CO2 Reduction Research Articles

Anionic Surfactant-Tailored Interfacial Microenvironment for Boosting Electrochemical CO2 Reduction.

Both the catalyst and electrolyte deeply impact the performance of the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). It remains a challenge to design the electrolyte compositions for promoting the CO2RR. Here, typical anionic surfactants, dodecylphosphonic acid (DDPA) and its analogues, are employed as electrolyte additives to tune the catalysis interface where the CO2RR occurs. Surprisingly, the anionic surfactant-tailored interfacial microenvironment enables a set of typical commercial catalysts for the CO2RR to deliver a significantly enhanced selectivity of carbon products in both neutral and acidic electrolytes. Mechanistic studies disclose that the DDPA addition restructures the interfacial hydrogen-bond environment via increasing the weak H-bonded water, thus promoting the CO2 protonation to CO. Specifically, in an H-type cell, the Faradaic efficiency of CO increases from 70 to 98% at -1.0 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode. Furthermore, in a flow cell, the DDPA-containing electrolyte maintains over 90% FECO from 50-400 mA cm-2. Additionally, this electrolyte modulation strategy can be extended to acidic CO2RR with a pH of 1.5-3.5.

Insights into the Electrochemical CO2RR Performance and Binding of Small Molecules on Quaternary Thiospinels Ag2FeSn3S8 and Cu2FeSn3S8.

Using a mechanical synthesis method in the form of ball milling and an additional annealing step, a novel and accelerated route for the synthesis of the thiospinels toyohaite (Ag2FeSn3S8) and rhodostannite (Cu2FeSn3S8) was discovered. Both thiospinels display faradaic efficiencies of up to 73% for CO2 reduction to CO using an organic electrolyte in an H-type cell. The materials were furthermore implemented in a zero-gap electrolyzer, with toyohaite producing 22% CO and 52% H2 at 100 mA cm-2 and rhodostannite 28% CO and 37% H2. The catalytically active sites are studied using density functional theory, revealing strong CO binding interactions on both Ag and Cu, whereas Sn is found to contribute to the decomposition of Ag2FeSn3S8 and Cu2FeSn3S8 by coordination with oxygen. Postmortem analysis of the thiospinel-based electrodes by means of SEM-EDX, XRD, XPS, and Mössbauer spectroscopy showed sulfur leaching from the catalysts after applying 100 mA cm-2. These spectroscopic results-in conjunction with DFT calculations of the oxidized surfaces-suggest that the catalytically active species consists of metal oxides. As a conversion of the metal sulfides into the corresponding metallic species was observed via XRD, the decomposition pathways of both catalysts were also computed using DFT; thus, elucidating the energetically most favorable decomposition products and expanding the possible composition of the catalysts postelectrolysis.

Anionic Surfactant-Tailored Interfacial Microenvironment for Boosting Electrochemical CO2 Reduction.

Both the catalyst and electrolyte deeply impact the performance of the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). It remains a challenge to design the electrolyte compositions for promoting the CO2RR. Here, typical anionic surfactants, dodecylphosphonic acid (DDPA) and its analogues, are employed as electrolyte additives to tune the catalysis interface where the CO2RR occurs. Surprisingly, the anionic surfactant-tailored interfacial microenvironment enables a set of typical commercial catalysts for the CO2RR to deliver a significantly enhanced selectivity of carbon products in both neutral and acidic electrolytes. Mechanistic studies disclose that the DDPA addition restructures the interfacial hydrogen-bond environment via increasing the weak H-bonded water, thus promoting the CO2 protonation to CO. Specifically, in an H-type cell, the Faradaic efficiency of CO increases from 70 to 98% at -1.0 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode. Furthermore, in a flow cell, the DDPA-containing electrolyte maintains over 90% FECO from 50-400 mA cm-2. Additionally, this electrolyte modulation strategy can be extended to acidic CO2RR with a pH of 1.5-3.5.

Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to Multicarbon Products on Non-Copper Based Catalysts.

Electrochemical CO2reduction reaction (eCO2RR) to value-added multicarbon (C2+) products offers a promising approach for achieving carbon neutrality and storing intermittent renewable energy. Copper (Cu)-based electrocatalysts generally play the predominant role in this process. Yet recently, more and more non-Cu materials have demonstrated the capability to convert CO2into C2+, which provides impressive production efficiency even exceeding those on Cu, and a wider variety of C2+compounds not achievable with Cu counterparts. This motivates us to organize the present review to make a timely and tutorial summary of recent progresses on developing non-Cu based catalysts for CO2-to-C2+.We begin by elucidating the reaction pathways for C2+formation, with anemphasison the unique C-C coupling mechanisms in non-Cu electrocatalysts.Subsequently, we summarize the typical C2+-involved non-Cu catalysts, includingds-,d- andp-block metals, as well as metal-free materials, presenting the state-of-the-art design strategies toenhanceC2+efficiency. The system upgrading to promote C2+productivity on non-Cu electrodescoveringmicrobial electrosynthesis, electrolyte engineering, regulation of operational conditions, and synergistic co-electrolysis, is highlighted as well.Our review concludes with an exploration of the challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field.

Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to Multicarbon Products on Non-Copper Based Catalysts.

Electrochemical CO2reduction reaction (eCO2RR) to value-added multicarbon (C2+) products offers a promising approach for achieving carbon neutrality and storing intermittent renewable energy. Copper (Cu)-based electrocatalysts generally play the predominant role in this process. Yet recently, more and more non-Cu materials have demonstrated the capability to convert CO2into C2+, which provides impressive production efficiency even exceeding those on Cu, and a wider variety of C2+compounds not achievable with Cu counterparts. This motivates us to organize the present review to make a timely and tutorial summary of recent progresses on developing non-Cu based catalysts for CO2-to-C2+.We begin by elucidating the reaction pathways for C2+formation, with anemphasison the unique C-C coupling mechanisms in non-Cu electrocatalysts.Subsequently, we summarize the typical C2+-involved non-Cu catalysts, includingds-,d- andp-block metals, as well as metal-free materials, presenting the state-of-the-art design strategies toenhanceC2+efficiency. The system upgrading to promote C2+productivity on non-Cu electrodescoveringmicrobial electrosynthesis, electrolyte engineering, regulation of operational conditions, and synergistic co-electrolysis, is highlighted as well.Our review concludes with an exploration of the challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field.

Colloidal Synthesis of Cu3N Nanorods and Construction of Cu3N-Cu2O Heteronanostructures via Epitaxial Growth.

The synthesis of transition metal nitrides nanocrystals (TMNs NCs) has posed a significant challenge due to the limited reactivity of nitrogen sources at lower temperatures and the scarcity of available synthesis methods. In this study, we present a novel colloidal synthesis strategy for the fabrication of Cu3N nanorods (NRs). It is found that the trace oxygen (O2) plays an important role in the synthesis process. And a new mechanism for the formation of Cu3N is proposed. Subsequently, by employing secondary lateral epitaxial growth, the Cu3N-Cu2O heteronanostructures (HNs) can be prepared. The Cu3N NRs and Cu3N-Cu2O HNs were evaluated as precursor electrocatalysts for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). The Cu3N-Cu2O HNs demonstrate remarkable selectivity and stability with ethylene (C2H4) Faradaic efficiency (FE) up to 55.3%, surpassing that of Cu3N NRs. This study provides innovative insights into the reaction mechanism of colloidal synthesis of TMNs NCs and presents alternative options for designing cost-effective electrocatalysts to achieve carbon neutrality.

Understanding the Temperature Effect on Carbon‐Carbon Coupling during CO2 and CO Electroreduction in Zero‐Gap Electrolyzers†

Comprehensive SummaryCu‐catalyzed electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) and CO reduction reaction (CORR) are of great interest due to their potential to produce carbon‐neutral and value‐added multicarbon (C2+) chemicals. In practice, CO2RR and CORR are typically operated at industrially relevant current densities, making the process exothermal. Although the increased operation temperature is known to affect the performance of CO2RR and CORR, the relationship between temperatures and kinetic parameters was not clearly elaborated, particularly in zero‐gap reactors. In this study, we detail the effect of the temperature on Cu‐catalyzed CO2RR and CORR. Our electrochemical and operando spectroscopic studies show that high temperatures increase the activity of CO2RR to CO and CORR to C2H4 by enhancing the mass transfer of CO2 and CO. As the rates of these two processes are highly influenced by reactant diffusion, elevating the operating temperature results in high local CO2 and CO availability to accelerate product formation. Consequently, the *CO coverage in both cases increases at higher temperatures. However, under CO2RR conditions, *CO desorption is more favorable than carbon‐carbon (C—C) coupling thermodynamically at high temperatures, causing the reduction in the Faradaic efficiency (FE) of C2H4. In CORR, the high‐temperature‐augmented CO diffusion overcomes the unfavorable adsorption thermodynamics, increasing the probability of C—C coupling.

Influence of Performance Packages on Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions of Passenger Cars and Commercial Vehicles under WLTP

The transportation sector is responsible for about 16% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. Despite efforts for a sensible reduction by means of new technologies’ development, the average age of a vehicle fleet is 12.3 years in the European Union. In light of this, actions aiming at improving the efficiency of circulating vehicles can prove effective in the short to mid-term. Introducing performance packages in standard fuels could allow a reduction in the CO2 emissions of whole vehicle fleets without any modification to powertrain. Such a kind of additive is generally used in premium fuels; deposit control additives can reduce or control the deposits at intake valves and at nozzle holes with benefits for the fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions. Further improvements in combustion phasing can be achieved with cetane/octane improver. This paper aims to assess the influence of two performance packages on the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of five vehicles set to be as representative as possible of circulating Italian passenger cars and light commercial fleet vehicles (LCVs). Based on the literature datasets, three Euro 4 vehicles were selected with a mileage representative of each single vehicle class: two passenger cars (one spark ignition and one diesel) and an LCV. Further, two diesel Euro 6 vehicles, a passenger car and an LCV, were tested to investigate the effect of fuel additives on the combustion of vehicles compliant with current homologation regulation. Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption were experimentally estimated on a chassis dynamometer over a worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle (WLTC) in a climate-controlled laboratory. Each vehicle was preliminarily tested when running with base fuel, then a 3000 km clean-up stage was performed using the additive package. Finally, WLTC tests were repeated. Results demonstrated the efficiency of the performance packages with a reduction between 1.2% (diesel Euro 6 passenger car) and 8.1% (diesel Euro 4 passenger car) in fuel consumption. Similar trends were found for CO2 emissions. Further, a sensible reduction in THCs, CO and PM was found for each vehicle class.

Capture-Intensified Electrocatalytic Reduction of Postcombustion CO2 in Transporting and Catalytic Channels of Covalent Organic Frameworks

Capture-Intensified Electrocatalytic Reduction of Postcombustion CO₂ in Transporting and Catalytic Channels of Covalent Organic Frameworks

Influence of Performance Packages on Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions of Passenger Cars and Commercial Vehicles under WLTP

The transportation sector is responsible for about 16% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. Despite efforts for a sensible reduction by means of new technologies’ development, the average age of a vehicle fleet is 12.3 years in the European Union. In light of this, actions aiming at improving the efficiency of circulating vehicles can prove effective in the short to mid-term. Introducing performance packages in standard fuels could allow a reduction in the CO2 emissions of whole vehicle fleets without any modification to powertrain. Such a kind of additive is generally used in premium fuels; deposit control additives can reduce or control the deposits at intake valves and at nozzle holes with benefits for the fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions. Further improvements in combustion phasing can be achieved with cetane/octane improver. This paper aims to assess the influence of two performance packages on the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of five vehicles set to be as representative as possible of circulating Italian passenger cars and light commercial fleet vehicles (LCVs). Based on the literature datasets, three Euro 4 vehicles were selected with a mileage representative of each single vehicle class: two passenger cars (one spark ignition and one diesel) and an LCV. Further, two diesel Euro 6 vehicles, a passenger car and an LCV, were tested to investigate the effect of fuel additives on the combustion of vehicles compliant with current homologation regulation. Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption were experimentally estimated on a chassis dynamometer over a worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle (WLTC) in a climate-controlled laboratory. Each vehicle was preliminarily tested when running with base fuel, then a 3000 km clean-up stage was performed using the additive package. Finally, WLTC tests were repeated. Results demonstrated the efficiency of the performance packages with a reduction between 1.2% (diesel Euro 6 passenger car) and 8.1% (diesel Euro 4 passenger car) in fuel consumption. Similar trends were found for CO2 emissions. Further, a sensible reduction in THCs, CO and PM was found for each vehicle class.

Interfacial engineering of Ag/C catalysts for practical electrochemical CO2 reduction to CO.

Electrochemical CO2 reduction to value-added chemicals by renewable energy sources is a promising way to implement the artificial carbon cycle. During the reaction, especially at high current densities for practical applications, the complex interaction between the key intermediates and the active sites would affect the selectivity, while the reconfiguration of electrocatalysts could restrict the stability. This paper describes the fabrication of Ag/C catalysts with a well-engineered interfacial structure, in which Ag nanoparticles are partially encapsulated by C supports. The obtained electrocatalyst exhibits CO Faradaic efficiencies (FEs) of over 90% at current densities even as high as 1.1 A/cm2. The strong interfacial interaction between Ag and C leads to highly localized electron density that promotes the rate-determining electron transfer step by enhancing the adsorption and the stabilization of the key *COO‒ intermediate. In addition, the partially encapsulated structure prevents the reconfiguration of Ag during the reaction. Stable performance for over 600 h at 500 mA/cm2 is achieved with CO FE maintaining over 95%, which is among the best stability with such a high selectivity and current density. This work provides a novel catalyst design showing the potential for the practical application of electrochemical reduction of CO2.

SAARC super smart grid: Navigating the future - unleashing the power of an energy-efficient integration of renewable energy resources in the saarc region

The major problems in the power system network of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region include the utilization of substantial fossil fuels, which leads to significant emissions of CO2. Moreover, due to the depletion of fossil fuels, it is very difficult to manage the demand requirement of the SAARC regions, which leads to significant power shortage issues. These problems would be resolved through the integration of the substantial amount of renewable energy resources (RERs) that are available in excess in the SAARC regions into the power system networks. This will provide a futuristic roadmap to a sustainable and green energy environment in the SAARC region. In this regard, the SAARC region has devised a new plan to transform its smart grid infrastructure into the super smart grid (SSG), which would connect the SAARC countries using the high voltage transmission lines utilizing each country's substantial RERs. To accelerate this ecofriendly effort, the key objective of this review study is to evaluate the potential of the SAARC SSG for demand management and emissions reduction. This study provides a comprehensive overview of SSG technology, covering its technical background, management, power flow improvement techniques, power stability techniques, simulation models, and future steps for development in the SAARC region. First, the regional conflicts, energy deficiency, and potential of the SAARC region have been discussed. Second, a potential architecture of the SAARC SSG has been simulated. Third, a novel Markov chain modeling has been presented for demand management in the SAARC regions. The results and discussions section presents findings from simulations and models. The paper also discusses CO2 reduction techniques, including methods for capturing, storing, and utilizing carbon in biofuel. The study also discusses futuristic optimization techniques in SSG, including blockchain, federated learning, reinforcement learning, the metaverse, digital twin technology, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing. The SSG challenges and limitations section summarizes the challenges and limitations faced by SSG. Finally, a roadmap to a sustainable and green energy environment for the SAARC power grids has been identified to support the implementation of the futuristic SAARC SSG. The results exhibited that there is a good potential for successful demand management and emissions reduction through the SAARC SSG.

Self-Organizing Sub-μm Surface Structures Stimulated by Microplasma Generated Reactive Species and Short-Pulsed Laser Irradiation.

Catalysts are critical components for chemical reactions in industrial applications. They are able to optimize selectivity, efficiency, and reaction rates, thus enabling more environmentally friendly processes. This work presents a novel approach to catalyst functionalization for the CO2 reduction reaction by combining the reactive species of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet with the electric fields and energy input of a laser. This leads to both a nanoscale structuring as well as a controllable chemical composition of the surface, which are important parameters for optimizing catalyst performance. The treatment is conducted on thin copper layers deposited by high power pulsed magnetron sputtering on silicon wafers. Because atomic oxygen plays a key role in oxidizing copper, two photon absorption fluorescence is used to investigate the atomic oxygen density in the interaction zone of the COST plasma jet and a copper surface. The used atmospheric pressure plasma jet provides an atomic oxygen density at the surface in a distance of 8 mm to the jet nozzle of approximately or a flux of . Pulsed laser-induced dewetting is used to form nanoparticles from the deposited copper layer to enhance catalytic performance. Varying the layer thickness allows control of the size of the particles. A gas flow directed on the sample during the combined treatment disturbs the particle formation. This can be prevented by increasing the laser energy to compensate for the cooling effect of the gas flow. Investigating the surface using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy reveals that the untreated copper layer surface consists mostly of metallic copper and Cu(I) oxide. Irradiating the sample only with the laser did not change the composition. The combination of plasma and laser treatment is able to produce Cu(II) species such as CuO, whose concentration increases with treatment time. The presented process allows the tuning of the ratio of C2O/CuO, which is an interesting parameter for further studies on copper catalyst performance.

Strong Electronic Interaction Enables Enhanced Solar-Driven CO2 Reduction into Selective CH4 on SrTiO3 with Photodeposited Pt2+ Sites.

Targeting selective CO2 photoreduction into CH4 remains a challenge due to the sluggish reaction kinetics and poor hydrogenation ability of the unstable intermediate. Here, the active Pt2+ sites were photodeposited on the SrTiO3 photocatalyst, which was well demonstrated to manipulate the CH4 product selectivity. The results showed that SrTiO3 mainly yielded the CO (6.98 μmol g-1) product with poor CH4 (0.17 μmol g-1). With the Pt2+ modification, 100% CH4 selectivity could be obtained with an optimized yield rate of 8.07 μmol g-1. The prominent enhancement resulted from the following roles: (1) the strong electronic interaction between the Pt2+ cocatalyst and SrTiO3 could prompt efficient separation of the photoelectron-hole pairs. (2) The Pt2+ sites were active to capture and activate inert CO2 into HCO3- and CO32- species and allowed fast *COOH formation with the lowered reaction barrier. (3) Compared with SrTiO3, the formed *CO species could be captured tightly on the Pt2+ cocatalyst surface for generating the *CH2 intermediate by the following electron-proton coupling reaction, thus leading to the CH4 product with 100% selectivity.

Strong Electronic Interaction Enables Enhanced Solar-Driven CO2 Reduction into Selective CH4 on SrTiO3 with Photodeposited Pt2+ Sites.

Targeting selective CO2 photoreduction into CH4 remains a challenge due to the sluggish reaction kinetics and poor hydrogenation ability of the unstable intermediate. Here, the active Pt2+ sites were photodeposited on the SrTiO3 photocatalyst, which was well demonstrated to manipulate the CH4 product selectivity. The results showed that SrTiO3 mainly yielded the CO (6.98 μmol g-1) product with poor CH4 (0.17 μmol g-1). With the Pt2+ modification, 100% CH4 selectivity could be obtained with an optimized yield rate of 8.07 μmol g-1. The prominent enhancement resulted from the following roles: (1) the strong electronic interaction between the Pt2+ cocatalyst and SrTiO3 could prompt efficient separation of the photoelectron-hole pairs. (2) The Pt2+ sites were active to capture and activate inert CO2 into HCO3- and CO32- species and allowed fast *COOH formation with the lowered reaction barrier. (3) Compared with SrTiO3, the formed *CO species could be captured tightly on the Pt2+ cocatalyst surface for generating the *CH2 intermediate by the following electron-proton coupling reaction, thus leading to the CH4 product with 100% selectivity.

Electrifying HCOOH synthesis from CO2 building blocks over Cu–Bi nanorod arrays

Precise electrochemical synthesis of commodity chemicals and fuels from CO2 building blocks provides a promising route to close the anthropogenic carbon cycle, in which renewable but intermittent electricity could be stored within the greenhouse gas molecules. Here, we report state-of-the-art CO2-to-HCOOH valorization performance over a multiscale optimized Cu-Bi cathodic architecture, delivering a formate Faradaic efficiency exceeding 95% within an aqueous electrolyzer, a C-basis HCOOH purity above 99.8% within a solid-state electrolyzer operated at 100 mA cm-2 for 200 h and an energy efficiency of 39.2%, as well as a tunable aqueous HCOOH concentration ranging from 2.7 to 92.1 wt%. Via a combined two-dimensional reaction phase diagram and finite element analysis, we highlight the role of local geometries of Cu and Bi in branching the adsorption strength for key intermediates like *COOH and *OCHO for CO2 reduction, while the crystal orbital Hamiltonian population analysis rationalizes the vital contribution from moderate binding strength of η2(O,O)-OCHO on Cu-doped Bi surface in promoting HCOOH electrosynthesis. The findings of this study not only shed light on the tuning knobs for precise CO2 valorization, but also provide a different research paradigm for advancing the activity and selectivity optimization in a broad range of electrosynthetic systems.

Study on Spatial Effects of Influencing Factors and Zoning Strategies for PM2.5 and CO2 Synergistic Reduction

China has identified the synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions as a critical component of its environmental protection and climate mitigation efforts. An assessment of this synergy can provide clarity on the strategic management of both air pollution and carbon emissions. Due to the extensive regional differences in China, the spatial effects of influencing factors on this synergy exhibit variation across different provinces. In this study, the reduction indexes of PM2.5 and CO2 were calculated based on their reduction bases, reduction efforts, and reduction stabilities across provinces. Then, the synergistic reduction effect was assessed using an exponential function with the PM2.5 reduction index as the base and the CO2 reduction index as the exponent. Next, the MGWR model was applied in order to analyze the influencing factors of the synergistic reduction effect, considering natural settings, socioeconomic conditions, and external emission impacts. Finally, the k-means clustering method was utilized to classify provinces into different categories based on the degree of impact of each influencing factor. The results indicated that air circulation, vegetation, tertiary industry ratio, and emission reduction efficiency are major impact indicators that have a positive effect. The topography and emissions from neighboring provinces have a statistically significant negative impact. The spatial influences of different factors exhibit a distribution trend characterized by a high-high cluster and a low-low cluster. A total of 31 provinces are divided into three categories, and suggestions on the corresponding category are proposed, to provide a scientific reference to the synergistic reduction of PM2.5 and CO2.

Fluorinated chlorin chromophores for red-light-driven CO2 reduction

The utilization of low-energy photons in light-driven reactions is an effective strategy for improving the efficiency of solar energy conversion. In nature, photosynthetic organisms use chlorophylls to harvest the red portion of sunlight, which ultimately drives the reduction of CO2. However, a molecular system that mimics such function is extremely rare in non-noble-metal catalysis. Here we report a series of synthetic fluorinated chlorins as biomimetic chromophores for CO2 reduction, which catalytically produces CO under both 630 nm and 730 nm light irradiation, with turnover numbers of 1790 and 510, respectively. Under appropriate conditions, the system lasts over 240 h and stays active under 1% concentration of CO2. Mechanistic studies reveal that chlorin and chlorinphlorin are two key intermediates in red-light-driven CO2 reduction, while corresponding porphyrin and bacteriochlorin are much less active forms of chromophores.

In Situ Electropolymerizing Toward EP-CoP/Cu Tandem Catalyst for Enhanced Electrochemical CO2-to-Ethylene Conversion.

Electrochemical CO2 reduction has garnered significant interest in the conversion of sustainable energy to valuable fuels and chemicals. Cu-based bimetallic catalysts play a crucial role in enhancing *CO concentration on Cu sites for efficient C─C coupling reactions, particularly for C2 product generation. To enhance Cu's electronic structure and direct its selectivity toward C2 products, a novel strategy is proposed involving the in situ electropolymerization of a nano-thickness cobalt porphyrin polymeric network (EP-CoP) onto a copper electrode, resulting in the creation of a highly effective EP-CoP/Cu tandem catalyst. The even distribution of EP-CoP facilitates the initial reduction of CO2 to *CO intermediates, which then transition to Cu sites for efficient C─C coupling. DFT calculations confirm that the *CO enrichment from Co sites boosts *CO coverage on Cu sites, promoting C─C coupling for C2+ product formation. The EP-CoP/Cu gas diffusion electrode achieves an impressive current density of 726mAcm-2 at -0.9V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), with a 76.8% Faraday efficiency for total C2+ conversion and 43% for ethylene, demonstrating exceptional long-term stability in flow cells. These findings mark a significant step forward in developing a tandem catalyst system for the effective electrochemical production of ethylene.

Can carbon emission trading policy enhance the synergistic emission reduction of carbon dioxide and air pollutants? A comparative study considering different pollutants

Exploring the synergistic control of carbon dioxide and pollutants is significant to the dual carbon target. This study first evaluates the effect of CET on the synergistic emission reduction of carbon dioxide and different pollutants. Moreover, this study investigates the mechanisms of synergistic emission reduction through the pathways of technology progress and structure adjustment. Technology progress is categorized into technology research and development, technology introduction, reverse technology spillover and technology purchase. Structure adjustment contains industrial structure and energy structure. Finally, the impact of CET on the synergistic emission reduction in the surrounding regions is analyzed. The results indicate that the CET could promote the synergistic emission reduction of carbon dioxide and pollutants, including air pollutants (SO2, PM2.5), wastewater and solid waste. The synergistic emission reduction of CO2 and SO2 could be enhanced through reverse technology spillover, technology purchase and industrial structure adjustment. The synergistic emission reduction of CO2 and PM2.5 could be enhanced through R&D and reverse technology spillover. The synergistic emission reduction of carbon dioxide and ammonia nitrogen could be enhanced by increasing R&D, technology purchase and energy structure adjustment. The CET could improve the synergistic emission reduction effect of carbon dioxide and air pollutants in the surrounding regions.