基于化肥施用控制的稻田生态补偿标准研究——以南京市溧水区为例

The ecological environments of nature reserves with desert ecosystems are fragile, and it is necessary to implement scientific and effective ecological compensation strategies. However, the development of an ecological compensation theory for desert ecosystems is relatively immature, and no proprietary, theoretical basis or system has yet been formed. When formulating compensation standards for ecological protection, it is usually necessary to draw on other types of compensation theories to formulate ecological compensation strategies. This study focuses on three nature reserves located in different desert climatic zones as the research object—a hyper-arid desertification area, an arid desertification area, and a semi-arid desertification area—which serve as the main bodies for evaluating ecological assets. Considering the direct costs and opportunity costs of the ecological protection of nature reserves, we can estimate appropriate ecological compensation standards. The study’s results show that the ecological asset value per unit area and the ecological compensation standard are the greatest in the semi-arid desertification climate area. The ecological asset value per unit area of Haba Lake nature reserves is 6.59 × 104 CNY/hm2, and the ecological compensation standard is 1.18 × 104 CNY/hm2. The cost of ecological protection of Anxi nature reserves is 8204.09 × 104 CNY/hm2, and the ecological compensation standard is 0.15 × 104 CNY/hm2. The cost of ecological protection is the greatest, and the standard of ecological compensation is the lowest, in the hyper-arid desertification climate area. The ecological compensation coefficients of the hyper-arid, arid, and semi-arid desertified areas were 0.181, 0.183, and 0.180, respectively. The research results could provide a scientific basis for the formulation of differentiated ecological protection compensation standards for nature reserves with desert ecosystems, and they provide an effective theoretical basis and technical support for the construction of other types of ecological protection compensation models.

The ecological compensation of cultivated land could also be called paying for the ecological service of cultivated land. It means that based on comprehensive consideration of the cost of the protection of the cultivated land and the value of the ecological service, the benefited area would implement the ecological compensation to the damaged area to motivate the actors of the protection behavior to protect the cultivated land better. A fair and reasonable cultivated land ecological compensation mechanism is critical in motivating cultivated land protection subjects’ active participation in cultivated land protection. However, most of the currently measured cultivated land ecological compensation standards are only determined from the perspective of a single interest, ignoring the participation and negotiation of cultivated land protection stakeholders, resulting in insufficient pertinence, low compensation standards, and low compensation efficiency. Therefore, by introducing a market mechanism, this study constructs a non-cooperative bargaining model and solves three stages of the game equilibrium solution under the condition of comprehensive consideration of interests of farmland ecosystem service providers and consumers. In this study, the Yangtze River Economic Belt is taken as the research area to provide empirical analysis of a cultivated land ecological game compensation standard between the subject and object of cultivated land ecological compensation in the area. The study found that, under the ecological compensation standard for cultivated land determined by the bargaining game, the cultivated land ecological compensation subject and object in the area meets the “KaldorHicks” resource allocation criterion, and the standard can take into account the interests of both parties. Meanwhile, the river basin horizontal ecological compensation quota determined by the game standard will neither cause a financial dilemma in the payment area due to the excessive compensation quota, nor financial “windfall gain” in the compensated area due to ecological finance transfer of cultivated land. The cultivated land ecological compensation standard based on the game between the two parties is reasonable and accurate for the cultivated land ecological compensation object, which not only functions as an economic incentive, but maintains long-term effectiveness of policy. Therefore, it is necessary to actively promote the determination of ecological compensation standards based on negotiation means, and to establish a sustainable ecological protection compensation mechanism involving government predomination, social engagement, and market-oriented operations, to drive marketization of cultivated land ecological compensation.

Quantification of the coupling relationship between ecological compensation and ecosystem services in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China

In order to solve the problem that the compensation and environment in the ecological compensation are separated from each other and the theoretical compensation amount is excessively high, it is of great significance to study the establishment of a reasonable and feasible ecological compensation mechanism. From the perspective of ecosystem service value, this paper substitutes and replaces the sustainable ecological profit and loss index calculated by the “consumption-output” ecological footprint model and compensation correction coefficient on the calculation idea based on the unit area value equivalent factor. The new ecological compensation standard and the accounting method of compensation priority are obtained, and the empirical analysis is carried out in Linxiang City as an example. Results are as follows: (1) The total value of ecosystem services in Linxiang City is higher, but the regional distribution is different, and the supply and demand are not balanced in space. (2) The regional ecological compensation standard model of Linxiang City has certain rationality. The ecological compensation standards of all regions are smaller than the upper limit of ecosystem service value. (3) Chengfeng Township first obtained ecological compensation, Chang`an town paid compensation first, and Taolin Town finally received compensation. The ecological compensation standard revised by the “consumption-output” model is economically reasonable within the regional GDP tolerance. The compensation is based on the “high non-market value output” and low GPD output area as the priority to obtain compensation logic. And the logic is in line with the concept of reality.

This paper aims to explore how to develop reasonable ecological compensation standards to improve the effectiveness of water diversion projects. Watershed ecological compensation is an important means to coordinate watershed protection and development and, additionally, compensation standard accounting is the core issue of ecological compensation. The previous literature has mainly calculated watershed ecological compensation standards from a single perspective, such as the main headwater or receiver areas, meaning the interests of another under-appreciated area would inevitably be ignored. The calculation results of different perspectives and methods vary greatly, directly affecting the implementation of watershed ecological compensation mechanisms. In this paper, the world's largest water diversion project, the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, was selected as the study area. The total cost correction model was selected from the perspective of the main headwater areas. The water resources input-output model was selected from the perspective of the receiver areas to evaluate the ecological compensation criteria and compare the differences between the two models. The results show that the ecological compensation standards based on the perspective of water source areas are mainly influenced by the ecological construction expenditures and industrial opportunity cost losses in the watershed, with higher compensation costs in the early period but a more moderate growth trend in the later period. The ecological compensation standards based on the perspective of the receiver areas increase with the annual increase in project water diversion, with a low compensation cost in the early period, but a faster growth trend in the later period. The ecological compensation standards calculated by different perspectives and methods differ significantly; the main contribution of this paper is to enrich the ecological compensation research on cross-basin water diversion projects from multiple perspectives.

Ecological compensation is an important part of ecological civilization which has gained widespread attention in academia in recent years. This study uses the knowledge graph tool CiteSpace to identify and analyze the literature related to ecological compensation research published in academic journals in the CNKI database, in order to provide an objective and scientific reference for the research in this field. The results show that the domestic research on ecological compensation began to appear around 2000, and the first research boom was ushered in starting in 2009. Most studies have explored ecological compensation from the connotation of ecological compensation, compensation subjects and objects, compensation standards, compensation methods, compensation supervision and evaluation of compensation effects, etc., and the articles on ecological compensation standards are relatively more abundant. At the same time, ecological compensation research is often linked to the realization of ecosystem service value and ecological product value. In the future, researchers should focus on establishing and improving the ecological compensation standard accounting system, exploring the market-based ecological compensation mechanism, attaching importance to the ecological compensation fund distribution mechanism, and strengthening research related to ecological compensation effect assessment. Ecological compensation theory should be developed in the direction of deepening and providing new research perspectives for helping China to deal with the relationship between conservation and development.

Ecological compensation (EC) is an important way to solve the imbalance of cross-regional economic development and realize regional coordinated development. How to quantify the standard of EC has become a hot research topic. Firstly, this paper selected the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR) as the study area, and constructed a cross-regional spillover ecological value measurement model based on the extended emergy analysis. From the perspective of the “ecology–economy–society” complex ecosystem, this paper used emergy to reflect the social, economic, and ecological function and service value of the TGRR, and estimated the ecosystem emergy supply and consumption in the TGRR. Then, comparing the watershed ecosystem emergy supply and consumption, we can judge the status of the ecological surplus and deficit of the TGRR, and transfer the spillover ecological emergy to spillover ecological value (SEV) by using the emergy currency ratio (ECR). Finally, combined with different actual payment level coefficient, we can obtain a relatively objective and robust compensation standard. The results show that the SEV of the TGRR in 2016 is 2.70 × 1011 USD, which indicates that the TGRR is in the state of ecological surplus. The TGRR should get EC about 2.85 × 1011 USD according to the ECR. Based on the research results, it is suggested to expand the transfer payment to the TGRR. At the same time, it is suggested to formulate different ecological compensation standard (ECS) according to regional differences, which has important practical significance to establish the allocation standard of EC, and provides a typical case basis for other large reservoir areas or typical reservoir areas.

An ecological compensation standard based on emergy theory for the Xiao Honghe River Basin.

Wetland resources in wetland parks are unique natural resources. Discussing the ecological restoration and compensation standards of wetland parks plays an important guiding role in the construction of wetland protection systems. Based on the characteristics of wetland resources, using wetland ecosystem evaluation, ecosystem services evaluation, alternative cost, and conditional value methods, nine secondary indices were determined to evaluate the ecosystem services of Ganjiangyuan National Wetland Park. The results are as follows: (1) Ganjiangyuan National Wetland Park ecosystem evaluation result was “excellent,” the ecosystem service value of the wetland park is 43,922,014.39 yuan/hm2·year, among which the hydrology regulation value is the largest (19,257,869.14 yuan/hm2·year) and the food production value is the smallest (12,900.76 yuan/hm2·year). (2) The ecological restoration of Ganjiangyuan National Wetland Park should be based on improvements in hydrological regulations, waste treatment, entertainment culture, and biodiversity conservation. In conjunction with the strategic needs of wetland protection and social economy, wetland park restoration can contribute to urban development. (3) The upper and lower limits of the ecological compensation standard in the study area were calculated to be 310.49 and 257.87 yuan/hm2·year, respectively. Research shows that the ecosystem service value of wetland parks is huge, especially in terms of water conservation and waste treatment. It is necessary to pay attention to ecological benefits while reaping the economic benefits of wetland parks. Therefore, the results of this study provide a theoretical reference for the ecological compensation of wetland parks.

The Chinese government has made great efforts to improve the scale efficiency of land through various measures during recent years, hoping to realize the coordinated developing goal of promoting agricultural benefits and protecting the environment. Statistics show that China’s land scale efficiency has steadily increased, but agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) pollution has also increased, which seems contrary to the expected outcome. Can increasing scale efficiency really curb agricultural NPS pollution? This study uses provincial-level data from China, together with a panel model and spatial econometric model, to investigate the relationship between scale efficiency and agricultural NPS pollution. It is found that the increase of scale efficiency aggravates the agricultural NPS pollution, and the conclusion still holds after considering spatial effect. The results of spatial analysis shows that the agricultural NPS pollution is spatially dependent. Further decomposition of the spatial effect shows that the scale efficiency not only intensifies the local agricultural NPS pollution, but also has a spillover effect (though not statistically significant) on agricultural NPS pollution in the surrounding areas. It is worth noting that financial policy, raising wage income and upgrading industrial structure can effectively curb agricultural NPS pollution in this region and adjacent areas, which also deserves our attention in the control of agricultural NPS pollution. In addition, it is necessary to make financial and fiscal support policies specifically for the governance of agricultural NPS pollution, adjust the distorted prices of input factors such as chemicals and pesticide, and accelerate the transformation of small-sized farmers to family farms, in order to maximize the inhibitory effect of scale efficiency on relieving agricultural NPS pollution.

The fundamental component of the ecological compensation system, as well as the crucial basis for its efficient functioning, is calculating the ecological compensation amount and establishing the ecological compensation standard. This study integrates the ecological footprint with natural capital monetization and other methods by introducing a natural capital accounting system. From the standpoint of natural capital supply and demand, it also builds an accounting framework for ecological compensation standards that is standardized, dynamic, and regionally differentiated while taking local socioeconomic aspects into account. We determined the amount of ecological compensation by using Xinjiang as the research object and calculating and analyzing the features of regional and temporal changes in the monetary and physical quantities of natural capital in Xinjiang from 2010 to 2020. The findings show that from 2010 to 2020, Xinjiang’s ecological footprint increased by 1.26 times in physical terms and 1.21 times in monetary terms and that its ecological carrying capacity increased by 4.13% in physical terms and 9.42% in monetary terms. The ecological deficit continues to grow in physical and monetary terms, with a per capita ecological deficit in 2020 of 19.92 s-nha/cap and 70,100 CNY/cap in physical and monetary terms, respectively. The amount of ecological compensation required to be paid in Xinjiang increased from CNY 5659 million to CNY 10,259 million, and the per capita ecological compensation payment standard increased from 259.42 CNY/cap/yr to 396.11 CNY/cap/yr. In summary, Xinjiang’s natural capital supply is insufficient to meet the demand for consumption, and the ecological deficit is growing with time, necessitating the payment of ecological compensation. The study’s results lay the foundation for formulating and implementing ecological compensation policies in Xinjiang and provide theoretical support for constructing ecological civilization in Xinjiang. In addition, the ecological compensation accounting framework constructed in this study organically integrates natural capital theory, ecosystem services, and socioeconomic influencing factors, which enriches the methodology of accounting for ecological compensation standards, and, at the same time, can be used as a paradigm of a dynamic and equitable ecological compensation accounting framework to further promote its use at different scales and regions.

Ecological compensation has recently gained significant attention as an economic incentive promoting natural resource management. However, there remain several challenges to its application. A key issue is the lack of a method clearly define the standard of ecological compensation. This study established an accounting methodology for the ecological compensation standard for the water-receiving area in an inter-basin water diversion in China. Beijing, a major water-receiving area of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, was used as an example of the application of this approach. First, the evaluation index of ecosystem service value of the water-receiving area was selected, then, emergy theory was used to calculate the increment of ecological service value based on the characteristics of each indicator. The ecological service value due to the project was calculated to be 3.898 billion RMB, while the willingness-to-pay by the public was estimated at 915 million RMB. Therefore, the increment of ecological service value was the highest standard of compensation, and the public’s willingness-to-pay was the lower limit of ecological compensation. The final compensation standard can be determined through negotiation between suppliers and beneficiaries under the leadership of relevant governments and water-transfer authorities. Thus, this study aimed to provide a scientific basis for the construction of diversified ecological compensation mechanisms and promote sustainable development of the region.

Ecological footprint in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration: Evolution characteristics, driving mechanism, and compensation standard

Reasonable ecological compensation standard is the key to solve farmland non-point source pollution. In the design of compensation standards, the current investigation included ecological benefits in selecting the experimental method. The Multinomial Logit model is used to analyze the willingness of farmers to receive compensation for non-point source pollution control of cultivated land. The results are as follows: 1) Financial compensation can effectively stimulate farmers’ willingness to control non-point source pollution. 2) The willingness of farmers to participate in the ecological compensation is greater when there prevails a higher level of risk preferences and higher understanding of farmland non-point source pollution control policy. Also, willingness is higher in younger, highly educated, and highly involved in a part-time family business with higher recognition degree in the ecological function of farmland non-point source pollution control. 3) The difference in treatment measures and compensation methods should be included in the standard compensation design. Therefore, the design of the ecological compensation standard should take into account the economic loss and ecological benefits of farmers at the same time, and environmental protection publicity and education for farmers can also be carried out with the help of modern media.

To solve the problem of unitary ecological compensation standards in river basins by scientifically clarifying the compensation for ecological protection investments and for pollution, this research divided ecological environment property relations between the upstream and downstream into three types: downstream ecological compensation for the upstream, upstream ecological compensation for the downstream and sharing the rights of the ecological environment. The various compensation standards were divided into three stages according to the location quotient and pollutant concentration. Calculation and analysis were performed for the ecological compensation of the Xiaoqing River Basin at the junction of Jinan City and Binzhou City of Shandong Province as an example. The results showed that: (1) the downstream compensations for the three stages were 2.139 billion yuan, 2.349 billion yuan and 2.489 billion yuan when only the downstream ecological compensation for the upstream was considered; (2) the compensations for the three stages were 88 million yuan, 107 million yuan, 124 million yuan when only the upstream ecological compensation for the downstream was considered; and (3) the compensations in the three stages were 2.051 billion yuan, 2.242 billion yuan, 2.365 billion yuan when ecological environment rights were shared. Under this property relation, the ecological compensation standard considering water quality and water yield and the goal of ecological environmental protection are clear and the content of compensation is complete, which is easily accepted by all parties.