Red Rice Extract Research Articles

Fermented red rice improved the antioxidant activity, bioaccessibility of polyphenols, and lipid‐lowering activity in C. elegans

AbstractRed rice is a kind of whole grain with health benefits. Probiotic fermentation is widely applied to promote nutrient release from cereals and improve bioactivity. The study aims to investigate the impact of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) dy‐1 fermentation on the bioactivities, bioaccessibility, and lipid‐lowering activities of red rice. Results indicated that fermentation significantly increased the protein and total phenolic content by 1.7 and 1.4 times of red rice, as well as the content of essential and nonessential amino acids. Fermentation remarkably increased the bioaccessibility of phenolics and the antioxidant capacity of red rice during in vitro digestion. Additionally, Caenorhabditis elegans study revealed that fermented red rice extract reduced the triglyceride content, alleviated fat deposition, and regulated lipid metabolism by altering the genes in the fatty acid oxidation and synthesis, such as daf‐16, mdt‐15, nhr‐49, fat‐5, fat‐7, and hosl‐1. Therefore, L. plantarum dy‐1 fermentation was beneficial for improving bioaccessibility and lipid‐lowering activities of red rice, which will provide a reference for utilization of red rice as a functional food.

Enhancement of Biological Activities and Phytochemical Compounds of Oryza sativa L. Extract through Probiotic Fermentation

This study aimed to enhance the biological effects and phytochemical content of probiotic fermented red jasmine rice (Oryza sativa L.) extract to apply as a functional ingredient in anti-aging application. In addition, safety evaluation in terms of cytotoxicity and irritation profile were explored. Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus were used to ferment the aqueous extract of red jasmine rice to produce fermented extracts as BG and LRB, respectively. The biological potentials in terms of antioxidation, anti-enzymatic effects and anti-inflammation with cytotoxicity of fermented extracts were evaluated and compared with nonfermented extract. In addition, alteration in phytochemical constituents of the probiotic-fermented extracts from nonfermented extract were illustrated by synchrotron radiation–based–FTIR microspectroscopy (SR-FT-IR). The results revealed that BG and LRB demonstrated improved antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase effects compared to the control. Additionally, BG and LRB significantly increased the total phenolic contents corresponding to the enhanced biofunctional effects confirmed by SR-FT-IR. Moreover, BG showed a satisfactory safety in human skin cell lines and Hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane. This study implied augmentative effect of probiotic fermentation on the bioactive efficacy of red jasmine rice. Additionally, the safety investigation confirmed that this fermented extract could be used as a functional novel ingredient for anti-aging nutraceutical and cosmetic applications.

Nutritional and Medicinal Value of Red Rice

Background: Various varieties of rice (Oryza sativa) have been exploited for a variety of purposes since ancient times, with the integration into foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. A huge diversity is seen in the cultivated rice variety based on regions, area, and climatic conditions responsible for variation in chemical composition leading to enriched supplements beneficial for health conditions. Among the varieties available, red rice extract is now increasingly recognized for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic activity, and bone formation. Objective: There is a need to validate the nutritional and supplement values through appropriate analytical and pharmacological studies and create awareness for the end users regarding the value of red rice. Results: In the present article attempt is done to reviewthe variety of red rice based on geographical origin, and the impact on nutritional and medicinal value. Further elaborating the extraction techniques which can help optimize the extraction efficiency of polyphenols known for their antioxidant properties. Polyphenolic phytoconstituents belonging to phenolic acids, and flavonoids include, flavonols, flavones, flavanols, flavanones, and isoflavones, to name a few. Anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins make the pigment part of the outer layer and bran of the rice and contain the monomers of catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, and epigallocatechin units. The quantification of the phytoconstituents using chromatographical methods can help in evaluation of the red rice for its quality and design formulation with desired efficacy. Conclusion: With the vast varieties of red rice available, quantification of important bio-actives can help in maintaining quality of final product. Various targeted pharmacological actions reported include anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, anticancer and antioxidant produced by the rice, mainly by virtue of the polyphenolic content, contribute in achieving a value to rice as nourishment and a safe therapeutic product which can be consumed as a nutraceutical or pharmaceutical ingredient.

Penetapan Kadar Antosianin Dan Formulasi Sediaan Blush On Compact Powder Ekstrak Beras Merah (Oryza Rufipogon Griff.)

Blush or rouge is one of the decorative cosmetic preparations in beauty products that is widely used by presenting various colors as coloring the cheeks with an artistic touch so as to enhance aesthetics in the nuances of make-up on the face, giving a thinner and fresher accent to the face. One of the natural ingredients that can be used as a dye is Red Rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) Red Rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) is rice that contains anthocyanin compounds which function to give red color to red rice. This study aims to determine whether brown rice can be used as a coloring agent for blush on compact powder form and to determine the physical evaluation of blush preparations. The formulation of the blush preparation was made using dyes from red rice extract with a concentration of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%. This research method was carried out experimentally, including: sample preparation, simplicia characterization, extract preparation, phytochemical screening, determination of anthocyanin levels, preparation of preparations. extraction was carried out by maceration and remaceration, using 96% ethanol solvent, then concentrated with a rotary vacuum evaporator. Tests carried out on the physical evaluation of blush on preparations included organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH tests, irritation tests, adhesion / spread tests, crack tests, hedonic (preferability) tests and stability tests. The results of organoleptic testing, homogeneity, pH test, irritation test showed that all formulas were good. In the fracture test results of the 4 formulas it was observed that they were not cracked, cracked, and broken. The results of the hedonic (preference) test for blush with brown rice extract show that on average the ease of use of blush is preferred. The stability test results at room temperature (20-25oC) did not change, the stability test results at refrigerator temperature (5oC), oven temperature (40oC), and temperature to electric light (30oC) underwent changes.

Protective Effects of Proanthocyanidin-Rich Fraction from Red Rice Germ and Bran on Lung Cell Inflammation via Inhibition of NF-κB/NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway.

The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway during infectious pathogen-induced immunopathology can lead to chronic inflammation and various adverse health outcomes. Identification of functional foods with anti-inflammatory properties is crucial for preventing inflammation triggered by NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of a proanthocyanidin-rich fraction obtained from red rice germ and bran against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-induced condition in A549 lung cells. The proanthocyanidin-rich fraction from Yamuechaebia 3 red rice extract (YM3-PRF) was obtained using column chromatography with Sephadex LH20, and its total proanthocyanidin content was determined to be 351.43 ± 1.18 mg/g extract using the vanillin assay. A549 lung cells were pretreated with YM3-PRF at concentrations of 5-20 μg/mL prior to exposure to LPS (1 μg/mL) and ATP (5 nM). The results showed that YM3-PRF significantly inhibited the expression of inflammatory mRNAs (NLRP3, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-18) and the secretion of cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-18) in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Mechanistically, YM3-PRF exerted its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB translocation and downregulating proteins associated with the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway (NLRP3, ASC, pro-caspase-1, and cleaved-caspase-1). These findings suggest that the proanthocyanidin-rich fraction from red rice germ and bran has protective effects and may serve as a potential therapeutic option for chronic inflammatory diseases associated with NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

GLUCOMANNAN AND RED RICE EXTRACT REDUCE BLOOD LIPID LEVELS IN OVERWEIGHT PATIENTS

Objective: This study aims to explore the changes in blood lipid levels, body composition, and blood pressure in healthy middle-aged overweight people with mild hypercholesterolemia following the 45-day intake of a dietary supplement containing both glucomannan and red rice extract. Design and method: The survey was designed as a single-arm non-randomized, non-blind intervention study. 31 study participants consumed a dietary supplement containing dietary fibers (Konjak glucomannan, E425ii) and red rice extract (Monascus purpureus) for 45 days. Participants were asked not to change their current diet. Their body weight, body composition, and blood pressure were measured every two weeks. Blood lipids were tested at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Results: After 45 days, there was a significant decrease in total cholesterol (by 16-18%), LDL cholesterol (by 20-24%), and triglyceride levels (by 11-23%) in both genders. In addition, women lost on average about 1 kilogram of body weight, 1.5 kilograms in body fat, and decreased their body mass index by 0.5 kg/m2. No changes in body composition were observed among men, but their systolic pressure decreased by six mmHg on average. Conclusions: Concurrent use of glucomannan and red yeast rice extract resulted in a significant reduction in blood lipid levels in both genders. It could be a safe and effective treatment option for the population of healthy middle-aged overweight people with mild hypercholesterolemia.

Protective Effect of Red Rice Extract Rich in Proanthocyanidins in a Murine Colitis Model.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has become a global concern. Proanthocyanidin-rich red rice extract (PRRE) has been shown to suppress the inflammatory response in cellular cultures. However, the anti-colitis effect of PRRE has never been investigated in animals. This study aimed to examine the protective effect of the PRRE against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Male mice were orally administrated with PRRE of 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day for 21 days. Acute colitis was subsequently induced by administrated 2.5% DSS in drinking water for the final seven days. Sulfasalazine-treated mice were the positive group. All doses of PRRE and sulfasalazine significantly ameliorated DSS-induced severity of colitis, as indicated by decreasing daily activity index and restoring colon shortening. Treatments with PRRE, but not sulfasalazine, significantly reduced the histopathological index and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Furthermore, the PRRE treatments effectively improved mucous in colonic goblet cells using PAS staining, and suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 induced by DSS, while sulfasalazine reduced only IL-1β and IL-6. This study suggested that PRRE had a greater anti-colitis effect than sulfasalazine. Thus, PRRE has a potential anti-colitis effect, and should be developed in a clinical trial as a natural active pharmaceutical ingredient for IBD.

Evaluation of Anti-Hyperglycemia and Complications of Red and Black Thai Jasmine Rice Cultivars in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

The phytochemical constituents of red (RR) and black (BR) rice extracts were determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of catechin, rutin, isoquercetin, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, peonidin and quercetin. The anti-diabetic activities of RR and BR extracts on diabetic complications were examined in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Rats (n = 80) were divided into 10 groups (n = 8 rats per group). Healthy and diabetic RR or BR-treated groups received 10, 50, or 200 mg of RR or BR per kg of body weight daily for 45 days. The results demonstrated significantly improved glucose control in rats administered RR or BR, while triglyceride and cholesterol levels were reduced in the diabetic groups. Moreover, RR or BR treatment led to decreased levels of malondialdehyde, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. Further, glutathione concentration was significantly increased in both serum and liver tissue from RR- and BR-treated diabetic rats.

Health Benefits and Safety of Red Pigmented Rice (Oryza sativa L.): In Vitro, Cellular, and In Vivo Activities for Hair Growth Promoting Treatment

The hair growth-promoting activities of Thai native red (Sang-Yod-SY and Mun-Poo-MP) and black (Black glutinous-BG and Hom-Nil-HN) pigmented rice (Oryza sativa L.) extracts, including in vitro 5α-reductase inhibition, hair growth-promoting activity on human hair germinal matrix cells, and in vivo hair-cycle-converting activity in C3H/HeMlac mice, were investigated. Moreover, these extracts were determined to be safe via cytotoxicity (HaCaT cell) and in vivo irritation tests. The results showed that SY red rice extract with high contents of proanthocyanidin (1.50 ± 0.16 mgECE/g extract) exhibited significantly higher 5α-reductase inhibitory activity (18.5 ± 9.0 mgFEA/g extract) (p &lt; 0.05). The maximum growth-promoting activity for human matrix cells treated with SY extract reached about 216.2 ± 0.7% (1 mg/mL) relative to control (100%) after 3 days culture (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, topical application of 1 mg/mL SY red pericarp rice extracts on shaven C3H skin in telogen phase led to significant hair regeneration (97.2 ±1.3%) based on the shaven area, while vehicle application only tended to yield a regeneration of 50.9 ± 11.7%. Red rice extracts were found to be safe, without signs of cytotoxicity and irritation. This research demonstrates the health benefits and safety of SY red pericarp extract when used for hair growing activity and its potential for use as a natural hair growth promoter and 5α-reductase inhibitor.

Formulation and Characterization of Gum Arabic Stabilized Red Rice Extract Nanoemulsion.

Interest in the utilization of plant-based bioactive compounds in foods has increased due to their biochemical activities and as alternatives in the reduction of high concentrations of chemical utilization. However, some of these additives are hydrophobic, thus being harder to disperse into the hydrophilic food matrix. Therefore, an oil-in-water nanoemulsion (RRE1-RRE10) was formulated with different concentrations of red rice extract (1–10% w/v). Nanoemulsion showed droplet sizes within the range of 157.33–229.71 nm and the best formulation (RRE5) was selected based on the creaming index which was stable to flocculation over a range of temperatures (30–90 °C), pH (2–9), and salt concentration (100–600 mM). It showed significantly improved antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity as compared to its other counterparts. Potential antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was attributed to RRE5 nanoemulsion as compared to Escherichia coli. Therefore, due to the potential bioactivity of RRE5 nanoemulsion, it can be scaled up at the industrial level.

Anthocyanins in Red Jasmine Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Extracts and Efficacy on Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus, Free Radicals and Cancer Cell.

Rice is one of the most important food crops in many countries, with nutritional value and health benefits. In this study, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of red jasmine rice from Chiang Mai, Thailand were examined for their anthocyanins and phenolic contents. The antioxidant and antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2), as well as anticancer activity, were investigated. The total anthocyanins content of 708.03 ± 11.56 mg Cy-3-glc equivalent/g extract, determined from the ethanolic extract, was higher than the aqueous extract. However, the aqueous extract showed the highest total phenolic compound of 81.91 ± 0.51 mg GAE/g extract. In addition, the ethanolic extract demonstrated higher antioxidant activity than aqueous extract using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays by 28.91 ± 3.26 mg GAE/g extract, 189.45 ± 11.58 mg 24 TEAC/g extract, and 3292.46 ± 259.64 g FeSO4/g extract, respectively. In the antiviral assay, it was found that the ethanolic extract of red jasmine rice could inhibit HSV-1 more effectively than HSV-2 when treated before, during, and after the viral attachment on Vero cells, with 50% effective doses of 227.53 ± 2.41, 189.59 ± 7.76, and 192.62 ± 2.40 µg/mL, respectively. The extract also demonstrated the highest reduction of HSV-1 particles at 4 h after treatment and the inhibition of HSV-1 replication. The ethanolic extract exhibited a higher toxicity level than the aqueous extract, as well as the potential to induce DNA fragmentation by intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways on the Caco-2 cells. These findings suggest that red jasmine rice extract demonstrates nutritional value and biological activity on HSV, free radicals, and cancer cell inhibition.

Protective effect of two Thai pigmented rice cultivars against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HT-29 cell culture

Radicals derived from exogenous and endogenous sources are considered to be the principal cause of genetic damage. Exogenous and endogenous radicals participate in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, which leads to damages in the DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids. However, dietary compounds, mainly from pigmented rice, are an essential source of antioxidants that help protect cells from damage. This study seeks to determine the antioxidant properties and cytoprotective effect of two Thai pigmented rice extracts namely the glutinous black rice (native name: Neaw dum moa37) and red rice (native name: Hom gradung-nga57) on H2O2-induced damage in HT-29 cells. The bioactive compound contents, as well as antioxidant activities of both rice extracts, were investigated. The protective effect of rice extracts on H2O2-induced damage was executed following the co-incubation method. HT-29 cells were exposed to H2O2 and different rice extract concentrations for 3 h and an MTT assay was used to measure the viability of the cell. The ROS level was determined using the 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA). The result showed that glutinous black rice extract contained significantly higher contents of all analysed antioxidants and activities than red rice extract. Glutinous black rice showed a higher cytotoxic effect compared to red rice. At the non-toxic concentration of both rice extracts, the HT-29 cells were guarded against the H2O2 induced oxidative stress. Besides, the intracellular ROS accumulation result from H2O2 exposure was significantly reduced in the presence of rice extracts for both glutinous black rice and red rice compared to control. Hence, this study has demonstrated the potential properties of both pigmented rice extracts in alleviating H2O2-mediated damage in HT-29 cells.

Promene serumskih lipida i telesne mase nakon primene dijetetskog suplementa sa glukomananom i ekstraktom crvenog pirinča u maloj interventnoj studiji

Glucomannan and red rice extract combined in a dietary supplement could exhibit a synergistic effect in lowering blood lipid levels. We aim to explore the changes in blood lipid levels, and body composition in healthy middle-aged overweight people with mild hypercholesterolemia following the 45-day intake of a dietary supplement containing glucomannan and red rice extract. We present a single-arm non-randomized, non-blind intervention study. In total, 31 participants consumed a dietary supplement containing glucomannan dietary fibers (Konjak glucomannan, E425ii, 4 grams) and red rice extract (Monascus purpureus, 1 gram) for 45 days, without changes in their current diet. Body weight and composition were measured every two weeks. Blood lipids were tested at the beginning and the end of the intervention. After 45 days, there was a significant decrease in total cholesterol (by 16-18%), LDL cholesterol (by 20-24%), and triglyceride levels (by 11-23%) in both genders. In addition, women lost on average about 1 kilogram of body weight, 1.5 kilograms in body fat, and decreased their body mass index by 0.5 kg/m2. In men, body composition did not change. Concurrent use of glucomannan and red yeast rice extract resulted in a significant reduction in blood lipid levels in both genders. It could be a safe and effective treatment option for the population of healthy middle-aged overweight people with mild hypercholesterolemia. Trial registry information. Study protocol was registered under ChiCTR1800016300.

Biological activity and its related compounds of Red Jasmine rice extracts linked to normal fibroblast viability for cosmetic product

Red jasmine rice is recognized as a healthy food with high phenolic compounds. These compounds present antibacterial and anti-free radical properties. Moreover, colored rice exhibits a biological activity against anticancer. Objectives of this study are 1) exploring a biological screening and cell viability of 70% ethanol and aqueous extracts of red jasmine rice, 2) investigating cytotoxicity to fibroblast NIH3T3 (IC80) that is one hundred cells were found cell viability 80 cells. Red jasmine rice extracts were dried and transformed into a powder using the freeze-drying method. The extracts were treated with fibroblast NIH3T3 for MTT. The highest of IC50 of red jasmine rice extract to scavenge the DPPH and ABTS radicals was found in ethanol extract (53.20±7.37 and 64.17±5.76, respectively). The experiment showed that the ethanol and aqueous extract of red rice did not show cytotoxicity to fibroblast NIH3T3 (IC80). The extracts of red rice show the biological screening of anti-oxidation with total phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents. Moreover, it does not modify the physical properties of the cream formula. It can be concluded that the red rice extract is highly promising for the value addition.

Toxicological evaluation of the red mold rice extract, ANKASCIN 568-R: 13-week chronic toxicity, and genotoxicity studies

ANKASCIN 568-R is an extract derived from red mold rice (RMR) fermented using Monascus purpureus NTU 568. RMR fermented using M. purpureus NTU 568 prevents cardiovascular diseases and decreases blood lipid levels. This study evaluates the safety of ANKASCIN 568-R, since it has not determined yet. After daily oral ANKASCIN 568-R for 13 consecutive weeks, we evaluated the toxicity tolerance of Sprague-Dawley rats and performed dose formulation analysis on monascin and ankaflavin. The dose formulation analysis showed that ANKASCIN 568-R concentrations were lower than the target concentration and out of range ( ± 15%) at week 8 and on the last dosing day for both monascin (all dose groups) and ankaflavin at the 100 mg/kg dose. The lowest reported concentrations for the low, middle, and high dose formulations were 34.7, 115.2, and 398.1 mg/mL, respectively. We also evaluated the genotoxicity of ANKASCIN 568-R and showed no genotoxicity potential at all ANKASCIN 568-R doses investigated. The no observed adverse effect level of ANKASCIN 568-R was determined to be 796.2 mg/kg/day. This study revealed the first toxicity evaluation data of ANKASICN 568-R, and the data demonstrated ANKASICN 568-R was safe and can be used in daily life.

Java Red Rice (&lt;i&gt;Oryza sativa&lt;/i&gt; L.) Nutritional Value and Anthocyanin Profiles and Its Potential Role as Antioxidant and Anti-Diabetic

This study investigates nutritional value, amino acid profile, and total anthocyanin in pigmented rice as an antioxidant and anti-diabetic agent. Six rice varieties were extracted using 0.1% HCl in methanol, namely four red rice, one black rice, and one white rice. Rice extract was used for proximate analysis and amino acid profiling. Total anthocyanin was measured and identified by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antioxidant activity was determined using Ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and the α-amylase enzyme-inhibited by anthocyanin extract of red rice as anti-diabetic was measured. The study result showed that the proximate level (carbohydrate, protein, lipid, water, and ash) in pigmented rice was different. Cempo merah red rice is a source of amino acids, both essential and non-essential amino acids that act as good nutrition. The highest total anthocyanin level between red rice varieties of 10.87 mg/g was found in Aek sibundong red rice. High biological function activities as an antioxidant were indicated by Aek sibundong red rice with an IC50 value of 6.65 µg/mL. Aek sibundong red rice shows the lowest IC50 value of 144.46 µg/mL in anti-diabetic activity. Thus, Aek sibundong red rice may have the potential as α-amylase inhibitor for diabetes prevention.

Dietary Supplements Based on Red Yeast Rice-A Source of Citrinin?

Citrinin (CIT) is secondary metabolite of filamentous molds. This mycotoxin has nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, embryocidal, and fetotoxic properties. It is also produced by several species of the three genera Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Monascus spp., which are used to make red yeast rice (RYR). The material for this study consisted of 15 dietary supplements containing an extract of fermented red rice, available on the Polish market. Samples were extracted using a MeOH–H2O mixture, cleaned-up with an immunoaffinity CitriTest HPLC column, and quantified by HPLC–FLD. None of the analyzed samples contained CIT above the established limit of detection (LOD). Studies on the presence of toxic metabolites in red yeast rice show the importance of regulating this product and of clear information on the label regarding the standardized amounts of monacolin.

The difference in antioxidant capacity and tannin level in the production of parijoto fruit extract based dodol (sweet toffeelike sugar palm-based confection) using 4 different types of solvent

The use of parijoto/showy Asian grape fruit (Medinella speciosa L) extract in the making of dodol ganyong (sweet canna tubers sugar palm-based confection) can increase its shelf life up to more than 6 months. In the next study, dodol with additional red fermented rice extract up to 100% of the basic ingredients which was extracted using water as the solvent increased the beta carotene content up to 87 µg and the antioxidant capacity by around 10%. These conditions indicate that adding antioxidant sources can improve the quality of dodol. However, the addition must be significant enough so that it does not only increase the antioxidant capacity, but also preserves the life. The up to 10% increase in the antioxidant capacity is sufficient to prevent dodol from rancidity but is unable to avoid the microbial growth on the dodol. The ineffectiveness of the antioxidant use in the previous study is suspected due to the incompatibility of the extraction solvent used. Antioxidant compounds can be optimally dissolved in the extraction process if it uses a solvent with compatible electronegativity. In previous research, the making of dodol using parijoto fruit which was extracted using water successfully preserved the dodol and avoided rancidity and xerophilic fungi growth. This study re-examined the use of 4 different solvents in the extraction of Parijoto fruit in the making of sticky rice dodol. The solvents are water, 3% of soda water, 96% of ethanol and 96% of acetone. To have a good quality dodol, the extraction of Parijoto fruit using each solvent was examined by observing the level of extraction efficiency, tannin level as the indicator of anti-microbial and antioxidant capacity. The research data showed that the highest extraction efficiency level of Parijoto fruit was found in the extraction using water and soda water 3% (79% and 78%). The highest tannin level was found in the extraction of parijoto fruit using 96% ethanol (30mgTAE /100g), while the lowest was found in the extraction with water (3.5 mg TAE/100g) as the solvent. Sequentially, the highest antioxidant capacity level of Parijoto fruit extract is produced when 96% of ethanol (75%), 96% of acetone (72%), 3% of soda water (60%) and water (53%) are used as solvents. The extractions of antioxidant capacity from Parijoto fruit using 4 types of solvents were all classified as “satisfactory”.

Functional analysis of the bioactive compound contents and antioxidant activity of extract red rice beverage

Rice is an important commodity which is can be an effective vehicle in overcoming health problems. Several types of Indonesian rice varieties are pigmented rice (red, black, and purple). The content of phenolic, flavonoids and antioxidant activity in red rice is known to be more than in rice is not pigmented. The extract from red rice has the potential to be a beverage that is rich in antioxidants and other nutrients. This study was carried out the health potential of red rice such as bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity at post-processing. Four types of red rice commercially were used in this study. The initial test was carried out by extracting the four red rice using methanol (without processing condition), this is used for comparison. The processing condition of red rice beverages (extraction temperature of 90 °C, water: rice powder ratio of 20 ml/g, 25 ml/g, 30 ml/g, extraction time of 15 and 25 minutes). The samples were tested for total phenolic content, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity. The highest total phenolic content, flavonoid, and antioxidant in the samples without processing condition was 12.9 mg GAE/g, 5.7 mg QE/g, and 81.84%. Furthermore, the highest total phenolic content, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity of red rice extract with processing condition was 4.26 mg GAE/g (water: rice powder ratio of 20 ml/g, for 15 minutes), 14.13 mg QE/g (water: rice powder ratio of 25 ml/g, for 15 minutes) and 69.02% (water ratio of 25 ml/g, for 15 minutes), respectively. The processing of red rice extract beverages showed a decrease in antioxidant activity of 10.52-30.94% when compared to the samples without processing condition, and the decrease was less than 50%. So, it can be potential as a beverage that is rich in antioxidants. The extraction time for 15 minutes given the best result when compared to the extraction time for 25 minutes, it was indicated that could provide the best processing condition for making red rice beverages that are rich in the bioactive compound and antioxidant.

Metabolite Profiles of Red and White Rice Aqueous Extracts Derived at Different Temperatures and Their Relationship with Biological Properties as Determined Using 1H-NMR-Based Metabolomics Analysis

Consumption of pigmented rice has continued to increase in recent years, due in part to its potential health promoting properties, especially protection against chronic diseases. Chemical extracts of red rice have demonstrated strong ability to scavenge free radicals, however little is yet known about water extracts of red rice. The antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase inhibition, nitric oxide inhibition, and metabolic profiling of this cultivar’s water extracts have yet to be investigated. In this study, red rice and white rice were extracted using ultrasound-assisted hydrothermal extraction at three different temperatures. The total phenolic content (TPC) as well as the DPPH radical scavenging, α-glucosidase inhibitory, and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activities of each extract were determined. NMR analysis was performed to find out the metabolite profiles of the extracts. Correlations between the metabolites and the biological activities of the rice extracts were then investigated using metabolomics analysis. Results show that the red rice aqueous extracts had a higher TPC than the white rice extracts. The highest extraction temperature led to a decrease in the TPC. However, the extraction temperature did not affect the radical scavenging, α-glucosidase inhibitory, or NO inhibitory activities of the red rice extracts. The PCA results indicated extract discrimination by extraction temperature. The PLS score plot exhibited the potentials of red rice aqueous extracts on the α-glucosidase and NO inhibitory activities. The 1H-NMR-based metabolomics analysis shows that red rice aqueous extract possesses beneficial properties which can make it useful as an ingredient for functional foods or other products.