plants cited in DMM. Our test sample for subsequent analyses consisted of the 50 JC plant names (corresponding to 61 DMM plants) for which DMM holds rich morphological information, and the 130 candidate species which have been suggested in the literature as potential botanical identities of those 50 JC plant names. Statistical evaluation of the comparative analyses revealed that in the majority of the cases, our method detected the candidate species having a higher likelihood of being the correct attribution from among the pool of suggested candidates. Final assessment and revision provided a list of the challenges associated with applying our methodology more widely and recommendations on how to address these issues. ConclusionsWe offer this multidisciplinary approach to more evidence-based assessment of the identity of plants in historical texts providing a measure of confidence for each suggested identity. Despite the experimental nature of our methodology and its limitations, its application allowed us to draw conclusions about the validity of suggested candidate plants as well as to distinguish between alternative candidates of the same historical plant name. Fully documenting the methodology facilitates its application to historical texts of any kind of cultural or linguistic background.

Kychanov’s Study of the Tiansheng Law from the Perspective of Vocabulary Translation and Interpretation

Kychanov’s translation and interpretation of the Tiansheng Law is the accumulation of decades of his research and a landmark work in Tangut scholarship. Working with a legal code without any reference text, the author faced the biggest challenge from numerous Tangut technical terms. Kychanov’s profound scholarly skills are evident in the Russian translation of the vocabulary, his grasp of the East Asian medieval laws and his comparative study of the Chinese legal code texts. On the whole, the author’s translation of legal texts is groundbreaking, even though his translation contains some problems of mistranslation. However, the defects do not outweigh the merits, and this work is still worthy of study and reference by current scholars.

Towards a Multimodal Hermeneutic Model: The case of Uber-Blog-mediated advertising discourse order of ‘Saudization’

This study proposes a Multimodal Hermeneutic Model (for short, MHM) as a methodology that extends the analytic scope of Ricoeur’s (1973, 1976, 1981) classic hermeneutic theory of text interpretation towards examining multimodal texts. The model has been empirically tested by examining the advertising discourse order of ‘Saudization’ as channelled via the Saudi Uber Blog’s multimodal text. A twofold social semiotic praxis has been theoretically incorporated into the distanciation-appropriation dialectics underlying the interpretation of multimodal texts in potentia . First, a multimodal cluster transcription (Baldry Thibault 2006) has been utilized in enhancing the description of distanciated text sense as a holistic configuration of clusters across different communicative modalities with interacting semiotic modes ( intra-textually ). Second, an interpersonal-meaning analysis of multimodal participants (Kress Van Leeuwen 2006a, 2006b, Halliday Matthiessen 2004) has been employed in enriching the explanation of appropriated text reference ( extra-textually ). The empirical site used for validating the MHM is the Uber-Blog-mediated multimodal text designed by Saudi Arabia-based Uber Company. The multimodal transcription of textual clusters has demonstrated how the text sense thematically revolves around the macro topic of ‘Saudization’ across verbal, visual, and pictorial modalities with material and semiotic modes, viz. linguistic, graphological, anthropic, sartorial, spatial, natural, and technological. The multimodal participant analysis has explained how the referents of (i) a model Saudi Uber driver, (ii) the Saudi Public Transport Authority, (iii) Saudi driver-partners, and (iv) Uber app collectively contribute to the recontextualization of ‘Saudization’ from a governmental discourse to an advertising discourse order realized in the multimodal text under analysis.

Meaning of Problem in School Mathematics: From Exercise and Application to the Learning-Triggering Problem

Background: There are, in the school context, especially in mathematics education, different historical and cultural meanings that are being produced and impregnated in the term Problem, as well as different understandings regarding the roles of Problems in teaching practices, which justifies studies focused on to the analysis of the implications of such conceptual meanings in the training of teachers who teach mathematics. Objectives: The aim is to answer the question: What are the meanings of Problem present in research and publications that dialogue with training for teaching mathematics? What would be, specifically, the meaning of Problem from a cultural-historical perspective? Design: The research was carried out with students of the degree course in mathematics of a Brazilian public institution, in which they participated in a training movement that had Problems as mediators. In the context of that research, theoretical and bibliographical studies were developed to understand ideas impregnated in didactic-pedagogical proposals that exalt the importance of Problems in teaching practices. We recognise these ideas as meanings based on the analysis that considers the theoretical and methodological assumptions of the cultural-historical theory. Setting and participants: Publications that circulated in the context of the training course for mathematics teachers were analysed, which contextualised the research that gave rise to this clipping about the understandings of the authors of those texts regarding their understanding of the possible relationships between the Problem and the teaching of mathematics. Data collection and analysis: The texts were selected from the bibliographies present in the teaching plans of the subjects of that degree course or that were used as a textual reference during the formative experiment carried out to produce research data and were analysed according to the assumptions of the cultural-historical theory to the concept of meaning. Results: The results point to the constitution of meanings according to which the Problems are usually adopted, in teaching practices, as lessons already presented or as opportunities to apply concepts in supposedly everyday situations. There is also a process of meaning from which the Problems are understood, from a cultural-historical perspective, as triggers of mathematics learning. Conclusions: The main conclusion points to the understanding that the Problems play, historically and culturally, some roles in mathematics teaching practices, among which, three stand out: they are opportunities to practice lessons already taught; they are opportunities to apply techniques, algorithms, or definitions in simulated situations (problem solving); or they are learning-triggering problems.

Family Constellation therapy: A nascent approach for working with non-local consciousness in a therapeutic container

Family Constellations are an emerging therapeutic approach for working with local and non-local consciousness. First developed by German psychoanalyst Bert Hellinger, and now practiced by thousands of licensed and un-licensed facilitators globally, Family Constellations are a transpersonal and systemically oriented therapeutic process. Their aim is to address a focus client's emotional, behavioral, relational, or somatic issues by uncovering and resolving transgenerational entanglements within their family system. The author expands on the proposal of symbiogenesis as a mediator of local and non-local consciousness to query whether applying the Observer Effect to inherited trauma may influence epigenetic marks. An expanded perspective on consciousness, life, death, and quantum fields may provide a more comprehensive framework to address therapeutic interventions for common emotional and behavioral disorders. Innovative features of Family Constellations are its phenomenological orientation, reference to family system entanglements, and potential for symptom relief through cellular mediation of ancestral memory. Family Constellations utilize techniques called representative perception and tuning-in to identify and release ancestral traumas. These are akin to remote viewing and mediumship. While the scientific basis for Family Constellations is speculative, the text references research on the quantum theory of consciousness, mediumship and remote viewing as potential supporting evidence. Four case studies are presented.

A Survey of Semeiotic as Practice of Reasoning

Abstract From which principal factors did Charles Peirce‘s scientific theory of Semeiotic evolve? How are those components different from foundational features in theories of semiotics. A major difference is shown in the fact that Semeiotic, a scientific theory of natural Semeioses, arises from Peirce‘s work in logic, especially the logic of relations. A semeiosis is precisely a relational phenomenon, thus a logic of relations is an essential part of the theory of Semeiotic. This essay will provide a roadmap for the development of Semeiotic from Peirce‘s logical researches. The essay concludes with some examples for use of Semeiotic for objective study of the activity of semeioses within various areas of scientific research. Instead of extensive textual references readers may consult kenketner.net which contains resources underlying the account of Peirce‘s work given here.

A life in uniform: The mediated images of Queen Elizabeth II, the Rainbow Queen

Queen Elizabeth II spent her life in uniform. This article examines what that uniform looked like, what its significance and function was, and how her uniform acted as a discursive textual reference for the institution of the British monarchy. By contextualizing Elizabeth II’s various public uniform before, her early childhood dressed as a twin with Princess Margaret, and the influence of early designers Norman Hartnell and Hardy Aimes, and her later, streamlined wardrobe she co-designed with Angela Kelly, this article provides a framework within which to understand how the fashion of Elizabeth II contributed to public understanding of her, but more so, of the institution of the British monarchy as represented by mediated images of her and her reign.

The impact of subtitles and transcripts in disciplinary videos for EAL learners

Existing research on instructional videos primarily explores subtitles and transcripts in vocabulary and listening comprehension for English as an Additional Language (EAL) learners, with limited focus on content and language integrated learning (CLIL). This pilot case study investigates how these tools mediate postgraduate EAL learners’ mathematics learning, spotlighting their video consumption approaches and thinking processes. Findings from video-stimulated recall (VSR) and semi-structured interviews highlight the distinct advantages of both transcripts and subtitles in facilitating CLIL. While transcripts provide a robust textual reference, enabling learners to navigate through complex mathematical concepts efficiently, bilingual subtitles foster translanguaging and crosslinguistic strategies, empowering learners to leverage their full linguistic and cognitive repertoire for understanding mathematical concepts. Our findings enhance and refine existing knowledge of video designs, highlighting the crucial, complementary roles of subtitles and transcripts for EAL learners, with implications for developing and implementing instructional videos, endorsing strategic use of both tools to accommodate varied learning needs.

Knocking on Wood: Writing Boards in the Kassite Administration

Abstract This article explores the emerging role of wooden wax-covered writing boards in Kassite administration, as indicated by their mentions in three letters and one cattle account from Kassite period Nippur. Even though the number of textual references is scarce, the use of wooden wax-covered writing boards is supported by the depictions on late Kassite kudurru monuments. By incorporating perspectives from Middle Assyrian texts and Neo-Assyrian sealings, this study interprets references to writing board usage in Kassite letters, revealing their role in documenting conscripted workers and their rations. This interpretation finds support in evidence from the Ur III period, contemporary Emar, and the Neo-Babylonian period, collectively suggesting that writing boards were regarded as durable and highly reliable sources. The appearance of seal rings in Babylonia in 13th century BC allows for the hypothesis that wooden wax-covered writing boards could have been sealed in a similar fashion as is assumed for Neo-Assyrian writing boards containing lists of ERIN2.MEŠ troops of the king. Notably, the Kassite period letters indicate that writing boards were archived for minimum of 50 years and were checked to verify claims.

Preparation and Physico Chemical Analysis of Arka Lavan

Lavana kalpanas are prepared by using predominantly Lavanas and herbs with Putagni samskara. Arka lavana is a herbo mineral preparation mentioned in Rasa Tarangini, Bhaishajya Ratnavali etc. It is indicated for Yakrit Pleeha Rogas along with water or butter milk as Anupana. The ingredients of this preparation are Arka patra (leaves of Calotropis procera) and Saindhava lavana (rock salt) in equal parts. Standardization is an essential part for proving therapeutic efficacy of a preparation. In this study Arka lavana has prepared according to the traditional method mentioned in textual reference from Rasa Tarangini ie; by Puta Paka method. The analytical study of this preparation was carried out including organoleptic and physicochemical parameters. The pharmaceutical procedure as well as Analytical results can be considered as a reference for further studies.

Comparative Analysis of Digital Reference Services from Academic Library Websites

Digital reference service is one of the interactive methods of communication between librarians and users. It is an internetbased library reference or question-answer service that connects users with skilled subject experts or reference librarians. This research is an attempt to study the present scenario of digital reference services provided by different academic libraries and to check the status of Indian academic libraries. The objectives of the study are to test the availability of digital reference services on different academic library websites and make a comparative study. In this research 50 Indian and 50 international academic libraries are selected and a comparative analysis is made using six digital reference service forms including Chat Reference, E-mail Reference, Web Form, Text Reference, Phone Reference and Frequently Asked Questions. The study reveals that the top global academic libraries evaluate digital reference services with a strong positive attitude, better to say, define it as indispensable at the same time, the Indian top academic libraries stand the opposite.

SUDHA VARGA, THE CALCIUM SUBSTITUTES IN AYURVEDA: A REVIEW

Background: Branch of Rasa Shastra is a bundle of knowledge of the minerals which when purified meticulously are utilised for the betterment of humans. There is such a unique category of calcium rich or Sudha Vargiya Bhasma which has enormous collection of different calcium sources. Aim & objectives: To study detailed concept of the respective Sudha Vargiya Bhasma and understand the importance of each calcium derivative in the Sudha Varga. Material and methods: Various classical text references of Sudha Varga were studied from different Rasa Shastra texts for Shodhan and Marana and the calcium percentage was collected from different studies conducted on them individually. Further knowledge of calcium and its absorption was obtained from the google databases. Conclusion: The compounds of calcium derivates are grouped under Sudha Varga and are the most efficient source of calcium in the body. Calcium is one of the abundant minerals required by the human body for its growth and repairment. Studies need to be conducted to find out the calcium percentage in all Sudha Vargiya Bhasma and use them accordingly at clinical levels in accordance with their calcium %.

The Theory of Value and the Understanding of Authenticity: Keys to Intervening in Heritage Spaces: Results in the Case of San Telmo Palace (Seville 17th–21st Century, Spain)

The cultural theory of heritage assets that was consolidated throughout the 20th century, and is still in force today, lies in the modulation of the concept of authenticity. It is a nomadic, controversial concept that has adapted to the spirit of the times. This review of the concept, drawing on international reference texts and charters in the field of heritage, allows us to specify a working process that facilitates its consideration in characterisation processes. To do so, case studies of significant cultural assets in terms of scale and complexity will be presented as resources. Through the implementation of the Theory of Value, the keys will be provided: criteria and methodology for intervening in heritage. This journey will be reflected more slowly in the study of the Palace of San Telmo (Seville, 17th–21st century). This is a building with a controversial material history, in which a series of attributions of value have been transmitted that correlate both with the theory of the conservation of cultural assets and with social appreciation and the criteria. This is the way to materially undertake a reflection on the authenticity of this heritage. This study provides the keys to intervening, conserving the values identified, and recognising authenticity as a reality that is constructed through the process and through the passage of time. A methodology that allows us to consider the capacity to continue and replace heritage as a project strategy in which what is yet to come can take place.

Reuocat tua forma parentem – Hasdrubals Fest, Scipios Besuch bei Syphax und ihre epischen Bezüge

Abstract This paper considers two scenes in Books 15 and 16 of the Punica of Silius Italicus: Hasdrubal’s celebration of the founding of Carthage with the ecphrasis of the general’s cloak (Sil. 15,410–440) and Scipio’s visit to the court of King Syphax (16,170–276). For both passages there are important reference texts in scenes of Vergil’s Aeneid and Statius’ Thebaid that have until now received no, or not enough, attention: Aeneas’ visit to the future Rome (Aen. 8,102–553) and the sacrifice of Eteocles (Theb. 11,205–238). After a brief assessment of the historiographical basis, I set out the influence in content and language of these reference texts on the two scenes. Further, I consider the adaptation of other epic pre-texts in the ecphrasis of Hasdrubal’s cloak and propose a new interpretation: the ecphrasis links Hasdrubal to Ganymede, Polyphemus and Cacus, and Scipio with Jupiter, Odysseus and Hercules. The study highlights positive and negative aspects of the pre-texts and shows the ambivalent characterisation of Silius’ Scipio, who is associated both with positive figures (Hercules and Aeneas) and with the sinister Polynices. The shared reference of the two scenes of the Punica has a linking, framing and preparatory function.

La question orthopédique dans la globalité du suivi thérapeutique de l’enfant polyhandicapé

The management of orthopaedic disorders in individuals with PIMD has been evolving rapidly in recent years. Knowledge related to polyhandicap is expanding, and our understanding of the interplay between the orthopaedic disorder itself and the neurological condition is leading to new therapeutic approaches. Reference texts on the support and care of individuals with PIMD have been published. The context of healthcare organization is also changing, prompting our institutions to adapt their operations. The role of families is also shifting access to a wealth of information about care and methods has diverse effects, ranging from dispersion to the development of expertise. These current developments represent challenges to be addressed in order to continue improving the quality of life and the future of children with PIMD and their families.

Living Forever on Earth: Philosophies of Temporal Eternity in Beethoven’s Ops. 110 and 132

Beethoven’s music has often been framed in terms of art religion, immortality, and secular humanism. Building on these studies, this article proposes that certain works by Beethoven enact a fantasy of infinitely postponing death and living forever on earth, something that I call temporal eternity. To develop this concept, it draws on the concept of chronolibido developed by the contemporary philosopher Martin Hägglund, as well as writings by Novalis and Friedrich Schlegel. The article’s case studies are Beethoven’s Piano Sonata in A♭ Major, op. 110 (1821), and String Quartet in A Minor, op. 132 (1825). In both works, the score refers to an increase in strength. Opus 110 concludes with a return of a previously heard fugue, marked “again reviving, gradually returning to life.” Similarly, the third movement of op. 132, “Holy Song of Thanks from a Convalescent to the Godhead,” revolves around a continually returning B section, titled “feeling new strength.” In both ops. 110 and 132, then, the textual references to strength occur in the context of a double variation form that supports cyclic processes of return. Their structural designs allow for the continual regeneration of each section, as though the evocation of new strength could recur eternally. Such formal processes depict strength as a renewable resource capable of sustaining temporal eternity.

Conceptual Study of Shatkriyakala and Its Applicability in Surgical Diseases

: In Ayurveda, "shatkriyakal" sanchaya, prakopa, prasara, sthanasanshraya, vyakti, and bheda explains the causes of diseaseprogression, or its etiopathogenesis. These six stages represent the six opportunities for a doctor to treat the condition beforeit becomes severe. It is a composite expression of the words Kriya and Kala. Kriya denotes the choice of therapy (medication,diet, and daily routine) used to treat the Dosha disruption, and Kala denotes the stage of a disease's progression. The idea ofKriyakala has been described by the ancient Indian surgeon Sushruta. Many authors have tried writing and compiling thereferences or information in classical texts. Still, there is no single article that not only compiles the textual references but alsoexplains its appropriate applied aspect or correlates its stages in the progression of surgical disorders. The present study alsotries to correlate to stages of disease progression in modern medicine with examples to show its importance today. Theobjective of this study is to review all the literature related to Shatkriyakala in classical texts of Ayurveda and compile it in asingle place to gain comprehensive knowledge about its applied aspects and make readers mind-research oriented to think ofmanagement of disease in that stage to prevent complication. The study can be used for easy referencing for conducting furtherresearch. As this review includes a step-by-step explanation and correlation of the pathogenesis of surgical diseases, there willbe an opportunity for practitioners to provide some evidence-based medicine to incept the disease in that stage to preventdisease progression and further complications.

Ninety-Nine Percent? Re-Examining the Consensus on the Anthropogenic Contribution to Climate Change

Anthropogenic activity is considered a central driver of current climate change. A recent paper, studying the consensus regarding the hypothesis that the recent increase in global temperature is predominantly human-made via the emission of greenhouse gasses (see text for reference), argued that the scientific consensus in the peer-reviewed scientific literature pertaining to this hypothesis exceeds 99%. This conclusion was reached after the authors scanned the abstracts and titles of some 3000 papers and mapped them according to their (abstract) statements regarding the above hypothesis. Here, we point out some major flaws in the methodology, analysis, and conclusions of the study. Using the data provided in the study, we show that the 99% consensus, as defined by the authors, is actually an upper limit evaluation because of the large number of “neutral” papers which were counted as pro-consensus in the paper and probably does not reflect the true situation. We further analyze these results by evaluating how so-called “skeptic” papers fit the consensus and find that biases in the literature, which were not accounted for in the aforementioned study, may place the consensus on the low side. Finally, we show that the rating method used in the study suffers from a subjective bias which is reflected in large variations between ratings of the same paper by different raters. All these lead to the conclusion that the conclusions of the study does not follow from the data.

PENTINGNYA STUDI KRITIK TEKS DALAM EKSEGESIS PERJANJIAN BARU

This research is about the study of New Testament text criticism. Through this research, the importance of this study in the exegesis of the New Testament is put forward. Thus making text criticism a step that every interpreter must carry out. The main reasons for text-critical studies to be carried out are the damage to the original manuscripts of the New Testament, and the available copies contain so many variants. By using qualitative research methods or, more precisely, literature review, several research results were found related to this research topic. Text-critical studies help interpreters select texts or variants much closer to the damaged versions of the original NT texts to be used as reference texts in the exegesis studies conducted. The study of text criticism helps every interpreter to carry out a scientific interpretation but does not set aside its authority and authority as the revealed Word of God. Finally, through the study of New Testament text criticism, interpreters are taught to build their texts so that any result of the resulting interpretation is no longer in doubt, both in terms of the textual aspect and the theology produced.