Reduce Fertilizer Use Research Articles

The relevance of sustainable soil management within the European Green Deal

The new European Green Deal has the ambition to make the European Union the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. The European Commission presented an ambitious package of measures within the Biodiversity Strategy 2030, the Farm to Fork and the European Climate Law including actions to protect our soils. The Farm to Fork strategy addresses soil pollution with 50 % reduction in use of chemical pesticides by 2030 and aims 20 % reduction in fertilizer use plus a decrease of nutrient losses by at least 50%. The Biodiversity Strategy has the ambition to set a minimum of 30 % of the EU’s land area as protected areas, limit urban sprawl, reduce the pesticides risk, bring back at least 10 % of agricultural area under high-diversity landscape features, put forward the 25 % of the EU’s agricultural land as organically farmed, progress in the remediation of contaminated sites, reduce land degradation and plant more than three billion new trees. The maintenance of wetlands and the enhancement of soil organic carbon are also addressed in the European Climate Law. The new EU Soil Observatory will be collecting policy relevant data and developing indicators for the regular assessment and progress towards the ambitious targets of the Green Deal.

Farmland size increase significantly accelerates road surface rill erosion and nutrient losses in southern subtropics of China

Farmland size increase (FSI), which is an increase in operational size and consolidation of fragmented croplands, is considered an effective scheme to improve agricultural productivity and reduce fertilizer use with environmental protection benefits. But FSI involving road extension can enhance rill formation on road surfaces, and increase road erosion and associated nutrient losses in a watershed. These effects have not been experimentally quantified yet. Thus, we determined the changes in road surface rill erosion and associated nutrient losses in response to FSI before (2017) and after (2018), in an intensive sugarcane production area within Nala watershed, in southern subtropics of China. We divided the watershed into three sub-watersheds (lower (S1), left (S2) and right upper (S3) regions), and surveyed three categories of roads: (i) old roads (existing roads before 2017), (ii) new roads (constructed in 2018), and (iii) old-new roads (repaired and extended old roads in 2018). The road surface rill erosion and associated nutrient losses were much higher in the lower region (S1) than the upper regions (S1 and S2) of the watershed due to variations in field density (number of farms per unit area) and traffic intensity. Field density reduced by 53 % while traffic intensity increased by 41 % after FSI. Following FSI, annual road surface rill erosion, nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon losses increased by 88 %, 79 %, 67 %, and 46 %, respectively. Road surface rill erosion had a significant inverse relationship with field density (R² = 0.535, P < 0.05) but positively correlated with traffic intensity (R² = 0.728, P < 0.01). The accelerated N and P losses offset the decrease in fertilizer use by 5–22 % due to FSI. Our results highlight the significance of including soil erosion in FSI scheme for environmental protection. Accelerated road erosion following FSI should be minimized by integrated soil and watershed management practices.

Regional trends in eutrophication across the Loire river basin during the 20th century based on multi-proxy paleolimnological reconstructions

Excessive inputs of sediment and acceleration of primary production have been observed worldwide in a large number of water bodies. Human-environment interactions were recognized as one of the main drivers of this evolution during the 20th century with the occurrence of major landscape changes and a greater use of agricultural inputs.In this study, we used paleo-production proxies such as chlorophyll-a, organic matter properties (TOC and TN concentrations, δ13C and δ15N) measured in sediment cores dated with fallout 210Pbex and 137Cs activities for reconstructing changes in accumulation rates and sources of organic matter during the recent period of agricultural intensification (1920–2020). In order to record these changes at the regional scale, sediment cores were collected at the outlet of several headwater catchments (n = 9), covering a wide range of land covers / land uses across the Loire River basin (117,000 km²), France.The rates of sedimentary organic matter deposition in the studied water bodies accelerated from 1950 onwards (+48 %). Between 1950 and 1970, the signature of sedimentary organic matter indicates a dominant contribution of soil-derived inputs. This period corresponds to major landscape modifications across the basin (land consolidation, stream re-design, implementation of tile drains) driving a general acceleration of erosion rates. Then, from 1960 onwards, chlorophyll-a and C/N proxies indicate an increase in primary production coupled with a decrease of terrigenous supply in agricultural catchments. These proxies were strongly correlated to the agricultural inputs during the 1955–1990 period (e.g., r = 0.9 between chlorophyll-a content and N inputs), suggesting a progressive eutrophication of these reservoirs driven by increasing fertilizer use. During these 35 years, sedimentary organic matter deposition rates increased on average by 30 %. During the 1990s, despite a slight reduction in fertilizer use (−13 %), the paleo-production proxies (e.g. chlorophyll-a) still indicate a positive trend suggesting the contribution of another driving factor such as climate warming or again nutrient release from soils and sediments.In the absence of long term geochemical and sediment input monitoring, paleolimnological reconstructions provide a powerful tool to reconstruct past agricultural pressures in rural environments. This study illustrates the impact of intensive farming on water body siltation driven by varying sources of organic material during the 20th century. In addition, these results suggest that eutrophication processes of these reservoirs with contrasting land uses started during the 1960–1970 period and are still ongoing nowadays.

Reduction of Fertilizer Use in South China—Impacts and Implications on Smallholder Rice Farmers

Despite the overuse of fertilizer in China, yields have stagnated while environmental pollution has risen. To increase sustainable production, the “Three Controls” Technology (3CT) was adopted in Guangdong Province as an agricultural best management practice for rice production. Its goal is to reduce the fertilizer use of farmers while decreasing the number of unproductive tillers and controlling pests and diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the farmers’ perception of 3CT focusing on three different impact factors: economic, social, and environmental. Using a digital survey questionnaire application, 142 farmers from six villages in Guangdong Province were interviewed to evaluate perceived changes in their farming and livelihood since adopting 3CT. Results showed that the farmers were highly satisfied with 3CT. They perceived positive livelihood changes and increased agronomic performance with reduced fertilizer use. Farmers who had adopted 3CT for the longest perceived significantly higher levels of change, more benefits, and improved agricultural efficiency. The study showed that 3CT is highly appreciated by farmers due to its effectiveness, ease of use, and compatibility. Our model highlighted the relevance of including social and environmental impact analysis for sustainability research in agriculture. Ultimately, 3CT has the potential of being implemented in other regions of China.

Increase in farm size significantly accelerated stream channel erosion and associated nutrient losses from an intensive agricultural watershed

Increase in farm size (IFS) can reduce fertilizer use but it may accelerate soil erosion, particularly stream channel (SC) erosion and associated nutrient losses, due to reduced farmland heterogeneity. But these positive and negative environmental impacts of IFS have never been compared. The objectives of this study were to determine the SC erosion and associated nutrient losses following IFS, and clarify their influencing factors. The study was conducted in Nala watershed in southern subtropics of China. Six SCs were surveyed in just completed period (April 2018) and after one year of IFS (April 2019). The SC erosion significantly (P < 0.05) increased in entire watershed from 12.0 Mg ha−1 to 43.9 Mg ha −1, with a 301 % increase after IFS than before IFS. Accelerated SC erosion by IFS resulted in significant increase of total N loss from 9.91 kg ha−1 to 36.6 kg ha−1, with a 269.3 % increase. Similarly, total P loss significantly increased from 3.84 kg ha−1 to 14.2 kg ha−1, with a 269.8 % increase. Total N and P losses due to accelerated SC erosion amounted to 119 % N and 40 % P of fertilizer reduction following IFS. Field density, grass root density and ridges with perpendicular direction to SCs significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with SC erosion. Our study highlights the significant nutrient losses by accelerated SC erosion that should not be overlooked in IFS scheme in intensive agricultural regions.

Does Fertilizer Use Intensity Respond to the Urban-Rural Income Gap? Evidence from a Dynamic Panel-Data Analysis in China

This study aims to investigate the impact of the urban-rural income gap on fertilizer use intensity in China. A theoretical analysis of the relationship among per capita rural income, the urban-rural income gap, and fertilizer use intensity is developed, which is similar to the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Both the Theil index and urban-rural income ratio are employed to measure the urban-rural income gap using a provincial-level panel dataset covering 25 provincial-level administrative regions over the period 1995–2017. The estimation results of the system Generalized Method of Moments show that the expansion of the urban-rural income gap significantly increases fertilizer use intensity. While an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between fertilizer use intensity and per capita rural income, the peak turning point is much higher than the actual per capita rural income of all provinces in China. This demonstrates that fertilizer use intensity would further increase with the growth of rural income over a period of time. In addition, a lower growth rate of the agricultural product price, larger total sown size, and technological progress are likely to reduce fertilizer use intensity. This study has several important policy implications for promoting the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas in China. Specifically, efforts must be made to narrow the urban-rural income gap, encourage agricultural research and extension, and promote land conversion and appropriately scaled-up agricultural business.

Plant growth promoting effects of indigenous rhizosphere and endophytic bacteria on soil fertility and black pepper (Piper nigrum) yield at Bangka Belitung

Black pepper cultivation in Bangka Belitung is commonly followed a shifting cultivation method. This is due to the low soil fertility. The study aimed to obtain the best combination and concentration of indigenous rhizosphere and endophytic bacteria to improve soil fertility and enhanced growth and yield of black pepper. The study was set up in a complete randomized block design, 9 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were the combinations of the types and concentrations of the bacterial isolates, i.e. (1) Control, (2) Endophytic bacteria A, (3) Combination of Endophytic bacteria B + Bb. chosinensis+ Rhizobacteria A, (4) Combination of Rhizobacteria B + Endophytic bacteria A+ Endophytic bacteria C, (5) Combination of Endophytic bacteria B + Endophytic bacteria C + Endophytic bacteria D at 105 and 108 cpu ml−1 respectively. Endophytic bacteria were capable to boost the growth and yield of black pepper, also improved the soil chemical properties. The best treatment combinations were the mixture of of bacteria, i.e. (1) Psedomanas sp.+ Brevibacillus sp+Mesorhizobium sp., (2) Bb. sp1 +Bb. sp2+Bacillus sp., and (3) Brevibacillus sp +Bb sp1+Bacillus sp. The study implies that rhizosphere and endophytic bacteria are potential to be developed for reducing fertilizer use in black pepper cultivation.

Dynamics of nitrifiers in soils of intensively vegetable cultivated areas in Sri Lanka

Nitrification tend to reduce the agronomic fertilizer use efficiency in cropping systems because nitrate, the end product of nitrification, has high potential to loss from soil environment due to denitrification and leaching. The population characteristics of ammonia oxidizing and nitrite oxidizing microorganisms carrying out nitrification in soils may affect the effectiveness of approaches taken to suppress nitrification. A study was conducted to assess the activity and abundance of nitrifiers in soils of intensively vegetable grown regions in Sri Lanka. Soil samples were collected from 72 locations across Nuwara Eliya, Marassana, Kalpitiya and Gannoruwa representing vegetable cultivated fields managed conventionally (n=45) and organically (n=9), and uncultivated areas (n=18). Basic soil characteristics were determined using standard procedures. Potential nitrification rate (PNR) and the abundance of ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers were estimated. Chemical characteristics of soils varied widely with pH, EC and organic C% ranging from 3.8 to 8.5, 0.04 to 0.94 dS/m and 0.9% to 4.5%, respectively. The PNR of the studied soils ranged from 0.18 to 15.80 NO3--N/kg/h. The abundance of ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers ranged from 1.96 to 5.97 log10CFU g-1 and 1.36 to 5.63 log10CFU g-1, respectively. The potential activity of nitrifiers did not correlate with the abundance of ammonia oxidizers or nitrite oxidizers. Thus, the functional and compositional diversities of nitrifying communities may be different across the soils. PNR values for studied soils are higher compared to reported values in literature. Hence, appropriate measures need to be taken to suppress nitrification as high nitrification rates could lead to reduce fertilizer use efficiency and increase risk of groundwater contamination with nitrate.

Best management practices for agricultural non‐point source pollution in a small watershed based on the AnnAGNPS model

AbstractBest management practices (BMPs) are implemented to reduce non‐point source pollution (NPSP) worldwide. In this study, the AnnAGNPS model was adapted and used to evaluate the effectiveness of BMPs for NPSP control in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in China. Through field investigation and experimental observation, the AnnAGNPS model database was constructed. The model best simulated run‐off and its simulation of total nitrogen (TN) was better than for total phosphorus (TP). Simulation of the spatial distribution of different pollutant loads showed that the annual outputs of TN and TP per unit area were the highest, with an average of 63 and 6 kg hm−2 per year, respectively. An optimal scenario was developed based on adjustments to the existing land structure which were most effective at reducing N and P loads. The reduction rates of TN and TP loads were 54% and 63%, respectively, while the reduction rates of dissolved and particulate N and P loads were between 47% and 68%. After 27% of arid slope fields were converted into terraces in the study area, the modelled particulate N and P outputs were reduced by 44% and 46%, respectively, showing that terracing sloping land could be effective at reducing particulate N and P losses. These findings indicated that slope‐shifting technology is the most important method for NPSP control in the TGRA. In addition, reduced fertilizer use and conservation tillage measures should also be adopted to effectively reduce TN and TP losses.

Co-benefits of sustainable farming methods to safeguard food security and environmental health in China: a modelling study

BackgroundModernised farming has contributed significantly to the increased global food supply over the past half-century, albeit while creating severe threats to the environment. Excessive application of chemical fertiliser has in particular led to massive release of reactive nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere, where they become major components of fine particulate matter (PM2·5) pollution, with detrimental effects on human health. Various sustainable farming methods with lower environmental impacts have been experimented with and practised in many countries, but their wider benefits beyond the farm scale have rarely been examined. One such method is intercropping with soybeans, which takes advantage of the nitrogen fixing ability of soybeans to improve nutrient use efficiency and reduce fertiliser use. MethodsWe developed a computational modelling framework using the GEOS-Chem and DNDC models, revising the representation for soil nitrogen processes and crop-crop interaction. We did model experiments to quantify the benefits of nationwide adoption of maize-soybean intercropping systems in China in terms of gains in crop production, decreases in fertiliser consumption, and reductions in ammonia (NH3) emissions. We further examined how the decline in NH3 emissions could reduce the downwind formation of PM2·5 and the associated public health costs. FindingsAnnual mean PM2·5 concentrations can be reduced by up to 1·5 μg/m3 with the nationwide adoption of maize-soybean intercropping, with a corresponding annual net economic benefit of US$67 billion, of which $13 billion arises from saved health costs from reduced air pollution. InterpretationOur study shows the wider economic and environmental value of intercropping systems for promoting both food security and public health, serving as a basis for policy consideration by governments and stakeholders. The same modelling framework can likewise be used to investigate the large-scale impacts of other sustainable farming methods. FundingGeneral Research Fund the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, the Area of Excellence Scheme, and the CUHK Vice- Chancellor Discretionary Fund.

Economic and environmental indicators of sustainable rice cultivation: A comparison across intensive irrigated rice cropping systems in six Asian countries

Quantifying and comparing sustainability indicators are essential to improve the sustainability of smallholder rice cropping systems. The sustainability of rice production systems can be measured based on economic, environmental, social, and institutional indicators. In this paper, we restrict our assessment to economic and environmental indicators. During 2012–2015, farmers were interviewed from 847 households from intensively irrigated rice production regions in Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and China. We assessed the sustainability of their farming practices using economic and environmental indicators, i.e., eight of the 12 performance indicators (PIs), as defined by the Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP). Across the six sites, there was a yield gap of 24–42% and a profit gap of 36–82% between the 10% highest-performing farms (mean of top decile) and the mean-performing farms. In addition, there was a labor productivity gap of 12–32%, a nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) gap of 11–20%, a phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) gap of 1–29%, and a water productivity gap of 12–42%. Deliberate modification of conventional practices, including not flooding the field for >30 days before rice planting, incorporating pre-rice crop residue >30 days before planting, and adoption of mid-season drainage or alternate wetting and drying irrigation rather than continuous flood irrigation during the rice growing period, could substantially reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in irrigated rice fields without yield penalty. There is an urgent need to adopt improved management strategies for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) fertilizer, irrigation water-use efficiency, as well as for decreasing pesticide use frequency, without sacrificing profitability and yield. We identified the following priority interventions for each site: a) increasing fertilizer use and adopting higher-yielding varieties in Bago, Myanmar; b) reducing pesticide application rates in Can Tho, Vietnam; c) reducing fertilizer use in Guangdong, China; d) reducing nitrogen and labor use in Yogyakarta, Indonesia; e) reducing fertilizer and water use in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka and; f) reducing fertilizer use in Nakhon Sawan, Thailand. Additional uses of the PI analysis clearly demonstrated that rice yield and profit gaps can sustainably be closed by increasing efficiencies that will also lead to reduced environmental footprint.

Policy options to streamline the carbon market for agricultural nitrous oxide emissions

ABSTRACTThe majority of emissions of nitrous oxide – a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) – are from agricultural sources, particularly nitrogen fertilizer applications. A growing focus on these emission sources has led to the development in the United States of GHG offset protocols that could enable payment to farmers for reducing fertilizer use or implementing other nitrogen management strategies. Despite the development of several protocols, the current regional scope is narrow, adoption by farmers is low, and policy implementation of protocols has a significant time lag. Here we utilize existing research and policy structures to propose an ‘umbrella’ approach for nitrogen management GHG emissions protocols that has the potential to streamline the policy implementation and acceptance of such protocols. We suggest that the umbrella protocol could set forth standard definitions common across multiple protocol options, and then modules could be further developed as scientific evidence advances. Modules could be developed for specific crops, regions, and practices. We identify a policy process that could facilitate this development in concert with emerging scientific research and conclude by acknowledging potential benefits and limitations of the approach.Key policy insightsAgricultural greenhouse gas market options are growing, but are still underutilizedStreamlining protocol development through an umbrella process could enable quicker development of protocols across new crops, regions, and practicesEffective protocol development must not compromise best available science and should follow a rigorous pathway to ensure appropriate implementation

Improving traditional leafy vegetables production through water use efficiency and fertilizer microdosing technology in Benin Republic

In most developing countries, water and fertilizer management pose serious problems to vegetables production. This study aimed at determining the fresh leaf yields and Water Use Efficiency (WUE) under microdosed fertilizer technology of two main traditional leafy vegetables (TLVs) (Amaranthus cruentus L. and Solanum macrocarpon L.) that are consumed in Benin. A field experiment was carried out at Centre de Recherche Agricole d'INA, Northern Benin, under sprinkler irrigation at maximum evapotranspiration (MET) calculated from Cropwat 8.0. The study was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications and two factors: 1) urea (46% N) applied at D0, D20, D40, D60, D80 (kg ha-1) and 2) urea application timing at d1: early application (10 days after transplanting, DAT) and d2: later application (15 DAT). Following the MET (6.6 mm day-1), plants were irrigated twice a day (morning and evening) at 3.3 mm per watering. This irrigation rate was applied by operating the sprinklers with 0.078 mm min-1 of water flow for 44 min. Soil moisture and drainage were measured every week using TDR (time domain reflectometry) probe and micro-lysimeters respectively. The water balance was calculated using the trapezoidal method. WUE was determined using the ratio of dry biomass yields and real crop evapotranspiration (RET). Data were analyzed with R software following analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pairewise t test at 0.05 level of probability. Quadratic regression was used to model TLVs response to fertilizer rates. At D60d1 and D40d2 we recorded the highest RET (35-42.45 mm week(-1)), highest fresh biomass yields (4.5-4.7 t ha(-1) for eggplant and 9.9-10.5 t ha(-1) for amaranth) and highest WUE (2.5-4 kg ha(-1) mm(-1)), respectively. Microdosed fertilizer technology may be therefore used to improve TLVs production and WUE because it may contribute to reduce fertilizer use by 2.5-10 times for urea and to 50% irrigation water while increase fresh leaf yield by 30-64%.

Does the adoption of complex fertilizers contribute to fertilizer overuse? Evidence from rice production in China

Agricultural productivity growth in China highly depends on the use of chemical fertilizers. The past decades have witnessed an increasing adoption of complex fertilizers in China. Given the fact that complex fertilizers are indiscriminately used, however, there is little empirical evidence on the relationship between the adoption of complex fertilizers and fertilizer overuse in China. This study aims to investigate whether the adoption of complex fertilizers contributes to fertilizer overuse in agricultural production in China, and discuss the policy implications for fertilizer reduction. Using survey data covering 1122 rice-producing farm households in China, this study estimates the optimum amount of chemical fertilizers, and utilizes the instrumental variable (IV) Probit estimation to investigate the impact of adoption of complex fertilizers on fertilizer overuse. The results show that more than 85% of the sampled farm households adopted complex fertilizers in rice production, and complex fertilizers accounted for more than half of the total amount of chemical fertilizers. The overuse of chemical fertilizers was extremely common and serious. Given the endogeneity issue, IV Probit estimation shows that each 10-point increase in the percentage of complex fertilizers would increase the probability of fertilizer overuse by 8%. This demonstrates that the adoption of complex fertilizer might significantly contribute to the overuse of chemical fertilizers in rice production in China. To reduce fertilizer use, the Chinese government is expected to encourage the fertilizer enterprises to determine the nutrient ratio based on the soil nutrient content, enhance the soil testing and fertilizer recommendation, and improve the socialized agricultural extension system.

An Environmental Evaluation of the Cut-Flower Supply Chain (Dendranthema grandiflora) Through a Life Cycle Assessment

Colombia is a major flower exporter of a wide variety of species, among which the chrysanthemum plays a major role due to its exporting volume and profitability on the international market. This study examines the major environmental impacts of the chrysanthemum supply chain through a life cycle assessment (LCA). One kg of stems export quality was used as the functional unit (FU). The study examines cut-flowers systems from raw material extraction to final product commercialization for two markets (London and Miami) and analyzes two agroecosystems: one certified system and one uncertified system. The transport phase to London resulted in more significant environmental impacts than the transport phase to Miami, and climate change (GWP100) category was significant in both cities, generating values of 9.10E+00 and 2.51E+00 kg CO2-eq*FU for London and Miami, respectively. Furthermore, when exclusively considering pre-export phases, the uncertified system was found to have a greater impact than the certified system with respect to fertilizer use (certified 1,448E-02 kg*FU, uncertified 2.23E-01 kg*FU) and pesticide use (certified 1.24 E-04 kg*FU, uncertified 2.24E-03 kg*FU). With respect to the crop management, eutrophication (EP) and acidification (AP) processes imposed the greatest level of environmental impact. Strategies that would significantly reduce the environmental impact of this supply chain are considered, including the use of shipping and a 50% reduction in fertilizer use.

Exploring Drivers of Nitrate Contamination of Drinking Water in an Arid Region of China

Nitrate contamination of groundwater is increasingly becoming a global concern due to its potential risks for human health. Fertilizer overuse is often thought to be the cause and a reduction in fertilizer use considered the most effective way of reducing contamination. The present study, however, presents the case of Zhangye City, Gansu Province, China, in which the nitrate contamination of underground sources of drinking water resulted from a combination of fertilizer overuse and a mismatch between the geological structure of farmland and the crop type cultivated upon it. In addition, a market-induced driver was identified for its role in accelerating the contamination process. This new evidence emphasizes that environmental pollution is often driven by multiple factors of great complexity, demonstrating that causes of environmental problems should be addressed and analyzed with a cross-sectoral perspective. Furthermore, this case revealed that Chinese cabbages cultivated in a drought-stressed region contained very high nitrate concentrations that exceeded Acceptable Daily Intake level, whereas tomatoes and cucumbers from the same region were shown to contain nitrate levels within the safe range. These findings are useful for developing a new policy framework for environmentally sound agricultural planning.

基于化肥施用控制的稻田生态补偿标准研究——以南京市溧水区为例

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于化肥施用控制的稻田生态补偿标准研究——以南京市溧水区为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201809172020 作者: 作者单位: 南京农业大学公共管理学院 南京,南京农业大学,南京农业大学公共管理学院 南京 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 公益性行业（农业）科研专项经费项目（201503121）；南京市软科学研究计划项目（2017sr206007）；广东省环境污染控制与修复技术重点实验室开放基金资助项目（2018K01） Ecological compensation standards for paddy fields based on the control of chemical fertilizer application-Lishui District, Nanjing as an example Author: Affiliation: Public of administration, Nanjing Agricultural University,,Public of administration, Nanjing Agricultural University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:农田生态补偿作为一种控制化肥用量与面源污染的公共政策工具，其补偿标准将决定政策内化外部效应的实际效果。以南京市溧水区水稻种植户为对象，综合运用成本收益法、能值分析法和双边界二分式CVM法，测定基于政府和农户双重视角下的稻田化肥减施生态补偿标准。研究结果表明：化肥污染环境成本量化视角下南京市水稻种植过程中的折纯化肥投入参考值为268.75 kg hm-2 a-1，相比2017年南京市的实际化肥用量312.48 kg hm-2 a-1仍有约14%的下降空间；绝大多数种植户愿意在接受平均补偿标准为882.49元hm-2 a-1的前提之下减少化肥投入至参考用量；受教育程度越高、家中务农人数越多、化肥投入成本越高的稻农更倾向于接受生态补偿，而种植面积较大的农户以及年长男性种植户对减施化肥持更谨慎的态度。研究结果为南京市农业面源污染防治和稻田生态补偿标准制定提供了一定的理论支撑，在实际补偿发放过程中，单一的补偿标准无法保障公平公正，需建立与作物种植类型、化肥减施成效相挂钩的分级生态补偿制度，从而激励农户尽可能减少化肥投入。 Abstract:Ecological compensation is a public policy tool that can be used to cope with excessive fertilizer application and agricultural non-point source pollution; the amount of compensation significantly influences the actual level of policy implementation. This study examined government compensation for a reduction in the amount of fertilizer applied by rice farmers in Nanjing. We used cost income, energy value analysis, and double-boundary contingent valuation methods and constructed a fertilizer reduction compensation standard using the dual perspectives of the government and the farmers.. The results showed that from the perspective of environmental cost quantification resulting from chemical fertilizer pollution, the reference value for application of pure fertilizer to rice cropping systems in Nanjing is 268.75 kg hm-2 a-1, which is still approximately 14% lower than the actual amount of fertilizer applied 312.48 kg hm-2 a-1 in 2017 in Nanjing. The vast majority of growers were willing to reduce the amount of fertilizer to the reference dosage on the premise of accepting an ecological average compensation standard of 882.49 yuan hm-2 a-1. Finally, rice growers with higher education, larger households, and higher fertilizer input costs tended to accept ecological compensation as well as related obligations, whereas older male farmers and those with larger planting areas tended to be more cautious about reducing fertilizer use. Our results provide theoretical support for the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution in Nanjing and the formulation of an ecological compensation standard for paddy fields. In the actual compensation and distribution process, the single compensation standard cannot guarantee fairness and justice and it is necessary to establish a hierarchical ecological compensation system that is linked to the crop planting type and the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction. Farmers should reduce the input of chemical fertilizer as much as possible. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Variable-Rate Application on Fertilizer Use in Cotton Production

Precision agriculture technologies are increasingly important in cotton production because input prices continue to rise. Farmers increase input efficiency using precision agriculture technologies by adjusting inputs to match soil fertility and plant nutrition requirements. This research examines the factors affecting changes in fertilizer use following variable-rate fertilizer application in cotton production. Data from a 2009 survey of cotton producers in 12 states of the United States were used in the analysis. Farmers who used precision soil sampling, planted larger cotton area, relied on other farmers for information about PA, grew picker cotton, and had higher household income were more likely to decrease fertilizer application with VRT. Results from this analysis are useful to farmers and policy makers interested in reducing fertilizer use in the face of rising fertilizer prices and growing concerns about the environmental impacts of farming.

Effect of Crop Sequence, Compost and Plant Residues on Maize Yield Production, Sandy Soil Fertility and Reduce N-Mineral Fertilizer

Continuous population growth gives rise to food problems in developing countries, which requires enhancement in quantity and quality of agricultural products as well as reduce fertilizer use. Therefore a cropping system study was carried out to establish good agricultural practices that decrease soil degradation and building up fertility of desert soils in Egypt. Accordingly, two rotation cycles were established to investigate the effect of inclusion legume crop (pea) in the rotation compared to heavy feeder crop (potato)

Comprehensive environmental impacts of fertilizer application vary among different crops: Implications for the adjustment of agricultural structure aimed to reduce fertilizer use

Although empirical correlations between fertilizer application rate and nitrogen (N) loss have been demonstrated, the differences in overall environmental impacts of fertilizer application among different crops have not been thoroughly elucidated to date. We investigated the fate of 15N-labeled fertilizer in the plant-soil-air-water system across various crops (i.e., garlic, oilseed rape, and broad bean) by quantifying the N fluxes of various pathways combined with a pot experiment, a rainfall-simulating experiment, and 15N tracer techniques. Hence, we compared the differences between different crops in the overall environmental impacts of fertilizer application. We found that N amount by plant uptake varied among these different crops but with little variation in fertilizer use efficiency (FUE). The residual N amounts in soil were significantly different in these crops due to statistically non-differential soil residual percentages, consistent with the differences in the application rate of N fertilizer and FUE. Further, evidently different overall environmental impacts of fertilizer application occurred among these crops, including gaseous loss of fertilizer N and potentially hydrologic loss of soil residual N from fertilizer. The highest gaseous N loss, including ammonia (NH3) volatilization and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions occurred in garlic system, and the lowest occurred in broad bean. Moreover, potentially hydrologic loss of soil residual N in the garlic system was higher than in the other two crop systems, and the least was observed in the broad bean system. Therefore, attempts to reduce fertilizer application could benefit from considering the difference in overall environmental impacts of fertilizer application between different crop systems. The shift from crops with high environmental impacts to that with low impacts can largely reduce the regional N pollution.