Red Steppe Research Articles

Состояние породных ресурсов крупного рогатого скота в генофондных хозяйствах России

Abstract. The purpose of the research was to assess the effectiveness of the production use of small breeds of cattle bred in the country's gene pool farms. Methods. The purpose set in the study was achieved through the use of methods of analysis and generalization using special scientific literature on the problem being analyzed, a yearbook on breeding work in dairy cattle breeding on farms of the Russian Federation, and periodicals. Object of study: cattle breeds of gene pool farms in Russia (Bestuzhev, Mountain cattle of Dagestan, Istoben, Caucasian brown, red steppe, Tagil, Yakut cattle, Pechora type of Kholmogory breed). Results. Among all the breeds bred in gene pool farms, the latest ripening ones, which took the longest to reach the age of first calving, were Yakut cattle, as well as individuals of the Istoben and Red Steppe breeds, in which it varied within 33.4–35.3 months. It should be noted as a positive pattern that the animals of the Tagil breed achieved the analyzed indicator early, which was 26 months. The optimal duration of the period from calving to fertile insemination was distinguished by cows from the gene pool farms of the Republic of Dagestan – Mountain cattle of Dagestan and Caucasian brown – 71 and 74 days, respectively, as well as the breeding stock of the Bestuzhev breed – 86 days. The longest duration of the service period was recorded in the herds of gene pool farms of the Istoben breed and the Pechora type of the Kholmogory breed. The early age of retirement of Yakut cattle raises concerns, which, along with the small number of cows in this breed, will reduce not only the reproduction of the herd, but will also lead to the complete disappearance of this population. The lowest yield of calves per 100 cows is characterized by animals of the Pechora type of the Kholmogory breed – 63,1; for all other breeds it varies between 80–91 calves. Scientific novelty. For the first time, monitoring of the numbers and current state of industrial use of small breeds of dairy cattle in gene pool farms in Russia was carried out.

Productive features of the first heifers of the red steppe breed under different systems of housing and forming of production groups

Abstract The purpose of the research is to establish the productive qualities of the first heifers of the red steppe breed with different technologies of housing and forming a production group of newly-calved cows. Intergroup differences in the milk yield of the first heifers were established, which amounted to 176 kg of milk in favor of individuals who lactated separately from adult cows (P>0.95). The yield of protein and fat during lactation also prevailed in the experimental group of heifers by 3.5-3.8%. According to the milk content index, the first heifers kept together with adult livestock were inferior to the individuals of the experimental group by an average of 1.4%. The differences in the content of first heifers in the summer period were expressed in the superiority of milk yield of first heifers, which were grazed on pastures, during the pasture period at the level of 262 kg (P>0.95), provided them with superiority in milk production for the entire period of first lactation by an average of 289 kg of milk (P>0.95), as well as in yield milk fat and protein. As a result, the milk content index of the first heifers of the experimental group reached 1225 kg against 1161 kg in the control (P>0.95).

Genetic characteristic of holstein cattle bred at Rakovskoye LLC of Primorsky Territory

The immunogenetic strucrure of Holstein cattle being imported from Germany and Hungary is determined. The presence of antigenes being met seldom – Z’ (EAA-locus), P2, T2, Q, I′, J′2, K′, P′, Y′, B′′ (EAB-locus), R1 (EAC- locus) and M (EAM-locus) is characteristic of the researched group of animals (1116 heads). Their summary frequency of being met made 17,64%. The antigenes – A2 (EAA-locus), G2, G3, Y2, E′2, E′3, G′, Q′ (EAB-locus), C1, C2, E, W, X2 (EAC-locus), F (EAF-locus), H′ (EAS-locus) are met with high frequency.They have been discovered in 40,05–98,39% of animals. Analysis of distribution of the genotypes in EAF-locus. pointed to the breach of genetic balance, that is caused by oversurplus of homozygous genotypes V/V and shortage of heterozygous F/V. Analysis of distribution of EAB-alleles exposed the high frequency of being met of the allele G2Y2Eʹ2Qʹ (q=0,2711), and also a presence in the researched group of animals the alleles typical for the black and white cattle, red steppe and other breeds of cattle. The level of homozygosity (Са) concerning EAB-locus. made 10,9%. The received materials. will be used in future for the improvement of selection and breeding work with the imported Holstein cattle.

Milk productivity of red steppe cows of different genotypes

Milk productivity of red steppe cows of different genotypes

Influence of heat resistance on reproduction and productivity of Red Dairy Breed cows

In this article we discuss the indicators of heat resistance of cattle. The studies were carried out on the livestock of the red dairy breed: group I – the intrabreed fatty-milk type obtained by crossing the red steppe breed with the Angler, group II - animals obtained by crossing the red steppe breed with the red-mottled Holstein. It was found that with temperature comfort, the difference in temperature and pulse rate between the animals of the fatty-dairy and holstenized types was insignificant, but with the increase of the air temperature to 39 C, these indicators were increased. The respiratory rate was significantly lower in the first heifers of the fatty-milk type both at elevated temperature load and in physiologically comfortable environmental conditions. Animals of both intrabreed types resisted the specific agro-climatic conditions of Donbas quite well. In terms of adaptive abilities to the high summer temperatures of Donbas, holstenized intrabreed type animals are noticeably inferior to fat-milk intrabreed type cows.

Productivity of cows of the red steppe breed, considering the physique

As a result of a comparative assessment of the qualitative indicators of milk productivity of dairy cows of the red steppe breed of the III lactation, two controlled groups of animals were selected for the study according to two body types. It was found that broad-bodied cows have higher milk yields by 5.91% compared to narrow-bodied animals. Broad-bodied cows also produce more milk fat and protein during the standard lactation period, by an average of 21.36% and 20.5%.

УБОЙНЫЕ КАЧЕСТВА И МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ ТУШ КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА, ПОЛУЧЕННЫХ МЕТОДОМ МЕЖПОРОДНОГО СКРЕЩИВАНИЯ

The article presents the results of a study of slaughter indicators and morphological composition of bull carcasses obtained as a result of interbreeding. In the 18th and 19th centuries, many breeders willingly applied basic breeding methods to create new breeds. Based on the results of the work, it was concluded that the crossbreeds of the first generation, which were obtained by crossing different breeds among themselves, surpass the primary forms in viability and productivity. An important aspect of industrial crossbreeding is also the improvement of the genetic potential of the herd. By crossing with meat breeds, it is possible to improve the productive qualities of animals, such as weight gain, slaughter yield, meat quality and other characteristics. At the same time, the positive qualities of the mother breed are preserved, which contributes to the production of highly efficient offspring. The importance of breeding breeds with improved economic and biological characteristics is directly related to the production of meat, which is an important source of protein for human nutrition. The crossing of cattle breeds can lead to the production of different genetic material, which can eventually affect the morphological composition of carcasses and the quality of meat. This approach will help improve the quality and competitiveness of meat, as well as provide consumers with high-quality and safe products for consumption. The productivity of animals in meat production depends on their morphophysiological characteristics, which are formed under the influence of heredity and external factors. The quality indicators characterizing the meat productivity of animals are the results of control slaughter and the morphological composition of carcasses. The article presents the results of comparative studies of meat productivity of bulls of different genotypes. 4 groups of bulls were formed. To determine the meat productivity of the experimental bulls, at the end of the experiment, we conducted a control slaughter of 3 heads and studied the morphological composition of the half-carcasses. From the analysis of data on control slaughter, it follows that animals of different genotypes have certain differences in the main indicators of meat productivity. Based on the obtained research results, it was found that the indicators of meat productivity of meat of mixed young animals obtained by industrial crossing with cows of Kalmyk, red-mottled and red steppe breeds were a level higher than those of their peers.

Биохимические и гематологические характеристики крови коров красной степной породы Павлодарской области Казахстана

To predict the breeding and productive characteristics of cattle, along with molecular genetic markers, biochemical and hematological indicators are used. The purpose of the study is to conduct a hemato-biochemical analysis of the blood serum of red steppe cows in the Pavlodar region of Kazakhstan. Deviations of protein level from the norm indicates metabolic disorders in the body, ration of animals. The total protein in the blood serum of cows is in the upper limit of reference values and makes 81,07±4,28 g/L. Determination of bilirubin content in blood allows to find out the ability of the liver to secrete bile. Total bilirubin amounted to 1,58±0,26 umol/L, which does not exceed the specified values. Urea is the end product of protein metabolism. Its content in blood increases with delayed excretion by kidneys. In the blood serum of cows the concentration of urea is 4,91±0,22 mmol/L. In biochemical analysis, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase are an indicator of cell damage in internal organs. Aspartateaminotransferase was 105,9±8,46 U/L, is within the reference values, indicating the absence of disorders in nitrogen metabolism. The concentration of alanine aminotransferase enzyme was 47,3±4,07 U/L, also indicating the absence of damage in the liver. Cholesterol as an important structural element of cell membrane participates in the formation of complexes with proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Total cholesterol content – 4,72±0,32 mmol/L. Decrease in blood sugar level is a symptom of serious disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism and lack of glycogen reserves in liver and muscles. Decrease of sugar content in blood of cows can be considered as a result of mismatch of energy intake with feed and its expenditure on metabolic processes and milk formation. Glucose concentration was 2,00±0,31 mmol/L. Insignificant deviation from the reference values of amylase enzyme, which hydrolyzes starch and glycogen, was detected. The level of these blood proteins is characterized by great stability and is subject to small fluctuations under normal conditions. The concentration of the enzyme totaled 73,7±6,37 U/L.

Влияние генотипа крупного рогатого скота на химический состав говядины

Purpose. To study the slaughter qualities of mixed young cattle and the chemical composition of beef obtained from it. Materials and Methods. The object of research is 18-month-old crossbred bulls, obtained as a result of industrial crossing of Kazakh white-headed cattle bulls with heifers of the Simmental breed (group I), Hereford bulls with heifers of the Simmental breed (group II) and Kalmyk bulls with heifers of red steppe cattle (group III). Purebred bulls of the Kazakh white-headed breed were used as a control group. Chemical analysis of beef samples was carried out according to the following methods and GOST standards: moisture content was determined by drying the sample to a constant mass at a temperature of 100-105 °C according to GOST 9793-2016; protein content – by the amount of protein nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method according to GOST 25011-2017; fat content – according to GOST 23042-2015; ash content – according to GOST 31727-2012; the amino acid and vitamin composition was determined according to the method of measuring the mass fraction of amino acids and vitamins by the KE method on the Kapel-105M system, the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH) according to GOST R 51478-99. Calorie content of 100 g / meat was calculated using the formula of V. M. Aleksandrov. Results. To assess the meat productivity of crossbred steers, their control slaughter was carried out, which showed that the largest slaughter weight and slaughter yield were possessed by steers of the II experimental group – 312.4 kg and 61.0%. Beef samples from young animals of the II experimental group had the highest content of dry matter. The difference with peers from the control, I and III groups was 0.27, 0.21 and 0.63%, respectively. It was also noted that the crossbred young of the II experimental group surpassed purebred Kazakh white-headed bulls in protein content by 1.67%. The difference with the crossbreeds from group I and III is 1.38 and 2.3% respectively. A study of the vitamin composition of the beef of experimental young animals showed that the resulting beef was relatively rich in vitamins of group B. beef obtained from crossbred bulls of the II experimental group has a higher biological value (Protein qualitative indicator = 5.86 compared with the control 5.59). The increase in protein qualitative indicator is mainly due to the higher content of tryptophan in beef of the experimental group II – by 9.0% (494.40 mg% compared with 453.86 mg% in the control). The pH value of the water-meat extract in bulls of different genotypes is almost the same and ranged from 5.41 to 5.49. Conclusion. It has been established that the crossing of bulls of meat breeds of cattle with heifers of dairy and combined breeds contributes to the production of young offspring with excellent slaughter qualities, and beef obtained from such offspring has a high biological value.

Analysis of polymorphisms in genes associated with milk productivity in red steppe and Caucasian brown cow breeds in two natural‐climate zones (mountains and plain) of Dagestan, Russia

Aim. The unique gene pool of indigenous breeds in the Dagestan Caucasus is threatened by the increasingly widespread use of commercial breeds, which in turn risks narrowing the genetic base necessary to increase and maintain existing genetic diversity. For this reason, our research aimed to study the polymorphism of the PRL, PIT‐1, GH genes in red steppe and Caucasian brown cattle raised in the conditions of Dagestan.Methods. Genotyping of red steppe and Caucasian brown cattle was carried out using PCR‐RFLP methods. Using these methods, genetic analysis was carried out and polymorphism of the prolactin, somatotropin and pituitary‐specific transcription factor genes was studied.Results. As a result of the genotyping of an experimental group of red steppe cattle, it was found that the distribution of two alleles and three genotypes (PIT‐1A and PIT‐1B; PIT‐1AA, PIT‐1BB, PIT‐1AB) of the PIT‐1 gene has a specific character. The specificity of the allelic spectrum of the PRL gene is expressed in the high (0.84) frequency of occurrence of the PRLA allele and low (0.16) frequency of the PRLB allele. This is reflected in the presence of homo‐ and heterozygous genotypes with a frequency of occurrence of 73.0; 23.0; 4.0 %, respectively.Conclusion. Applied genetic approaches to improve the productive and breed qualities of livestock, which are modern and based on a more complete analysis of the genetic diversity and genotype of the studied populations, contribute to the conservation of zoned breeds. At the same time, intrapopulation variability and good adaptability should ensure the sustainable development of dairy cattle breeding in various climatic zones.

Biotechnology of regulation of reproductive functions of Bos primigenius taurus

Since cattle are biologically capable of giving birth to only one calf per year, they are considered a single-fruited animal species. One of the cardinal methods of solving the problem of accelerated reproduction of livestock is biotechnological regulation of reproductive function in cows and synchronisation of their sexual activity. The aim of the study is to investigate the peculiarities of the reproductive function of Red Steppe cows under the influence of various methods of its regulation using modern hormonal agents. To evaluate the reproductive function of cows, generally accepted zootechnical methods were used, methods of variation statistics were used to calculate data, and biotechnological methods were used to regulate sexual activity in cows. Based on the analysis of the state of reproduction of the cattle herd, it was established that 164-187 cows and 85-96 heifers are artificially inseminated annually, which ensures the yield of calves per 100 cows of 89-91 heads and the annual introduction of 36 to 40 first-born calves per 100 cows. The shortened service period contributes to both a higher calf yield and an increase in milk yield, which is a desirable production effect. However, calving to conception interval, necessary to prepare the cow’s body for a new insemination, can be reduced to at least 30 days. Insemination of heifers with artificial insemination devices should be started when they reach a live weight of 314±6.5 kg, which will allow to obtain fertility from the first insemination at the level of 73.7-77.8% and thereby prevent obesity of heifers, which mainly reduces the percentage of fertility from the first insemination. It is necessary to establish obstetric and gynaecological examinations and treatment of problematic replacement heifers and cows, and it is advisable to use prostaglandin F2α analogues in combination with vitamins or biologically active drugs to stimulate the sexual function of cows and heifers. The use of prophylactic drugs will help to synchronise the heifers' sexual desire and increase their fertility during insemination. And the organisation of cattle reproduction and the proposed biotechnological ways to improve artificial insemination of the red steppe breed breeding stock will significantly improve their reproductive status, which will increase the overall economic efficiency of the industry

An alternative remedy for the treatment of mastit in cows

Relevance. Mastitis in farm animals is widespread and ubiquitous and causes great economic damage to dairy cattle. The drugs used do not always give the desired results. The search of new highly effective methods and means of therapy for all forms of mastitis in cows is a top priority of scientific and practical veterinary workers.Methods. The therapeutic effect of the cream was carried out in the SPK «Red Partizan» of the Khunzakh region, on 90 dairy cows of the red steppe breed, on different stages of lactation, with inflammation of the skin of the nipples of the udder. Cows after milking were lubricated with inflamed nipples 2 times a day. In the experimental group 50 heads, inflamed nipples were smeared with a developed cream. In the second (control) group — 40 heads, the means used in this farm was used.Results. Studies have established that 98.0% recovered in the experimental group. The course of treatment was 3–4 days. It should be noted that in animals after 2–3 procedures of applying of the cream on the inflamed nipples, the skin became softer, dryness disappeared. On cracks and abrasions tissue, regeneration began and complete healing occurred on the 3–6th day. The animals tolerated the milking process more calmly. In the control group, 75.0% of cows were cured. Duration of treatment — 5–8 days.

Polymorphic variants of the PIT-1 gene in simmental and red steppe cattle of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The search and identification of genes responsible for economically useful traits of cattle is relevant. Dairy productivity as a complex quantitative trait, is controlled by a large number of genes and their transcription factors taking into account the physiology of the animal. The dynamics of dairy productivity depends on a number of factors, since the secretory activity of the mammary gland is controlled by a complex of hormones, genes, transcription factors and enzymes. The studied gene Pit-1 (POU1F1) is an informative marker in determining milk and meat productivity. The genotype of an individual determines its productivity potential and the norm of reaction to environmental conditions. Genotypes of the studied gene are identified by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-PDRP) analysis. When analyzing the data, the chi-square test is used to determine the genotype, allele frequencies and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The object of research – DNA of blood of red steppe, simmental breeds of cattle of Pavlodar region of Kazakhstan. According to the results of amplification of Pit-1 gene fragment the PCR product with the size of 451 bp was obtained. According to the results of amplicon splitting the genotypes AA (451 bp), AB (451, 207, 244 bp) and BB (207, 244 bp) were obtained. In the considered farms of the region genotypes BB, AB prevail. In the studied groups of animals of the region high frequency of allele B is observed; in red steppe – 0.689, simmentals – 0.549; frequency of allele A – 0.312; 0.451 respectively. Genetic equilibrium is not disturbed; the criteria of reliability of the empirical distribution to the theoretical one in red steppe breed – 0.04, in simmentals – 0.16. The revealed associations of Pit-1 gene polymorphism can be used for selection and selecting parental pairs at directed breeding.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF MILK FROM RED STEPPE COWS IN DIFFERENT CLIMATIC ZONES OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS

Dairy cattle of the red steppe breed are adapted to arid conditions, have high adaptive qualities and are still in demand for breeding in agricultural organizations. The article describes the characteristics of the population of cows of the red steppe breed according to the main indicators of milk quality in the farms of the Stavropol Territory. The mass fraction of fat and protein, the amount of fatty acids in milk, as well as the correlation coefficients between milk indicators and paratypical factors were determined. The research results have shown that milk corresponds to the breed characteristics characteristic of this breed of cows. The average annual dairy productivity of a herd of cows located on the border of the northeastern slope of the Stavropol Upland and the southwestern part of the Manych Lowland (n = 380-430 heads, herd I) is 4.0-4.3 thousand kg/head, and a herd of cows located in the northeastern part of the steppe plain of the Stavropol Territory (n = 600-636, herd II), respectively, the milk productivity is 4.1-4.4 thousand kg / head of milk. The average annual fat content in milk in cows was in the range of 4.08-4.45%, while in cows of the II herd this indicator was higher by 9.5%. The average annual protein content in milk, respectively, was at the level of 3.32-3.63%, while in cows in the II herd this indicator was higher by 9.2%. The percentage ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids was 44,9% in cows in the II herd and 58% in cows in the I stad.

Meat productivity of bull-calves of the red steppe breed with various methods of keeping

The article discusses the issues of creating an efficiently developing industry of beef cattle breeding. Technical re-equipment and modernization of meat farms, cluster farms and fattening enterprises capable of producing high-quality beef in the conditions of the Republic of Uzbekistan is described. The authors try to solve one of the tasks for increasing production and improving the quality of cattle meat and reducing production costs in the conditions of agricultural organizations that are engaged in beef cattle breeding.

Interbreed differences in the cholesterol profile in cattle in Western Siberia

The authors studied the leading indicators of the cholesterol profile of high-density lipoproteins (HDL-C), low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) in Black-and-White, Red Steppe and Holstein breeds of the second or third lactation, bred in large livestock farms—complexes on the territory of Western Siberia. Metabolism and concentration of lipid complexes of cholesterol status play a cardinal role in the homeostasis of cellular metabolic processes. The critical role of serum lipoproteins in cholesterol metabolism is well recognised, as is their role as predictors of cardiovascular disease. At the same time, the atherogenic effect of LRN-C is associated with the transfer of fatty acids, which act as energy substrates for ATP synthesis. Anti-atherogenic properties characterise HDL-C and have an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. The concentration of HDL-C - was determined by the precipitation method of phosphotungstic acid with magnesium chloride; the level of LDL-C - by the enzymatic colourimetric direct method, total cholesterol - by the process of enzymatic hydrolysis and oxidation of CHOD-PAP using reagent kits “HDL-Cholesterol-Novo”, “LDLCholesterol-Novo-A”, “Cholesterol-Novo” (“Vector-Best, Russia. The content of OH and LDL-C in the blood serum of cows at the age of the second or third lactation bred in Western Siberia is higher than the generally accepted standard values, which reflects a different degree of adaptation to climatic conditions. Ranked series of breeds (p < 0.05) according to LDL-C: black-and-white → Holstein → red steppe, medians were 4.91; 2.77 and 2.24 mmol/l, respectively. Differences between the indicators of HDL-C and LDL-C in Black-and-White, Red Steppe and Holstein cows were established, which indicates the genetic determination of the level of lipoproteins in the blood serum. The strength of the influence of the cow breed factor on the level of HDL-C in blood serum was 29%, LDL-C - 17%.

Milk productivity of cattle of different breed belonging under the conditions of Yakutia

The purpose of the work was to evaluate the milk productivity of imported purebred and locally selected cows of diff erent breed belonging under the economic conditions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The comparative characteristics of dairy productivity of cattle breeds imported to the republic and animals of local breeding have been considered. The research was carried out on the livestock of breeding cattle of Simmental breed in LLC “Ampaardaakh” in the Vilyuysky ulus, where heifers of Simmental breed were imported from the Novosibirsk region. In the daily ration of lactating cows of the farm, the content of energy feed units and digestible protein was 100,0 and 95,2 % of the standard feeding norm. In the fi rst lactation the milk yield of cows of the imported Simmental breed was 3198,8 kg of milk with a fat content of 3,94 %. A comparison of the productivity of cows of the original Simmental breed showed that they were more productive compared to their herdmates of Red steppe breed, which were imported to the republic from the Altai Territory. Thus, for all analyzed lactations 798, 1610, 1014, 1389 and 938 kg (P > 0,999) more milk was received from cows of Simmental breed imported to the republic than from herdmates of Red steppe breed. Cows of Simmental breed imported to the republic were statistically signifi cantly superior to their herdmates of Simmental breed of local selection for all mature lactations (P > 0,999). Comparison of the fat content of cows of diff erent breeds did not show significant differences. According to the yield of milk fat, imported cows of Simmental and Red steppe breeds had a higher indicator than Simmental cattle of local breeding (P > 0,999).

Physiological status and genetic abnormalities of imported cattle in extreme Arctic zone conditions

Blood in the body of animals performs various functions aimed at maintaining its vital activity. The main indicators of blood make it possible to judge the state of the body, since the processes associated with the growth, development of productivity. According to the researchers, the composition of peripheral blood is greatly influenced by the age of the animal, sex, physiological state, feeding and maintenance conditions. The current intensification of livestock development contributes to the strengthening of a number of adverse environmental factors that may lead to insufficient animal adaptation mechanisms. The most significant stress factor affecting the animal body is the seasonal factor. It was revealed that the most stressogenic for productive livestock are the winter and spring seasons of the year. At the same time, local (indigenous) animal breeds are well resistant to extreme environmental influences, but, as a rule, they have low productivity. Therefore, there has recently been a trend towards a qualitative improvement in livestock production in these areas by importing highly productive animals into them in order to acclimate them and use them to create new breeds based on crossing with natives. Yakut animals in the world gene pool of cattle in terms of distribution range occupy the northernmost part and are known for good adaptation abilities to harsh conditions of detention, resistance to many diseases. In world practice, there are no analogues to the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in animal husbandry as a self-functioning system in the Arctic. The history of the development of cattle breeding shows that due to extreme natural and climatic conditions in Yakutia, a special approach to breeding work is needed. This is primarily due to the prolonged winter stall period. The basis of rational zoning accurate knowledge of the history of their development and formation of adaptive capabilities should be established. In this regard, the study of adaptive features, morphophysiological systems that cause increased resistance of animals to adverse environmental factors, in particular, to low temperatures, is of great theoretical and practical importance. Currently, in the republic, many farms are engaged in breeding specialized breeds of cattle of the dairy and meat direction. At the same time, animals are imported not only from the central regions of Russia, but even from foreign countries. In recent years, 3683 goals have been brought to the territory of Yakutia. livestock, including dairy – 2377 heads (64.5%). Among the introduced cattle there are completely new breeds for cattle breeding in the republic - such as Hereford, Kalmyk, red steppe, red-variegated, black-variegated and Sychov.

THE RED STEPPE AND BLACK-AND-WHITE CATTLE’S MILK PRODUCTION COMPARATIVE AT THE STABLE-PASTURE CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGIES

At the growth energy study’s process, the repair heifers’ live weight and various ages cows’ milk production, a significant superiority in these indicators among the peers of the black-and-white breed over the red steppe ones was revealed. During the 12-month growing period, red steppe heifers had an average daily increase in 82 g, and the live weight was almost in 50 kg lower than that of black-and-white ones. The of black-and-white cows milk production exceeded the first lactation in 376 kg, and the third and older lactations - in 774 kg of milk, by the mass fraction of fat and protein - in 63 kg and 57 kg, respectively. On average, from one red steppe cow in 16,8 thousand rubles lesser money per year than from one black-and-white one was received. From each cow of the analyzed breeds, on the farm an average of 20 kop. of profit for every ruble spent was received. So at black-and-white cows using, it becomes possible from each cow almost 700 kg of commercial milk more than from the red steppe one to receive. To ensure the studied livestock breeds’ genetic potential manifestation on the farm having, it is necessary the cultivation of young animals in the postdairy period to intensify and cows’ feeding level by ration enriching with protein feeds to increase. To increase the commercial milk’s amount, it is advisable the number of black-and-white cows to increase.

THE MILK CATTLE BREDS’ SELECTION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Research on the breeds’ composition placement and these ratio across the Russian regions in dynamics allow to identify the fundamental positions of dairy and dairymeat breeds’ rational zoning underlying. The most breeds for selection in various climatic zones are good adapted; for example, Holstein, Simmental and Black-and-white breeds of cattle in all federal districts are located. In turn, Ayrshire, Brown Schwyz, Red steppe, Red-and-white, Kholmogorskaya and Yaroslavlskaya breeds traditionally in areas with continental climate from moderate to sharply are bred. In oil production areas, those breeds that the greatest total milk fat and protein’s yield during the milk production period providing the most widespread they are used. High production breeds with low milk output for the best quality cheese production in the cheesemaking zones are located. Simmental and Brown Schwyz cattle mainly in areas with dairy and beef cattle selecting are bred, where animals at significant amount of coarse feed are fed. The Red steppe, Black-and-white and Kostromskaya breeds for areas with intensive forage production and dairy cattle keeping are most suitable. In grain areas with a land’s high intensive using, where arable land is over 60%, and natural forage lands are limited, cattle of the Simmental, Red steppe and Brown Schwyz breeds are concentrated. Black-mottled, Red-and-white breeds in areas where arable land have had 40-60% become more widespread. In areas with ploughed land up to 40% and significant areas of natural hayfields and pastures, Kholmogorskaya and Yaroslavskaya breeds are traditionally selected.