Cyclic Redox Research Articles

Kinetic insights into LixNi0.67N (1.67 ≤ x ≤ 2.17), a quasi “zero-strain” negative electrode material for Li-ion battery

The kinetics of the electrochemical lithium intercalation in the nitridonickelate LixNi0.67N (1.67 ≤ x ≤ 2.17) is investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy during a full reduction-oxidation cycle in a two-electrode cell. The layered structure of this anode material delivers a reversible and stable specific capacity of 200 mAh g−1 over 100 cycles at C/10 near 0.5 V vs Li+/Li. The equivalent electric circuit simulation allows a full assignment of the impedance spectra, with different contributions including the SEI layers on each electrode, charge transfer and Li diffusion. The calculated lithium diffusion coefficient value of approximately 5 × 10−9 cm 2 s−1 almost does not vary with the lithium content in LixNi0.67N (1.67 ≤ x ≤ 2.17). Conversely, the charge transfer resistance (Rct) is found to strongly depend on the depth of reduction to be maximum for the fully reduced electrode, with a totally reversible behavior during oxidation. The overall impedance of the cell remains stable upon long cycling, which indicates a good chemical stability of the SEI on LixNi0.67N as well as remarkable structural and chemical stability of the nitridonickelate upon cycles. The present kinetic findings shed light on the remarkable “zero-strain” behavior of this negative electrode material presenting numerous Li vacancies.

Methylene blue induced O2 consumption is not dependent on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation: Implications for salvage pathways during acute mitochondrial poisoning

While administration of the cyclic redox agent methylene blue (MB) during intoxication by mitochondrial poisons (cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, rotenone) increases survival, the mechanisms behind these antidotal properties remain poorly understood. The objective of the studies presented in this paper was to characterize the interactions between the redox properties of MB, the intermediate metabolism and the mitochondrial respiration. We first show that intra-venous administration of micromolar levels of methylene blue in sedated and mechanically ventilated rats, increases not only resting oxygen consumption but also CO2 production (by ~ 50%), with no change in their ratio. This hypermetabolic state could be reproduced in a cellular model, where we found that the rate of electron transfer to MB was of the same order of magnitude as that of normal cellular metabolism. Notably, the large increase in cellular oxygen consumption caused by MB was relatively indifferent to the status of the mitochondrial respiratory chain: oxygen consumption persisted even when the respiratory chain was inhibited or absent (using inhibitors and cells deficient in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation); yet MB did not impede mitochondrial ATP production in control conditions. We present evidence that after being reduced into leuco-methylene blue (LMB) in presence of reducing molecules that are physiologically found in cells (such as NADH), the re-oxidation of LMB by oxygen can account for the increased oxygen consumption observed in vivo. In conditions of acute mitochondrial dysfunction, these MB redox cycling properties allow the rescue of the glycolysis activity and Krebs cycle through an alternate route of oxidation of NADH (or other potential reduced molecules), which accumulation would have otherwise exerted negative feedback on these metabolic pathways. Our most intriguing finding is that re-oxidization of MB by oxygen ultimately results in an in vivo matching between the increase in the rate of O2 consumed, by MB re-oxidation, and the rate of CO2, produced by the intermediate metabolism, imitating the fundamental coupling between the glycolysis/Krebs cycle and the mitochondrial respiration.

Synthesis, characterization, and kinetic study of nanostructured copper-based oxygen carrier supported on silica and zirconia aerogels in the cyclic chemical looping combustion process

In this study, copper-based oxygen carriers (OCs) confined in the structure of silica and zirconia aerogels were in situ synthesized by a simple sol–gel method, and the performance of the prepared oxygen carriers was investigated in the chemical looping combustion (CLC) process. The effects of different support types and copper loadings (20–60 wt%) were studied on the physicochemical properties and catalytic behavior of OCs during 15 reduction–oxidation cycles at the temperature of 800 °C. Zirconia-supported oxygen carriers exhibited high reactivity and stability over the cycles. However, the OCs supported on silica showed lower oxygen capacity than the theoretically expected values. This is due to the decomposition of copper oxide (CuO) to Cupric (Cu2O) during the reaction along with the collapse and fuse of mesoporous silica at high calcination and reaction temperatures which leads to a significant loss of oxygen-carrying capacity. The kinetics of reduction/oxidation steps in the CLC process was studied using a modified grain model considering grain size distribution in the OC particles based on their pore size distribution profile and “pore to sphere” factor. The synthesized oxygen carriers were characterized by Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).

Anodic oxidation effects at the copper/silicon oxide interface

We report on anodic oxidation effects in memristively switching Cu/SiO2/Pt and Cu/CuOx/SiO2/Pt Electrochemical Metallization Cells. In-depth x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the formation of a Cu-ion reservoir composed of Cu(OH)2 underneath the anode during oxidation. By using cyclic voltammetry partial redox reactions are observed both in SiO2- and CuOx/SiO2-based devices. From our analysis we conclude that the CuOx layer acts as a reservoir for Cu-ions, similar to the low work-function electrode in valance change mechanism devices, which acts a reservoir for oxygen vacancies. Integration of a CuOx layer may thus allow to tailor the resistive switching performance of cation based memristors.

Enhanced cyclic redox reactivity of Fe2O3/Al2O3 by Sr doping for Chemical-Looping combustion of solid fuels

Aiming at the problems of low redox activity and easy sintering deactivation of iron-based oxygen carriers (OCs), Sr was used to modify Fe2O3/Al2O3 in chemical looping combustion (CLC) of solid fuels. The Sr doped Fe2O3/Al2O3 possessed high fuel combustion reactivity with different solid fuels (coal, coal char and biomass). During consecutive cycles, high cycling durability and morphological preservation were observed for Sr doped Fe2O3/Al2O3, signifying that the addition of strontium effectively enhanced the anti-sintering ability and inhibited the phase segregation of Fe2O3/Al2O3 during cyclic reactions. By comparing the coal char combustion reactivity of Fe2O3/Al2O3 samples doped with different SrO content (1 wt%, 5 wt% and 10 wt%), the optimum additive amount of SrO was 5 wt%. In addition, the characterization analysis proved that the Sr dopant suppressed the outward diffusion of Fe cations and maintained the surface micro-morphology of Fe2O3/Al2O3 in the process of CLC. This study presented important guiding principle and strategy for the synthesis of iron-based OCs with high cyclic redox reactivity in the CLC of solid fuels.

Enhanced removal of sulfamethoxazole by an anaerobic/aerobic SBR with an oxidation-reduction cycle of magnetite

This study aims to evaluate an advanced activated sludge process that integrates activated sludge process with biological Fenton reaction to enhance antibiotic treatment in wastewater. The target antibiotic used in this study was sulfamethoxazole (SMX). An anaerobic/aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) containing magnetite was proposed. Anaerobic and aerobic sludge was exposed to alternating anaerobic and aerobic conditions for treating synthetic wastewater containing 1 mg/L SMX and 405 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD). Stable and enhanced SMX removal was observed in the SBRs with magnetite, which achieved more than 86% removal, 40% higher than that without magnetite. Magnetite dosage at 1 and 3 g/L did not significantly affect SMX removal. Fluorescence observations indicated the formation of hydroxyl radicals (·OHs) in the matrix of magnetite-sludge aggregates. This elucidated the primary mechanism of the significant SMX removal. It was shown that Fe (III) in the magnetite was reduced to Fe (II) and then oxidized to Fe (III) under anaerobic and aerobic conditions respectively, creating continuous oxidation-reduction of magnetite. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was microbially generated under aerobic conditions and drove the biological Fenton reaction. Approximately 90% of COD was removed under steady-state conditions in the SBRs containing magnetite. The higher COD removal in SBRs with magnetite was due to microbial Fe (III) reduction.

Synergistic effect of Ce-Mn on cyclic redox reactivity of pyrite cinder for chemical looping process

Pyrite cinder (Pc) is a solid waste from sulfuric acid production. The cleaner and efficient utilization of pyrite cinder is of great significance to achieve the recycling of industrial solid waste. In this study, we prepared different doped pyrite cinder-based oxygen carriers (Ce-Pc, Ce-Mn-Pc, Mn-Pc), and investigated the synergistic effect of Ce-Mn on cyclic redox reactivity of pyrite cinder in chemical looping process. The synergy between Ce and Mn in the modified pyrite cinder for fuel combustion reactivity was discussed in detail. The addition of Mn enhanced the cyclic stability of CeO2-doped pyrite cinder during sequential chemical looping cycles. The synergistic effect of Ce-Mn facilitated the generation of oxygen vacancies, which improved the mobility of lattice oxygen and enhanced the reducibility. The results indicated that the effect of CeO2 and MnOx on the cyclic redox reactivity of pyrite cinder was relatively weak compared with the synergistic effect of CeO2-MnOx. In addition, Ce-Mn could prevent grain growth and agglomeration of pyrite cinder. After the 20th cycle, the oxygen carrying capacity (OCC) of raw pyrite cinder decreased significantly from 3.63% in the 1st cycle to 2.45%. During the multiple redox cycles, the Ce-Mn-Pc presented the highest OCC (about 3.6%). The Ce-Mn co-doped pyrite cinder presented excellent cyclic durability with CH4 conversion more than 85% during successive cycles. This study provides an approach for the rational design of pyrite cinder-based oxygen carriers with high cyclic redox reactivity and durability.

Mesoporous Silica Encapsulated Platinum-Tin Intermetallic Nanoparticles Catalyze Hydrogenation with an Unprecedented 20% Pairwise Selectivity for Parahydrogen Enhanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

Supported noble metals offer key advantages over homogeneous catalysts for in vivo applications of parahydrogen-based hyperpolarization. However, their performance is compromised by randomization of parahydrogen spin order resulting from rapid hydrogen adatom diffusion. The diffusion on Pt surfaces can be suppressed by introduction of Sn to form Pt-Sn intermetallic phases. Herein, an unprecedented pairwise selectivity of 19.7 ± 1.1% in the heterogeneous hydrogenation of propyne using silica encapsulated Pt-Sn intermetallic nanoparticles is reported. This high level of selectivity exceeds that of all supported metal catalysts by at least a factor of 3. Moreover, the pairwise selectivity for alkyne hydrogenation is about 2 times higher than for alkene hydrogenation, an observation attributed to the higher coverage of the former and its effect on diffusion. Lastly, PtSn@mSiO2 nanoparticles exhibited improved coking resistance, and any loss of activity is shown to be fully reversible through high-temperature oxidation-reduction cycling.

Mesoporous silica-encaged ultrafine ceria–nickel hydroxide nanocatalysts for solar thermochemical dry methane reforming

Reforming of methane to produce synthesis gas for the Fischer–Tropsch process provides an alternative to fossil fuels. Silica-encaged ceria–nickel hydroxide catalysts were produced by an in situ synthesis method to obtain ultrafine bimetallic species dispersed evenly within the mesoporous silica matrix. Dry reforming and reduction-oxidation cycling was undertaken with the materials. Catalysts with high content of nickel showed good activity during dry reforming, with conversions rates close to equilibrium in equimolar conditions. Insignificant deactivation of the catalysts was observed over 5 h and 50 h of reaction at 900 °C. Syngas production via reduction–oxidation cycling was shown to be insignificant as compared to continuous catalytic reforming.

CO2 gasification of petroleum coke with use of iron-based waste catalyst from F-T synthesis

In this study, the influence of iron-based waste catalyst (IWC) from F-T synthesis as a cheap additive on the gasification reaction characteristics of petroleum coke (PC) with CO2 at 1000–1300°C was investigated by thermogravimetric analyzer. The gasification kinetics of PC was analyzed by free model method. The surface complexes of PC were determined through temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) methods to reveal the mechanism of IWC catalytic PC gasification. The results show that IWC is an efficient PC gasification catalyst and can reduce the activation energy of PC CO2 gasification. The induction of iron in IWC makes the surface of PC have more activated carbon sites, thereby forming more oxygen-containing intermediates, and the cyclic redox reaction of iron can act as an oxygen carrier to accelerate the reaction of CO2 and carbon, both of these may be the essential reasons for the CO2 gasification of PC catalyzed by IWC.

Novel magnetic manganese-iron materials for separation of solids used in high-temperature processes: Application to oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion

Different chemical looping processes allow burning or gasify solid fuels with inherent CO2 capture because the oxygen is transferred from air to the fuel through a metal oxide based material, which is named oxygen carrier. To improve process efficiency and CO2 capture, highly reactive synthetic materials could be used. One of the challenges of using solid fuels is the oxygen carrier separation from the ash, because loss of oxygen carrier particles is expected during ash drainage. So, their costs would have necessary the recovery of the synthetic oxygen carrier. Mn-Fe based materials show magnetic properties in the spinel phase, which could be used for a magnetic separation. When these Mn-Fe materials are used at high temperature under oxidizing or reducing atmospheres, stability of the spinel phase should be guaranteed in order to take advantage of the magnetic properties. The design of low reactive Mn-Fe based materials with magnetic properties, which can be used as a support material for other highly reactive and active phases, was the main objective of this work. In this sense, the support must have high crushing strength, low reactivity under oxidation and reduction atmospheres at high temperatures and permanent magnetism at low temperature for solids separation. Materials prepared with different Mn/(Mn + Fe) molar ratios and calcination conditions were evaluated regarding mechanical strength, inerticity and magnetic properties. A Cu-based oxygen carrier prepared on the optimal support was prepared and evaluated along 240 oxidation-reduction cycles in thermobalance (25 h experiment), exhibiting suitable mechanical and magnetic characteristics as well as high reactivity.

Degradation of methylene blue through Fenton-like reaction catalyzed by MoS2-doped sodium alginate/Fe hydrogel

In this study, a low-cost and high-performance MoS2/sodium alginate (SA)/Fe (MSF) hydrogel catalyst was prepared. It was found that the MSF hydrogel could efficiently catalyze the degradation of methylene blue (MB) through the Fenton reaction without the addition of Fe2+. The reaction was initiated by Fe2+ which was derived from the cyclic redox reaction between MoS2 and Fe3+ and produced large quantities of ·OH to degrade the MB. The effect of MoS2 concentration, FeCl3·6H2O concentration, H2O2 dosage, solution pH, and light on the degradation was systematically studied. The MoS2 concentration of 0.5 mg/ mL, FeCl3·6H2O concentration of 0.25 g/mL, 50 μL H2O2, and the pH of 4.0 were the optimized parameters. Moreover, it was found that the MB degraded faster under the infrared radiation. The MB removal rate reached as high as 98% within 15 min in the presence of a low concentration of H2O2 and the procedure could be repeated 5 times. The MSF hydrogel provided an effective and simple strategy for the sustainable degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater.

Sensing Alzheimer’s Disease Utilizing Au Electrode by Controlling Nanorestructuring

This paper reports the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) sensor through early detection of amyloid-beta (Aβ) (1–42) using simple nanorestructuring of Au sheet plate by oxidation-reduction cycle (ORC) via the electrochemical system. The topology of Au substrates was enhanced through the roughening and Au grains grown by a simple ORC technique in aqueous solutions containing 0.1 mol/L KCl electrolytes. The roughened substrate was then functionalized with the highly specific antibody β-amyloid Aβ (1–28) through HS-PEG-NHS modification, which enabled effective and direct detection of Aβ (1–42) peptide. The efficacy of the ORC method had been exhibited in the polished Au surface by approximately 15% larger electro-active sites compared to the polished Au without ORC. The ORC polished structure demonstrated a rapid, accurate, precise, reproducible, and highly sensitive detection of Aβ (1–42) peptide with a low detection limit of 10.4 fg/mL and a wide linear range of 10−2 to 106 pg/mL. The proposed structure had been proven to have potential as an early-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD) detection platform with low-cost fabrication and ease of operation.

Redox reaction between solid-phase humins and Fe(III) compounds: Toward a further understanding of the redox properties of humin and its possible environmental effects

Redox reactions between humic substances and Fe(III) compounds play a critical role in the biogeochemical cycle of pollutants. Most humic substances in soils and sediments are in a solid form (i.e. humin (HM)). In order to assess the contribution of electron shuttling via HM within the electron transfer network in natural environments and to predict environmental fate of pollutants associated with iron oxides, it is necessary to understand the electron transfer processes from HM to the environmentally relevant Fe(III) minerals, and to examine the redox reversibility of HM. The results of this study demonstrated that non-reduced HMs could only donate electrons to dissolved ferric citrate and poorly crystalline ferrihydrite, but reduced HMs could also reduce hematite and magnetite that had high crystallinity. The degree of reduction depended on the difference in redox potential and the crystallinity of the Fe(III) compounds. The electron-accepting capacities of different HMs correlated well with their organic carbon content, and quinones and Fe-bound organic component were important electron-accepting groups in HMs. Furthermore, the redox reversibility experiments demonstrated that HMs could maintain stable electron transfer capacities over three reduction-oxidation cycles, indicating that the HM could be an environmentally sustainable electron shuttle. Our results suggest that (1) HM may play an unrecognized and important role in biogeochemical cycles of pollutants in Fe(III) mineral-rich environments; (2) electron shuttling through HM to ferric citrate and ferrihydrite can occur even in the presence of O2; and (3) HM would be a promising material for environmental remediation.

Recent Developments in the Syntheses of Aluminum Complexes Based on Redox-Active Ligands

Applications of aluminum as a catalyst for organic/inorganic transformation reactions are ideal because of its easy availability, inexpensiveness, and non-toxicity. However, successful implementation of Al(III) complexes as catalysts require an easy reduction-oxidation cycle between Al(III) and Al(I). Nevertheless, molecular complexes of Al(I) are not common, often require special efforts for their synthesis and isolation. Additionally, the Al(I)→Al(III) oxidation reaction is facile whereas the corresponding Al(III)→Al(I) reduction occurs only under highly reducing conditions. This creates a problem in developing Al(I)/Al(III) couple catalytic cycle for practical application. But, for aluminum complexes to be applicable in redox transformations, complexes must readily undergo reversible oxidation and reduction processes. One can envision applying a redox-active ligand where instead of aluminum the ligand would be reversibly oxidized and reduced to perform a certain electron transfer process. So, the development of a large pool of aluminum complexes supported by redox-active ligands is very important. In this review article, we have summarized recent developments on the syntheses of aluminum complexes with some redox-active ligands. This may help in designing new catalysts for future applications.

The HBx protein from hepatitis B virus coordinates a redox-active Fe-S cluster

The viral protein HBx is the key regulatory factor of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the main etiology for HBV-associated liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Historically, HBx has defied biochemical and structural characterization, deterring efforts to understand its molecular mechanisms. Here we show that soluble HBx fused to solubility tags copurifies with either a [2Fe-2S] or a [4Fe-4S] cluster, a feature that is shared among five HBV genotypes. We show that the O2-stable [2Fe-2S] cluster form converts to an O2-sensitive [4Fe-4S] state when reacted with chemical reductants, a transformation that is best described by a reductive coupling mechanism reminiscent of Fe-S cluster scaffold proteins. In addition, the Fe-S cluster conversions are partially reversible in successive reduction–oxidation cycles, with cluster loss mainly occurring during (re)oxidation. The considerably negative reduction potential of the [4Fe-4S]2+/1+ couple (−520 mV) suggests that electron transfer may not be likely in the cell. Collectively, our findings identify HBx as an Fe-S protein with striking similarities to Fe-S scaffold proteins both in cluster type and reductive transformation. An Fe-S cluster in HBx offers new insights into its previously unknown molecular properties and sets the stage for deciphering the roles of HBx-associated iron (mis)regulation and reactive oxygen species in the context of liver tumorigenesis.

Ethane conversion in the presence of CO2 over Co-based ZSM-5 zeolite: Co species controlling the reaction pathway

Two cobalt-based ZSM-5 catalysts CoZ-IE and CoZ-IM were prepared by ion-exchange and incipient wetness impregnation method, respectively, and characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption, TEM, XPS, UV–vis, H2-TPR and Py-IR. The catalytic performance towards ethane conversion over the two catalysts in the presence of CO2 was compared. Despite of their similar textual properties and Co contents, the product distributions over the two catalysts were quite different. Ethylene with high selectivity of 95% formed over CoZ-IE while syngas was produced as the main product on CoZ-IM, indicating dry reforming becomes the dominant reaction pathway instead of dehydrogenation. The difference pathway can be ascribed to the different nature of Co species in two catalysts. The isolated Co2+ anchored at zeolitic framework in CoZ-IE is quite stable and can only act as Lewis acid sites for ethane dehydrogenation. In contrast, the cobalt oxides on the zeolitic surface in CoZ-IM can proceed oxidation-reduction cycles in the CO2-C2H6 system, facilitating the activation of CO2 and the scission of C−C bonds, leading to the dry reforming of ethane.

Reticulated Porous Perovskite Structures for Thermochemical Solar Energy Storage

AbstractThe inherent capability of concentrated solar power (CSP) plants for sensible thermal energy storage ensures their continuous operation and is considered their most crucial competitive edge versus other renewable energy sources. The storage density of air‐operated CSP plants can be significantly increased by hybridizing sensible with thermochemical storage of solar heat, exploiting reversible air–solid oxide reduction–oxidation reactions. Thermochemical storage‐relevant‐protocols testing of in‐house manufactured lab‐scale reticulated porous ceramic foams made entirely of CaMnO3 perovskite reveals fully reversible reduction‐oxidation in up to 46 cycles between 300 and 1100 °C under air, without any deterioration of the foams’ structural integrity and exploitable endothermic/exothermic heat effects between 890 and 920 °C linked to an orthorhombic‐to‐cubic phase transition. Dilatometry experiments with CaMnO3 bars under identical cyclic conditions demonstrate the correlation of this phase transition to an increase in the thermal expansion coefficient but nevertheless, complete recovery of the initial specimen dimensions upon completion of a full heat‐up/cooldown redox cycle. The possibility of shaping into sturdy reticulated porous ceramic structures which exhibit complete dimensional reversibility upon cyclic redox operation, combined with the low cost, earth abundance and environmentally benign character of the constituting elements, render such perovskite compositions extremely attractive for the manufacture of large‐scale porous structured objects for exploitation in various thermochemical processes.

3D Porous Graphene Films with Large‐Area In‐Plane Exterior Skins

AbstractConstruction of macroscopic 3D architectures of graphene is crucial to harness the advantageous properties of planar 2D graphene and to enable integration to many conventional and novel applications. Ideally, the 3D structure of graphene should be free of defects, covalently interconnected, and can be produced at large‐scale. Among various assembly techniques, fabrication using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) enables the production of high‐quality graphene where selection of template is the key that determines its consequent crystalline quality and structural morphology. Herein, a new method is presented to synthesize high‐quality porous graphene film by incorporating an in situ reduction–oxidation cycling treatment to generate micrometer‐sized pores on commercial Ni foil using an all‐CVD process route. Owing to the unique morphological features of the modified Ni template, the graphene film exhibits a holey surface with large‐area exterior skin coverage of >94% and many interconnected ligaments within its porous interior. This extraordinary configuration gives rise to superior in‐plane electrical conductivity despite its low density. In comparison to state‐of‐the‐art materials for electromagnetic interference shielding, this porous graphene film is among the best performing materials with a specific shielding effectiveness of >550 dB cm3 g−1 and absolute effectiveness of >220 000 dB cm2 g−1.

Solar bipolar cell facilitating carbon dioxide for efficient coproduction of electricity and syngas

Herein, a novel solar system is first reported for the efficient generation of syngas and electricity by feeding solar energy plus carbon dioxide into a solar bipolar cell. The solar bipolar cell, fully driven by solar energy, is a rechargeable cycle system to realize the highly efficient co-production of electricity and syngas. The solar bipolar cell consists of hydroxide molten Cell (Ⅰ) for hydrogen production and carbonate molten Cell (Ⅱ) for carbon monoxide production, simultaneously plus the a generation of rechargeable electricity. Due to the combined utilization of solar thermal and electric effect, the solar system can charged/recharged by the potential difference of the cyclic redox reaction. The system could store electric energy (Charge) and generate syngas under solar and then release electric energy (Discharge) and syngas during not input of solar energy. The charge-discharged processes could be operated circularly for a release of fuel. The results demonstrated that the solar bipolar cell presented an overall maximum Coulomb efficiency of 85% at 450/800 °C. This work provides a new route to design a system which combines the renewable energy with the undesirable carbon dioxide for the clean and pollution-free discharged products.