Reduce Waste Disposal Research Articles

Memperkuat Komunitas Melalui Program Pengelolaan Sampah untuk Keberlanjutan di Desa Suka Makmur

The village of Suka Makmur faces challenges in waste management, where waste is often not sorted and potentially poses environmental impacts. The Waste Bank programme has been reactivated to address this issue by implementing the 3R principles (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) and providing economic benefits to the community. This research employed a participatory approach, involving residents in an initial survey, waste sorting training, and the operation of the Waste Bank. Continuous education was provided to ensure the community understands the importance of waste management and the economic potential of collected waste. The results indicate increased community participation, reduced waste disposal volumes, and economic benefits for residents. The Waste Bank has successfully raised environmental awareness and empowered the community to manage waste sustainably.

An innovative sustainable solution: Recycling shield-discharge waste soil as fine aggregate to produce eco-friendly geopolymer-based flowable backfill materials

The disposal of Shield-Discharge Waste Soil (SDWS) is substantial, yet their recycling rate remains low, necessitating the exploration of new recycling methods for effective waste management. This study examines the potential use of SDWS as a fine aggregate in the production of Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM), incorporating slag and fly ash as precursors. Key properties such as strength, flowability, setting time, microstructure, chemical composition, CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and cost were assessed and analyzed. Additionally, the environmental impact and material-related strategies were discussed. The results reveal that the developed CLSM exhibits competitive performance, with compressive strengths ranging from 2.830 MPa to 4.121 MPa, achieving over 1.0 MPa strength within 24 hours. The material demonstrates high flowability, exceeding 200 mm within 30 minutes, and has a setting time between 2.10 and 4.23 hours, offering advantages in both setting time and early strength. SDWS contributes to extending the coagulation process and enhancing the flowability. Optimal strength is observed when SDWS constitutes approximately 30 % of the binders or when the alkali equivalent is around 7 %. Compared to traditional cement-based CLSMs, incorporating SDWS results in reduced CO2 emissions and lower energy consumption. When considering savings from reduced waste disposal costs, the overall material cost remains competitive. Furthermore, higher SDWS content leads to enhanced environmental benefits, and it is recommended to keep the alkali equivalent below 7 % for optimal performance. In conclusion, the developed CLSM presents significant potential for wide-scale applications and offers a sustainable solution for recycling SDWS.

Assessing the Durability, Mechanical, and Microstructural Properties of Nanosilica-enhanced Coconut Shell Concrete: A Sustainable Approach

This study explores the properties of concrete as a sustainable substitute for cement through the use of nanosilica in an eco-friendly aggregate system. Daily life generates a larger amount of coconut shell waste from the tropical zone. In India, the yearly deposition of coconut shell is about 80,000 tonnes, which is 6.7% of total agricultural waste. Crushing gravel production emits CO2, which is an environmental concern. Simultaneously, to diminish waste disposal of coconut shell can be effectively utilised as coarse aggregate in lightweight concrete. The conventional concrete (CC) was fully replaced by coconut shell coarse aggregate and crushed gravel sand (Msand) as fine aggregate in plain Portland cement. Nanosilica replaces cement in the conventional blend at 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. This study describes the concrete's hardened properties, such as compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength. Among all the mechanical performances, the N2 blend is significant. The N2 mix exhibits a trend that aligns with the correlation between compressive strength and splitting tensile strength. The transport durability performance related to capillary wick action of the optimum blend (N2 mix) has 0.018 mm/min0.5. The pore filler mechanism and pozzolanicity of 2% NS is more synergic than other combinations. The N2 mix in H2SO4 environment has less mass and strength loss. The N2 blend's morphology is robust relative to the CC mix because of the secondary C-S-H gel and homogeneous, smooth hydrated grain. As a result, the report concludes that using coconut shell as an aggregate in concrete can reduce waste disposal in landfills, while using nanosilica in place of cement can reduce CO2 emissions.

The “6th R” of sustainability: Repurposing operating room waste for community benefit

BackgroundOperating rooms contribute greatly to hospital waste and greenhouse gas production. Efforts to “green the operating room” have focused on the 5R's of sustainability: reduce, reuse, recycle, rethink, and research. We propose a “6th R” —repurposing— as simple yet effective means of addressing operating room waste. MethodsClean, non-reusable surgical supplies were collected from a satellite facility of a children's hospital during a six-week pilot program. Materials were catalogued and repurposed throughout the community. The potential financial benefits were estimated based upon the value of repurposed goods and savings from reduced waste disposal. ResultsOver 960 items were collected during the 6-week pilot. Materials ranging from plastic trays to surgical towels were donated to organizations throughout the community. Approximate retail value of repurposed items was over $1200. When extrapolated to the entire hospital system, these repurposing efforts could account for over $50,000 in donations and $1300 in operational savings over a calendar year. ConclusionsRepurposing unused surgical items provide environmental, societal, and financial benefits, all while promoting more sustainable healthcare systems.

Influence of steel slag content on the mechanical and hydraulic properties of compacted silt-bentonite mixtures

ABSTRACT The reuse of by-products has become increasingly important as a means of minimising the consumption of natural resources and reducing waste disposal. This study examines the potential reuse of steel slag for soil stabilisation, with benefits such as conserving natural resources and mitigating the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of conventional stabilising agents. It focuses on evaluating the effect of pozzolanic reactions on the strength and stiffness of both loess silt and silt-bentonite mixtures. The experimental tests included the physical characterisation of granular materials, reactivity tests of the pozzolanicity of soil mixtures, compaction tests, unconfined compression tests, and hydraulic conductivity tests. The impact of the curing period was also analysed to quantify the effects of natural cementation and the development of hydrogels within soil pores on the compacted soil properties. The findings suggest that adding steel slag can significantly increase the strength and the stiffness of compacted loess silts by over 300% and 500%, respectively, after 56 days of curing, substantially reducing the hydraulic conductivity of granular materials, such as the tested silt, as hydrogels partially occupy the pores available for liquid flow. It should be noted that the chemical reactions during hydrogel formation may hinder the free expansion of clay mixtures and release Ca2+ ions, thereby counteracting the expected reduction in hydraulic conductivity when bentonite is added to compacted earthen barriers.

Unlocking solid waste circularity in urban settings: Insights from upcoming town in Kenya

Emerging and developing urban economies experience significant waste management challenges due to increased consumption rates, and limited capacity to manage waste. However, these challenges offer opportunities for waste circularity to raise valuation and reduces the amount of solid waste in the dumpsite. This study assessed the existing solid waste management (SWM) systems along circular economy (CE) at businesses, residential, and learning institutions, identified existing opportunities for CE in SWM, and assessed residents' attitudes toward CE in SWM in Othaya, a rural upcoming town in central Kenya. This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design. 32 households, 19 premises, and 2 Key Informants were interviewed. First, the study findings revealed that the current waste practices in Othaya exhibit limited circularity, primarily influenced by convenience and a predominant linear approach results in substantial waste accumulation at the Gikeu dumpsite. Second, efforts from individuals and the government were progressively aligned to reduce waste disposal and promote circularity; however, the application of waste circularity governance through legal frameworks and agencies remained minimal. Third, challenges to CE progress were tied to the lack of CE awareness, absence of incentives, monetary valuation for participation, and inadequate waste sorting infrastructure. This study recommends raising awareness of CE principles and benefits to both individuals and businesses, enhancing waste governance that fosters CE principles through effective legal measures, fostering collaboration among stakeholders, and introducing incentives to encourage active participation in waste circularity.

Brown Seaweed Byproduct Extracts Improve Intestinal Motility and Auto-Inflammation in Mice with Loperamide-Induced Constipation.

Sargassum fusiforme and Sargassum fulvellum are types of brown algae used for their nutritional value and medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Despite their importance in various industries, many seaweed byproducts containing dietary fiber and polysaccharides are discarded in landfills. These byproducts can be recycled and repurposed for different applications. In this study, we investigated the impact of S. fusiforme food processing byproducts (MbP-SFF) and S. fulvellum food processing byproducts (MbP-SFV) on improving intestinal motility and reducing inflammation in mice with constipation induced by loperamide. To evaluate this, mice were orally administered 500 mg/kg/day of the byproducts once daily for 8 days. Constipation was induced by 5 mg/kg/day of loperamide for two days after oral administration for 6 days. Each sample contained approximately 70% carbohydrates. MbP-SFF had 52.0% mannuronic acid and 18.8% guluronic acid, while MbP-SFV had 36.9% mannuronic acid and 32.9% guluronic acid. These byproducts enhanced fecal excretion and intestinal motility by modulating inflammatory responses. Furthermore, they restored the balance of the gut microbiota disrupted by loperamide, increasing beneficial Bifidobacterium and reducing harmful Staphylococcus aureus. Overall, MbP-SFF and MbP-SFV improved intestinal motility and inflammation by influencing the gut microbiota and inflammatory responses in a loperamide-induced mouse model. These byproducts show potential as ingredients in functional foods aimed at enhancing gut health, potentially reducing waste disposal costs and addressing environmental concerns associated with their utilization.

A sustainable utilization approach of waste biomass resources to smart materials for buildings

Resource utilization of solid waste promotes resource conservation, energy transformation and sustainable development. In this study, we developed a synthetic strategy for converting biomass waste, such as waste bamboo powder, into a smart material with thermochromic properties - hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC). The synthesis process includes extraction of cellulose and modification with hydroxypropyl groups. The maximum extraction efficiency of cellulose from raw bamboo powder was up to 48 % by carefully adjusting the reaction conditions including NaOH concentration, reaction time, and treatment temperature. The maximum yield of modification process was achieved to 1.32 g/g by optimizing alkalization temperature, alkalization time, NaOH concentration, propylene oxide concentration, etherification temperature and etherification time. The samples were characterized by a variety of techniques such as FTIR, 1H NMR, XRD, SEM to validate the micro-structure of the extracted cellulose the HPC materials. Moreover, this study explored the potential application of HPC hydrogel in smart window application, and evaluated its building energy saving efficiency under different climate conditions through computational simulation. The corresponding results showed that the HPC hydrogel smart window could have significant energy saving potential compared to ordinary clear glass window. This novel approach of converting waste resources into high valued thermochromic materials for smart windows, not only reduces waste disposal demand for excessive land-use and energy consumption but also shows a positively contributes to sustainable development, environmental protection, as well as energy conservation.

Improving Adsorption Efficiency of Recycled Activated Carbon from Household Water Purifiers through Sonication

Objectives:This study evaluated the potential of recycled activated carbon from household water purifiers as an adsorbent for removing methylene blue. It aimed to achieve resource recycling and dyeing wastewater treatment through the sonication modification of recycled activated carbon.Methods:After sieving recycled activated carbon from water purifiers to a particle size of 75-150μm, the material, in this paper referred to as PCB-S, was processed using sonication to enhance its adsorption capacity. The characteristics of PCB-S were analyzed using SEM, XRD and BET analysis. To evaluate its efficacy, adsorption experiments were carried out varying the following parameters: PCB-S dosage (0.05-0.6gL-1), pH (2.0-10.0), initial concentration of methylene blue (100mgL-1), reaction time (1440 min), and temperature (298 K). The data from these experiments were analyzed using first and second-order kinetic models to understand the reaction kinetics, and the adsorption efficiency was further compared using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Finally, the thermodynamic properties of the adsorption process between PCB-S and methylene blue were studied to determine its endothermic nature and spontaneity.Results and Discussion:The analysis of the surface characteristics of PCB and PCB-S revealed that sonication significantly altered the pore structure of the activated carbon, leading to increases in both the specific surface area and pore volume. XRD analysis, indicated that sonication had no impact on the crystalline or amorphous structure of the activated carbon. PCB-S demonstrated superior porosity and adsorption capabilities compared to PCB. With a dosage of 0.6gL-1, PCB-S was able to remove 65% of methylene blue from the solution. The adsorption kinetics were best described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm fitting the data most accurately. The Gibbs free energy (-1.90~-1.32kJ mol-1) and enthalpy change (7.44 kJ mol-1) confirmed that the adsorption reaction was endothermic.Conclusion:This study confirmed that recycled activated carbon from water purifiers exhibits excellent effectiveness as a dye removal adsorbent when subjected to sonication treatment. Therefore, the possibility of utilizing recycled household water purifier filters as adsorbents is expected to contribute to reducing waste disposal costs by promoting resource recycling.

Impacts of a municipal solid waste classification policy on carbon emissions: case study of Beijing, China

National and local governments implement municipal solid waste classification policies to reduce waste disposal and minimize environmental pollution. Beijing started implementing its classification of municipal solid waste policy in May 2020. This study evaluates the impact of Beijing’s household waste classification policy on carbon emissions during collection, transportation, and treatment. The policy’s introduction reduced the number of trash bins, influenced transportation modes, and altered waste treatment emissions. We found a notable reduction in average net carbon emissions post-policy implementation (2403 kg CO2eq per metric ton of waste) compared with pre-policy (3584 kg CO2eq per metric ton of waste). If Beijing reaches its 2025 waste target, these emissions will decrease further to 1760 kg CO2eq per metric ton of waste. Translating these findings into monetary terms confirms this policy’s environmental and economic efficacy.

Utilization of Areca leaf residues for sustainable production of greyboard

This study primarily focused on the production of greyboard using waste materials from small scale industries, and specifically using Areca leaf waste fibers as a sustainable and environmentally friendly resource. Areca leaf waste fibers were employed as the primary raw material for greyboard manufacturing. The resulting greyboard exhibited commendable properties, including a tear index of 7.53 mN·m2/g, tensile index of 18.34·N·m/g (i.e., breaking length of 1870 m), burst factor of 9.24 (gf/cm2)/(g/m2) and stiffness factor of 33.1. This greyboard was created through a series of steps, including hydrothermal treatment of the material at 155°C and mechanical pulping refinement. The produced greyboard met the specifications outlined in the Indian Standard 2617 (1967) for greyboard. The key objective of this work was to leverage agricultural waste resources to develop a chemical-free greyboard, resulting in reduced waste disposal in open fields and a decrease in chemical usage within the greyboard manufacturing industry. Various characterization techniques, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), attenuated total reflection•Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), were used to assess the fiber quality, including aspects such as functional groups, morphology, and crystallinity for the materials used in the manufacturing process.

Experimental Investigation on Shear Strength and Microstructure of Chemically Treated Sisal Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

The incorporation of sisal fiber into the concrete matrix reduces waste disposal, which has negative environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to perform an experimental investigation on shear strength and microstructure of chemically treated sisal fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC). In order to accomplish the aim of the study, physical, shear, and mechanical properties of concrete reinforced with chemically treated sisal fiber have been performed. 0.50%, 1.00%, 1.25%, 1.50%, 1.75%, and 2.00% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) treated sisal fiber were used as an addition to the dry weight average with the help of the American Concrete Institute (ACI) mix design procedure. After the 7th and 28th days of curing, shear strength according to the ASTM D5379M standard and the mechanical properties of concrete have been conducted. For microstructural properties, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were conducted after the concrete was cured for 28 days. Forty-six percent and 20% compressive strength enhancement at the 7th and 28th days of curing was compared to the control mix. Twenty-seven percent enhancement was recorded in the split tensile strength of 1.5% SFRC as compared to the control mix at 28 curing days. A shear strength of 1.5% SFRC was improved by 95% at the 7th curing days and 28% at the 28th curing days as compared to the control mix. As compared to conventional concrete, SFRC shows a denser microstructure. In addition to this, portlandite, quartz, calcium aluminum silicate, and C─S─H crystal are the available phases in the concrete matrix.

Research on the application of microbial biomass in resource utilization of agricultural product processing waste

Microbial biomass can effectively treat waste from the agro-food industry. Urbanization and economic development have escalated, causing environmental degradation. With the development of the economy and the improvement of peoples living standards, the total amount of waste today is huge, and there are many types. Waste management challenges far exceed those of the early 20th century, requiring innovative solutions and modern environmental protection technologies. Industrial waste is costly to recycle, while animal and plant-based organic waste like potato wastewater, whey, lignin, and cellulose dominate. This article explores the utilization of microorganisms for waste treatment. Yeast biomass offers a solution to reduce waste disposal costs and generate valuable metabolites such as -glucans, vitamins, carotenoids, and enzymes with wide industrial applications. Discovering new applications for yeast, fungi, and bacteria can enhance their effective use in various biotechnological fields.

The effect of recycled fiber content on performance/quality properties of swimwear fabrics

Due to the decrease in natural resources all over the world and the increase in global CO2 emissions, which make the biggest contribution to global warming and climate change, the use of recycled materials has gained great importance in the textile industry, as in other application areas. Reducing the use of new raw materials and producing products from old raw materials not only minimizes environmental impacts such as lower CO2 emissions during the landfilling, reduced consumption of natural resources, reduced waste disposal, but also reduces costs and provides a longer product life. This study investigates the effect of recycled polyester fiber on the performance/quality properties of swimwear fabrics. Swimwear fabric samples were produced from 100% recycled polyester, 50% recycled polyester/50% polyamide, 100% polyester and 100% polyamide, and tested in terms of bursting strength, seam strength, abrasion resistance, air permeability and color fastness properties.

The Potential of Glass Waste as Sand Replacement in Concrete Mix for 3DCP Technology

The global population generates millions of metric tons of glass waste annually, with only a small fraction being recycled, leaving the rest to accumulate in stockpiles. This underutilization of glass waste poses environmental concerns and a tremendous need to increase recycling efforts to address sustainability concerns in the construction industry. The construction industry has seen the emergence of 3D Construction Printing (3DCP) technology for innovative opportunities. However, current research in 3DCP predominantly focuses on conventional methods, which are not environmentally sustainable practices in concrete production. Therefore, the objectives of the study are to determine the optimal proportion of glass waste to be used as a sand replacement in 3DCP, to assess the resulting concrete's strength, and to seek the acceptance of glass waste as a viable sand replacement in 3DCP. The research conducts a quantitative approach by varying test levels of glass wase (0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) as a partial substitute for sand in concrete mixtures. In addition, this study employs qualitative methods to gain the acceptance of construction industry players about glass waste as a sand replacement in 3DCP. The findings show the potential of glass waste as a sustainable material, reducing waste disposal costs, mitigating environmental pollution risks, and conserving valuable landfill space. In conclusion, this study contributes to the promotion of green concrete practices and aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).

Effect of Effective Microorganisms in Fermentation of Rice Husk and Anchovy Head Using Lab-scale Treatment

The rice husk and anchovy filet industry is one of the world’s most successful industries and generates many biowastes with valuable bioproducts. Combining effective microorganisms (EM) with anchovy head (AH) and rice husk (RH) will produce a beneficial fertilizer and make nutrients more valuable to the plant. Thus, this study aims to determine the most effective anchovy head and rice husk treatment ratio for agricultural applications to reduce waste disposal from anchovy heads and rice husks worldwide, which may cause environmental problems. In this study, rice husk and anchovy head were fermented at five different ratios of treatment weight for 25 days: Treatment A with 100% AH, treatment B with 100% RH, treatment C with 50% AH:50% RH, treatment D with 70% AH:30% RH, and treatment E with 30% AH:70% RH. The pH, temperature, and number of colonies of every treatment were measured every 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days. This study shows that treatment D with a ratio of 70% AH: 30% RH is the most suitable based on pH range within 6–8.5, consistently increasing temperature and the highest number of colonies to be applied to plants. The ratio of rice husk and anchovy head of treatment D in this study can be used further by other researchers to discover their potential, especially for the agricultural industry.

Integrated municipal management of waste from tree pruning and removal

Urban forests generate a significant amount of waste from leaf fall, pruning and removal of trees. This lignocellulosic material is typically used for composting, burned (with or without energy generation) or disposed in landfills. Despite its potential use for environmentally friendly purposes, access to the material is still limited, mainly due to the lack of knowledge about its generation and quantity, difficulties in sorting, and issues related to the transport and storage of this waste. Thus, this article characterizes an urban afforestation system, quantifies the generation of waste, and proposes an integrated municipal system for the use of this waste material. After describing the procedures and operations performed for tree pruning and removal, we report a case study of the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, covering a period of 15 months. We adjusted empirical equations (Log Spurr, Spurr, and Schumacher-Hall models) to estimate the volume of waste produced, serving as a basis for the development of waste quantification methods. The city was estimated to generate an average of 180 tons of afforestation waste per month, composed mainly of leaves and thin branches (69%). Composting alone was considered an inefficient use of the material (about 31% of waste is not beneficially utilized). This material can be applied for the production of different products with high added value. Models to predict the generation of waste can contribute to the planning of municipal waste management. The Schumacher-Hall and Log Spurr models produced the best results. In general, the results indicated that adequate urban planning can help reduce waste disposal and burning by local governments. Additionally, carrying out the quantification of waste and exploring the use of new recovery measures of waste from urban afforestation can help support sustainable local development.

The contribution of community-based libraries in climate action to strengthen the face of climate change supports the SDGs

Introduction: Climate change is one of the goals to be achieved in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which requires various groups to participate in adaptation and mitigation of global warming. This is because climate change causes various problems that have a direct impact on human life. The objectives of this research are to find out the role of libraries as a medium for climate change literacy and the role of libraries in climate action addressing climate change. Data Collection Methods: The research method used is literature study which is concerned with methods of collecting library data, reading and taking notes, and managing research materials from literary sources in the form of textbooks, journals, scientific articles, conducting studies by studying material obtained from literary sources in the form of articles. Results and Disccusion: The research results show that libraries can act as media that teach climate change literacy to the public. Libraries act as providers of information, libraries play a role in teaching environmental health literacy by educating the public to learn information about climate change. The library becomes an example of reduce and reuse behaviour by showing examples of how to reduce waste disposal emissions through actions to reduce the use of paper materials and the role in implementing go green. Conclusion: Community-based libraries contribute to climate action by becoming information providers, educators, given an examples and become role models.

Analysis of mortar with brake lining waste by electrical impedance spectroscopy

Several researchers have been committed to developing multifunctional mortars, that is, beyond those usual purposes, such as laying masonry, coating, and sealing. These multifunctional mortars may be able to regenerate, store energy, and self-monitor, among other features. Some of these features involve the need to increase the electrical conductivity of the mortar. In this sense, a cement mortar was produced with gradual replacement of the sand with the brake lining waste, to evaluate the electrical impedance and phase angle in a frequency spectrum from 40 Hz to 100 kHz. The specimens had aluminum electrodes embedded in them to measure the properties in question, in the hardened state. This work is a complement to preliminary research that evaluated compressive strength and impedance only at a frequency of 60 Hz, in mortars with the same mix proportion. The results indicated that increasing the content of brake lining waste when replacing sand was able to reduce electrical resistance, both at low and high frequencies. This reduction was due to the increase in electrical conductivity caused by the composition of the brake lining waste, which gives the waste ohmic characteristics. In addition to improving electrical properties, the use of brake lining waste helps to reduce waste disposal in landfills, as well as reducing the consumption of natural aggregates.

Enhancing Mortar Properties with Crushed Palm Oil Clinker as a Partial Fine Aggregate Replacement

The study investigated the feasibility of utilizing crushed palm oil clinker, a byproduct of the palm oil industry, as a partial substitute for fine aggregate in mortar. This initiative aimed to mitigate the environmental issues arising from sand mining and excessive disposal of palm oil clinker in landfills. Five different replacement percentages (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) were tested, with all specimens undergoing water curing. The research outcomes revealed significant effects on mortar properties. As the proportion of crushed palm oil clinker increased, the flowability of the mortar diminished. Nevertheless, incorporating 10% crushed palm oil clinker resulted in improved compressive strength. Conversely, higher replacement percentages (20%, 30%, and 40%) led to a diminishing trend in compressive strength due to an increased porous structure and weaker bonding. Additionally, when higher replacement percentages (20%, 30%, and 40%) were employed, the water absorption of the mortar increased. In summary, employing crushed palm oil clinker as a partial substitute for fine aggregate can help reduce waste disposal while conserving natural river sand resources. This approach offers a potential solution to address both environmental concerns and the need for sustainable construction materials.