Red Ink Research Articles

Numerical analysis and experiment of high-efficiency long-term PDMS open-surface mixing chip

The traditional closed-channel polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) capillary mixer without a delay valve generally encounters backflow problems. In this article, the design of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated PDMS mixing meander channel for long-term capillary-actuating with a delay valve and open surface is investigated using numerical analysis and flow-visualization experiments. The self-driven open-surface PEG-PDMS meander mixer exhibits a high mixing extent of more than 90%. The simulation and experiments of the triggering delay valve evidence that two fluids can merge together before the meander channel and then flow into the mixing unit to eliminate the backflow problem. It also enhances an efficient mixing. In addition, the open-surface channel shows a lower channel depth for self-actuating compared to the closed one. In terms of simulation, the mixing extent of both blue and red inks at the position just after the delay valve is about 43% and enhanced to 92% at about 10 mm mixing length after the delay valve. In terms of experiments, the ImageJ analyzed mixing extent is enhanced from about 57% to 96% of mixing extent within the meander channel at the same position. The experiment is in a good agreement with the simulation result.

Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Dispersion in Toluene using Immiscible Fluid Flow in Microfluidic Device

A synthesis of gold nanoparticles dispersion in toluene by mixing immiscible solutions in a microchannel was proposed. The visualization test using red and blue ink aqueous solutions as a substitute for gold ion and reducing agent confirmed that the fluid showed the slug flow at below the flow rate of 0.3mL/min. The synthesis results found that gold nanoparticles with diameter from 3.0 to 4.1nm was prepared at slug flow in the microchannel, and size control of gold nanoparticle enable by changing the flow rate.

The Japanese Way of Strength-Based Correction

The study outlines Japan’s positive use of red ink to grade children’s homework in order to limit the amount of shame children experience over failures. The psychology of seeing and the psychodynamics of self-conscious emotions are used to explain the mechanism of Japan’s positive versus America’s negative shame-inducing grading practices. It provides an explanation for unconscious cultural grading practices that tend to differentially produce either pride or shame.

Ancient Parchments: Structural Diagnostics and Visualization of Textual Fragments of Manuscripts—A Natural-Science Approach

The analytical diagnostics of art objects and items of cultural value have become increasingly sought for in modern interdisciplinary studies. Within the natural-science approach, a manuscript is considered as a physical object consisting of materials of two types. The first type comprises various substrates for writing (papyrus, paper, parchment, palm leaves), and the second type includes writing materials (soot ink, iron gall ink, or red lead ink). Textual fragments of ancient parchment manuscripts, including hidden textual fragments, are elementally mapped and digitally imaged with X-ray fluorescence. The collagen structure of the parchment and ink composition are diagnosed.

Single-Shot Waterless Low-Profile Photoacoustic System: Near-Field Volumetric Imaging In Vivo for Blood Vessels Based on Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT).

Intensive research on photoacoustics (PA) for imaging of the living human body, including the skin, vessels, and tumors, has recently been conducted. We propose a PA measurement system based on a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) with waterless coupling, short measurement time (<1 s), backward light irradiation, and a low-profile ultrasonic receiver unit (<1 cm). We fabricate a 64-element CMUT ring array with 6.2 mm diameter and 10.4 MHz center frequency in air, and 100% yield and uniform element response. To validate the PA tissue characterization, we employ pencil lead and red ink as solid and liquid models, respectively, and a living body to target moles and vessels. The system implements a near-field imaging system consisting of a 6 mm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matching layer between the object and CMUT, which has a 3.7 MHz center frequency in PDMS. Experiments were performed in a waterless contact on the PDMS and the laser was irradiated with a 1 cm diameter. The experimental results show the feasibility of this near-field PA imaging system for position and depth detection of skin, mole, vessel cells, etc. Therefore, a system applicable to a low-profile compact biomedical device is presented.

A new ball check valve based on surface acoustic wave

A new normally open valve is presented. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cavity with two microchannels were fabricated using soft lithography technology. The one end of the cavity is arc-shaped at the joint with the microchannel. A steel ball is placed into the PDMS cavity mounted on a piezoelectric substrate with an interdigital transducer (IDT). Surface acoustic wave excited by the IDT is used for driving the steel ball to the arc area, leading to blocking the inlet of the microchannel. The microvalve was then closed. The switching characteristics were experimentally demonstrated using red ink solution.

Forensic Discrimination Potential of Blue, Black, Green, and Red Colored Fountain Pen Inks Commercially Used in Pakistan, by UV/Visible Spectroscopy, Thin Layer Chromatography, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.

Examination and comparison of fountain pen inks are very important in forensic questioned documents examination in developing countries where the chances of fraud are greater in cases of cheques, marriage papers, entry of birth and death, etc. In this study, fountain pen inks of blue, black, green, and red colours that are commercially used in Pakistan have been discriminated by UV-Vis spectroscopy, TLC, and FTIR spectroscopy. We have calculated and compared the results in terms of discriminating power. UV/Visible Spectroscopy of fountain pen inks of different brands showed different composition despite their similar colours. TLC was effectively used to differentiate between the colored components of inks. FTIR results showed that each brand could be distinguished by studying the pattern of their absorption spectra that appeared due to the presence of different functional groups. On the basis of combined results of UV-VIS, TLC, and FTIR, the DP was found from 0.73-0.8 for blue, 0.80-1.0 for black, 0.5-1.0 for green, and 1.0 for red colored fountain pen inks. Overall, this study demonstrated the elevated worth of analysis of fountain pen inks commercially used in Pakistan as the study for fountain pen inks, while not very common, remains an interesting target study.

Behavior of Historical Printing Inks on Paper in High-Frequency Cold Plasma Discharges

This paper reports on the behavior of red and black ink from a historical printed book, subjected to a plasma discharge treatment, applied for the decontamination and cleaning of naturally aged paper. As some preliminary experiments using high-frequency (HF) plasma showed a slight fading of red ink, the study was focused on the comparison of HF cold plasma and afterglow plasma treatments in order to get conclusive information on the effect of plasma active species on the red ink. Energy Dispersive X-ray Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM-EDX and Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy FTIR-ATR analyses were used for the identification of inks and binder, while the impact of plasma on inks was assessed by SEM analysis and color determinations. The experiments have been performed on an especially designed modular equipment, allowing the samples to be subjected alternately to HF cold plasma or afterglow plasma treatment. The study proved that direct HF plasma could result in a more important deterioration at treatment duration exceeding 5 min, while in afterglow plasma, this discoloration is not observable. The color fading is imputable to the corrosion of pigment crystallites produced by direct plasma discharge.

Late-onset pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia developing within a red ink tattoo

The popularity of tattoos has increased dramatically worldwide particularly in the last three decades, giving rise to the frequent occurrence of a wide spectrum of secondary cutaneous and systemic complications. Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH) is a benign irregular hyperplasia of the epidermis occurring in response to various stimuli, that clinically and histopathologically resembles cutaneous neoplasms such as squamous cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma. In an attempt to improve the awareness of the possible occurrence of PEH in tattoos and of its diagnostic and therapeutic aspects, we present herein the case of a 30-year-old woman with histologically confirmed PEH related to a red-ink tattoo. She revealed two important features: the longest interval reported so far between tattooing and onset of PEH (two years) and the lack of the otherwise very common lichenoid tissue reaction to red ink. In view of the serious toxicological potential of tattoo inks, implementation of updated and standardized regulations worldwide regarding their use in the tattooing process is now urgently warranted and continuous efforts should be undertaken in order to enhance the awareness among tattoo artists and the public with regard to the possible serious health risks associated with the use of tattoo ink pigments.

With and beyond Borders: Toward a Posthumanist American Studies

With and beyond Borders: Toward a Posthumanist American Studies Johanna Heil (bio) To survive the Borderlands you must live sin fronteras be a crossroads. —Gloria Anzaldúa, “To Live in the Borderlands Means You” I grew up during the Cold War in a divided country—divided by a fence, a wall, and two political and economic systems at (cold) war with one another. I lived just outside the town of Fulda, Germany, a small city with a beautiful baroque historic center known to locals as the favorite settlement of Saint Boniface, the eighth-century “apostle of the Germans,” whose bones were laid to rest in Fulda’s abbey church. But Fulda is not only famous for its role in the Christianization of medieval Germania. In the twentieth century, it became a site of some geopolitical significance: during the Cold War, the German- German border ran eighteen miles east of Fulda, through the rolling hillside of the Rhön. The area around Fulda is a corridor of low land known as the Fulda Gap, which connects the former border region to western Germany. This corridor was strategically important during the Cold War because it was believed to be the passage the Soviet army would have used to attack the West. I was too young to understand why my American neighbor worked at the military base in Fulda, and I certainly could not grasp the full significance of the observation post Point Alpha in the Rhön (now a [End Page 343] Cold War museum). But although the border seemed mostly virtual for me, it also felt real and menacing—I saw it during Rhön hikes and could feel how uncomfortable the adults became at the sight of the watch-towers on the other side. I sometimes felt it looming like a dark cloud over the freedom that I was enjoying in the West, because, whether consciously or unconsciously I cannot tell, I was aware of the privilege that came with my West Germanness and my passport. During the Cold War and the later period between the fall of the Berlin Wall and the opening of the European borders, I did not experience most borders as closed; after all, my family and I could travel wherever we wanted, and our station wagon was rarely or never stopped. But maybe this was also because we had been taught where we wanted to go. The night when the Berlin Wall fell, I watched my parents watching the news. Stirred by the excitement of so many people, I feigned understanding of what was happening on the screen; I took our huge atlas off the shelf, found the page with the national flags, and proudly crossed out the flag of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). After all, I thought that the “other Germany” and the border in the Rhön no longer existed and thus no longer required representation. In the years that followed, borders were no longer an immediate concern of my childhood. One exception was in school, where I learned about world geography by marking the borders of nation-states in red ink. I did not yet understand that the lines we drew were the color of blood because many could not cross those borders without paying for the passage with their blood. Soon, my neighbor moved back to the United States, the US military base in Fulda was closed, and everyone in town was sad to see the Americans go. As they went they made room for new people to arrive, but those who arrived from the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia were less warmly welcomed. ________ Thinking about American studies in a transnational and a critical post-humanist context as a German scholar today, I am often reminded of how I experienced history and borders as a child in Fulda. A city founded to bring Christianity to Germania in the Middle Ages, late modernity brought Fulda right back to the front line of ideological combat. Interestingly, then, the history of my hometown brackets the history of the United States in that it brackets modernity with its humanism, the period when the United States was conceived, came of age as a...

Kū ka ‘Ōhi‘a i ka ‘A‘ā—‘Ōhi‘a That Stands amid the Lava Fields

With haliʻa aloha and sincere gratitude, a few of us sat together to share personal reflections about Kekuni Blaisdell, a beloved man who had mentored and nurtured us for many years. The gathering was reminiscent of previous afternoons in Nuʻuanu when Kekuni had welcomed haumāna to his home—a kīpuka where kapa hung on the wall and conversations flowed freely. Memories of these precious times together were still vivid: Kekuni’s dark red ink pen to correct our manuscripts, perhaps a camera to capture a moment in time, his reclaiming of the phrase Kānaka Maoli to describe the first peoples, his persistent reminder that Hawaiʻi is the “mainland” and, most significantly, his leadership in establishing strong pilina that connect the lähui and will continue to unite us. The essay that follows is our expression of profound aloha, respect, and appreciation for Kekuni Blaisdell.

Must

We have the base of what Gerald Vizenor termed survivance inherently stitched into our memory, mind-set, and measure. de-escalations, disarmament, and returns. Insomuch that the music and texts of the day still hold power, we must question these wrongful events and remember not to repeat them again. In this spirit, the inclusions in the following special section present ways of being present, engaged, active, and completely alive despite maneuvers to oppress and terminate. These words are memory, happening currently , and nourishment to feed our rising above the sense of despair we carry with the strength of fighting injustice, standing upright, and the strength of peace in the clarity of what it means to take a stand, to resist, and to deliver better options for the future of human life. Sending support to all who take the stand against injustice, who stand for equity, equality, balance, harmony , good health for the planet and all its measure of creatures and beings; to all who understand the significance of Indigenous knowledge and significance of caretaking of the waters, earth, air, and life; and to all who keep a fire for the future and hold the timeliness of memory close. The time for raising consciousness is now, is imperative, and each and every active engagement we devote ourselves to can be the difference of life or death. Make a difference. We must be fierce in the face of fear and peaceful with the world we need. In the end, our actions and inactions are our measure and our grace. It is such a privilege to bring this offering of essays, stories, poems bringing deeper meaning to what we know and what these words call us to do: partake, participate! Riverside, California Allison Adelle Hedge Coke’s books include Streaming, Burn, and Effigies III. Her recent awards include the Library of Congress Witter Bynner Fellowship, the First Jade Nurtured SiHui Female International Poetry Award, a Fulbright Fellowship, and the Dan and Maggie Inouye Distinguished Chair in Democratic Ideals. A distinguished professor of creative writing at UC Riverside and a former sharecropper, she has worked fields, factories, waters. We must live and decide for ourselves what our lives are to be. Each year, each day, each minute of our time on Earth matters. We must believe in what we are doing. We must be sure of what we are doing in order to survive and be sustainable and go on and on and on. We must be sure of what we are doing as we live. We must be certain of what kind of life we are to live within. We must be sure to value the past, present, and the future. We must respect, honor, and help others always and always. We must believe in love because without love nothing is possible. Must is a word that has to do with responsibility, obligation, humility, simplicity, gratitude, integrity. Must is also a word having to do with respect, honesty, fairness, equality, and reliability. And must also means: we must allow ourselves to live life. Poet, fiction, and creative nonfiction writer Simon J. Ortiz (Acoma Pueblo) is a retired Regents Professor at Arizona State University and editor emeritus of Red Ink journal. He is determined to express an Indigenous voice that he believes is the essence of present-day reality, conscience, culture, and sense of responsibility. Must by Simon J. Ortiz HEDGE COKE PHOTO: ADRIANNE MATHIOWETZ Visit worldlit.org to read the full poem. WORLDLIT.ORG 55 ILLUSTRATION: DUSTIN MATER ...

Highly selective penetration of red ink in a saline water

Water pollution has become a major global problem and requires an immediate action. It was generally considered that pollutants were diffused gradually from surface to underwater region, where plants and animals should have less affected. However, diffusion of contamination is very slow in comparison with penetration. Here we show saline water has a highly selective penetration, and the penetration rate is much higher than that of diffusion. An experiment was carried out using a drop of red ink as a point pollution source to check both diffusion and penetration processes in various salt solutions with different concentrations, the salt concentration greatly affects the penetration process and there is a threshold value beyond which no penetration occurs. An imaged capillary is adopted in this paper to explain the selective penetration on a molecular scale, revealing that the salt concentration and temperature will greatly affect the capillary pressure and the penetration depth. Our results demonstrate that the penetration is the main pollution dispersion, and we anticipate our theory would shed light upon the major pollution problem from theoretical analysis to pollution control.

Hopkins's Kestrel: "The Windhover," 1877–1884

Hopkins's KestrelDrafting "The Windhover," 1877–1884 Thomas Owens (bio) This article offers the first full account of the textual genesis of "The Windhover," situating the revisions made to the poem between 1877 and 1884 in their specific social and theological contexts to clarify the spiritual axis along which it was written. Tracing the poem's compositional history also has significant implications for understanding Hopkins's verse craft and the development of sprung rhythm. The seminal changes of 1884 can be dated very specifically to a fortnight between late February and early March, coinciding with the start of Lent. This time frame is consolidated by juxtaposing these changes alongside several entries particularizing Hopkins's daily meditative practices in the Dublin Notebook that are extremely pertinent to the poem and that have not hitherto been assessed in conjunction with it. Whereas the 1877 emendations to "The Windhover" record a poet's instinctive joy in the natural world, those of 1884 are predominantly determined by a priest's wish to adhere to the will of God. I Situating the revisions made to "The Windhover" between 1877 and 1884 in their specific social and theological contexts clarifies the spiritual axis along which it was written, in turn complicating William Empson's famous interpretation of the poem. Tracing in detail this compositional history also has significant implications for understanding Hopkins's verse craft and the development of sprung rhythm. There are three extant manuscripts of "The Windhover,," two in the poet's hand dating from the early and late summer of 1877 and one made by Robert Bridges, Hopkins's friend and literary executor, in the autumn of 1883.1 Both autograph manuscripts were forwarded to Bridges and mounted by him into an album, MS A, for safekeeping. The earliest autograph, MS A1, intended as a fair copy of the first version written on May 30, 1877, instead bears evidence of the energies of fresh composition (fig. 1).2 Bridges received it "before 16 July 1878" and possibly eleven months earlier.3 The second autograph, MS A2, is a bona fide fair copy with further substantive revisions to lines 2–5 thought to date from the late summer of 1877 (fig. 2). It was most [End Page 43] likely sent to Bridges "after 14 May 1880" (PW, p. 377). In 1883, Bridges transcribed many of Hopkins's autographs, including "The Windhover," into a second album, MS B, to lend to friends (fig. 2). Before loaning it out, Bridges dispatched this album to Hopkins for editing, and it arrived at Stonyhurst in mid-December 1883 for the purpose. Click for larger view View full resolution Fig. 1. Facing page of the Reading Text (verso) and MS A1 (recto) of "The Windhover." From Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Poetical Works of Gerard Manley Hopkins, ed. Norman H. MacKenzie (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon, 1990), pp. 144–145. Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Province of The Society of Jesus. Norman MacKenzie has stipulated that Hopkins "had little leisure" for revision that Christmas and, in any case, was hampered "by having few fair copies of his own creations against which to check the Bridges transcripts" (PW, p. xxxvii). Moreover, he was anxious about his prospective life in Ireland. MacKenzie does not mention "The Windhover" as among the poems Hopkins did manage to revise before moving to Dublin on February 18, 1884, to take up his dual appointment as Professor of Classics at University College and Fellow of the Royal University of Ireland. Coventry Patmore asked to see Hopkins's poems in a letter of January 21, 1884—a solicitation that may have encouraged revision—and was in possession of MS B on March 6.4 Taking Mac-Kenzie's provision alongside Patmore's receipt of the second album, Hopkins's last amendments to "The Windhover" in MS B can be dated very specifically [End Page 44] to a fortnight between late February and early March 1884, nearly seven years after the poem was begun. Patmore returned MS B to Bridges, not Hopkins, in July 1884, and in red ink Bridges adjusted the latest autograph of the poem he had...

Fiscal Reform to Benefit State and Local Governments: The Modern Money Theory Approach

This paper will present the Modern Money Theory approach to government finance. In short, a national government that chooses its own money of account, imposes a tax in that money of account, and issues currency in that money of account cannot face a financial constraint. It can make all payments as they come due. It cannot be forced into insolvency. While this was well understood in the early postwar period, it was gradually forgotten as the neoclassical theory of the household budget constraint was applied to government finance. Matters were made worse by the development of generational accounting that calculated hundreds of trillions of dollars of government red ink through eternity due to entitlements. As austerity measures were increasingly adopted at the national level, fiscal responsibility was shifted to state and local governments through devolution. A stakeholder approach to government finance helped fuel white flight to suburbs and produced doughnut holes in the cities. To reverse these trends, we need to redevelop our understanding of the fiscal space open to the currency issuer--expanding its responsibility not only for national social spending but also for helping to fund state and local government spending. This is no longer just an academic debate, given the challenges posed by climate change, growing inequality, secular stagnation, and the rise of Trumpism.

Three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic electrochemical integrated devices (3D-PMED) for wearable electrochemical glucose detection.

Wearable electrochemical sensors have attracted tremendous attention in recent years. Here, a three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic electrochemical integrated device (3D-PMED) was demonstrated for real-time monitoring of sweat metabolites. The 3D-PMED was fabricated by wax screen-printing patterns on cellulose paper and then folding the pre-patterned paper four times to form five stacked layers: the sweat collector, vertical channel, transverse channel, electrode layer and sweat evaporator. A sweat monitoring device was realized by integrating a screen-printed glucose sensor on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate with the fabricated 3D-PMED. The sweat flow process in 3D-PMED was modelled with red ink to demonstrate the capability of collecting, analyzing and evaporating sweat, due to the capillary action of filter paper and hydrophobicity of wax. The glucose sensor was designed with a high sensitivity (35.7 μA mM−1 cm−2) and low detection limit (5 μM), considering the low concentration of glucose in sweat. An on-body experiment was carried out to validate the practicability of the three-dimensional sweat monitoring device. Such a 3D-PMED can be readily expanded for the simultaneous monitoring of alternative sweat electrolytes and metabolites.

Dispatching microfluid for a paper-based microfluidic device based on surface acoustic wave

A new method for dispatching microfluid is presented. A steel ball of 2mm diameter is placed on a 128 degrees YX LiNbO3 substrate. A PDMS frame is mounted on the piezoelectric substrate for defining the movement trajectory of the steel ball. Paper testing zone is fixed on a PDMS block for the target of the microfluidic dispatch. The steel ball is driven by surface acoustic wave, and carried microfluid at the outlet of the PDMS microchannel to the paper testing zone. Red ink solution is used to demonstrate the fluid dispatch.

The climbing characteristics of micro fluid on a piezoelectric substrate

The climbing phenomenon of fluid driven by surface acoustic wave was discovered, and its climbing characteristic was experimentally studied. A steel ball was fixed on an YX-128° LiNbO3 piezoelectric substrate by help of polydimethylsiloxane at the bottom of the steel ball. The fluid was forced by the acoustic streaming force and the resistance from the steel ball, leading to climbing the steel ball. The climbing characteristic was investigated using red ink solution. Results show that 3 µL red ink solution can climb the top of the steel ball with 2 mm diameter at 28.7 dBm electric signal power.

Colour and Ink Characterization of Ottoman Diplomatic Documents Dating from the 13th to the 20th Century

Abstract This study investigates the colours and inks used in diplomatic documents of the Ottoman Empire dating from the 13th to the 20th century. Elemental and spectroscopic analyses were carried out on more than 150 documents using μ-XRF, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy; 10 documents were selected representatively for each century. In addition to the characterization of colour and ink, their use and distribution through the centuries is discussed. Analysis showed the presence of minium, vermilion, red ochre and cochineal (red pigments); lapis lazuli (ultramarine blue), azurite (blue verditer), Prussian blue and smalt (blue pigments); malachite and green earth (green pigments); massicot and yellow lead (yellow respectively orange pigments) and basic lead carbonate and zinc oxide (white pigments). All illuminations were ornamented with gold to demonstrate the power of the Empire and the Emperor. Texts were written in iron gall- and carbon-based black ink (carbon black/soot), cochineal (red) ink and gold.

Identification of dye content in colored BIC ballpoint pen inks by Raman spectroscopy and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering

AbstractRaman spectroscopy and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) were used for the elucidation of dye content in commercial BIC ballpoint pens. In contrast to the majority of studies in this field on black and blue inks of forensic interest, this paper targeted characterization of colored (red, pink, purple, and green) pen inks, increasingly used for artistic purposes. Because of its not invasive nature, the capabilities of Raman spectroscopy were initially tested. However, overall SERS provided enhanced spectral features and quenching of fluorescence necessary for the unequivocal identification of dye mixtures in all analyzed pens. SERS analysis was carried out in situ, by deposition of Ag nanopastes directly on pen colored paper surfaces. Rhodamine B was identified as the main dye component in red, pink, and purple inks, whereas phthalocyanine dye Blue 38 was identified in all green inks; excitation at different wavelengths revealed that the darker hue of purple ink was achieved by addition of crystal violet to red Rhodamine B and that green hues were achieved by addition of yellow dyes to Blue 38. UV–vis spectroscopy and thin‐layer chromatography analyses complemented Raman/SERS measurements by revealing the presence of additional yellow/orange and blue components in red and green inks, respectively. The relevance of this analysis for art diagnostics was demonstrated through the real noninvasive analysis of BIC pens drawings, which led to successful identification of chemical ink composition and identification of production medium.