Red Betel Leaf Extract Research Articles

TOXIC SYMPTOMS IN WISTAR STRAIN RATS ON SINGLE AND REPEATED DOSAGE FROM THE EXTRACT OF RED BETEL LEAF (Piper crocatum) AS A TOXICITY TEST OF PERIODONTAL POCKET THERAPY

Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) is one of the potential medicinal plants known to have properties to cure various diseases. The main components of betel leaf exhibit antiseptic, bactericidal, and antioxidant effects. The betel leaf was concentrated into an essential oil containing the antiseptic chemical. The antibacterial power of betel leaf essential oil is due to the content of phenolic compounds and their derivatives that can denature bacterial cell proteins, so it was considered to have potential as a material that could develop for periodontal therapy. After going through the stages of toxicity testing and repeated dose in terms of mortality, changes in body weight, and relative organ index of Wistar strain rats, the study continued to observe the effects that occurred after using single and repeated doses of 100, 400, and 1000 mg/kg BW in vivo using red betel leaf extract with the parameters of observing the behavior of rats studied for 14 days. Observation of the behavior of the test animals on toxic symptoms at each visit consisted of motor activity, straub phenomenon, piloerection, ptosis, corneal reflex, pineal reflex, lacrimation, vasodilation, catalepsy, dangling, reestablishment, walking backwards, circular walking, flexion, haffner, writhing, grooming, tremor, body shaking, vocalizations, urination, defecation, heart rate, salivation, mortality, posture, and breath changes before and after dosing for 14 days. From the observations, the analysis of the data obtained is primary data. Primary data in the form of qualitative data was obtained from data on effects that occurred after the rats were given a dose. After processing the data, the data is presented in tabular and narrative form based on the observations by showing the test dose used, the number of animals showing a toxic effect, the time of onset of a toxic effect and the percentage of animals in a group showing a toxic result. Based on the results of the study, red betel leaf extract with doses of 100, 400, and 1,000 mg/kg BW which was observed on the first and 14th days, did not cause toxic symptoms in all groups of rats, both on single administration and repeated administration for 14 days.

Potential of Natural Ingredients for Tooth Paste from Red Betel Leaf Extract ( Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) and Mint Leaf Extract ( Mentha piperita) to Support the Availability of Drug Ingredients in Dental and Mouth Diseases

Potential of Natural Ingredients for Tooth Paste from Red Betel Leaf Extract ( Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) and Mint Leaf Extract ( Mentha piperita) to Support the Availability of Drug Ingredients in Dental and Mouth Diseases

Antibacterial potential of red betel Leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) against Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586

The micro-organism that affects periodontitis is Fusobacterium nucleatum. To inhibit the growth of these micro-organisms, al-ternative herbal medicines are used, such as red betel leaf extract (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) because it contains tannins, fla-vonoids, and saponins which have antibacterial and anti-inflammatoryproperties. This study was conducted to determine the an-tibacterial potential of RBL against the bacteria F.nucleatum ATCC 25586 using the agar diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) with chlorhexidine as a positive control, aquadest as a negative control, RBL ethanol extract with concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. Replication 3 times, so the total samples are 21 plates. Data were analyzed by one-way Anova using SPSS v.21. The ethanol extract of RBL appeared to have weak inhibition at concentrations of 10% and 15% and strong inhibition at con-centrations of 20%, 25%, and 30% against F.nucleatum ATCC25586. It was concluded that there was a strong antibacterial po-tential of RBL extract against F.nucleatum ATCC 25586 at a concentration of 30%.

Formulation and Evaluation of Pulp Devitalization Paste Combination of Jatropha Curcas L. and Piper Crocatum Leaves Extract

Dental caries require operative techniques such as pulp devitalization, but pulp devitalization materials that are often used by dentists have serious adverse effects that need to be considered, such as gingival injury and alveolar bone necrosis. Hence, the aim of the present study was to develop natural ingredients as an alternative to pulp devitalization from a combination of Jatropha curcas (Jatropha curcas L.) and red betel leaf extract (Piper crocatum) in the form of a paste and then conducting physical evaluation tests, Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) tests, and also histopathological picture tests to the sample. The formulation of the pasta sample was carried out by the trituration method. Formulation I (FI) contained 25% of Jatropha resin, 0.25% red betel leaf extract, and 25% Jatropha resin, 0.5% red betel leaf extract for Formulation II (FII). The paste produced was then evaluated for physical properties which consisted of organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesion, and anti-inflammatory power using test animals with COX-2 expression number parameters. The FI and FII treatment groups had met the requirements as paste formula. In the COX-2 expression test, FI has a COX-2 expression percentage value of 0.38% and a COX-2 suppression percentage value of 0.62%, while FII has a COX-2 expression percentage value of 0.59% and a COX-2 expression percentage of 0.59% and suppression of COX-2 of 0.41%. The optimal concentration of the paste formulation is the paste with a combination of 25% jatropha latex and 0.25% red betel leaf extract had been shown to have potential as an alternative to pulp devitalization

Potential Anti-Bacterial Extract of Red Belt (Piper Crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) Against Staphylococcus Epidermidis

Introduction: Red betel leaf is a plant native to Indonesia which is used as an antiseptic, anti-cancer, and infection treatment. The ethanol content of red betel leaf extract is known to have antibacterial activity. Among them there are alkaloids, flavonoids, essential oils, tannins, and saponins. Objective: to determine the potential of red betel leaf extract (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. Methods: Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria were divided into 5 groups, PEG 5% as negative control, clindamycin 30µg/disk as positive control, extract 20%, 40%, 80% as treatment group. Measuring the zone of inhibition using a ruler. Result: Staphylococcus epidermidis inhibition zone was formed at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 80%. Kruskal Wallis analysis showed significant results of p = 0.000 for bacteria. Conclusion: Red betel leaf extract (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) has significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The higher the concentration, the larger the diameter of the inhibition zone.

Potential Red Leaves Extract on Improving The Effectiveness of Antibiotic in Postpartum (Study Experiment of Perineum Wound Healing Process)

Background: Puerperal infection is caused by the entry of bacteria through uterine or perineal wounds. These bacteria can trigger proinflammatory cytokines. Excessive proinflammatory response results in tissue damage, septic shock to death. Among the non-pharmacological methods are extracts of red betel leaves which have phytochemical screening of flavonoids and tannins as antibacterial and antiseptic.Purposes: Knowing the potential of simplicia extract of red betel leaf on increasing the effectiveness of antibiotic in postpartum (study experiment of the process of healing of perineal wounds).Method: Quasi-experimental post-test only with control group design. Subjects were postpartum mothers with episiotomy perineal wounds that were sewn at Ummu Hani Purbalingga Mothers and Child Hospital using purposive sampling with a total of 38 respondents. The treatment group was given amoxicillin and red betel leaf simplicia extract, the control group was given amoxicillin and perineum wound care standard service. Provision of intervention carried out for 7 days, the measurement instrument for perineal wound healing is the REEDA score. Data analysis using independent t-test.Result: An independent test between the two groups found a mean difference in perineal wound healing p-value 0.0001. On intervention group the mean of perineal wound healing in day 5 and control group day 7.Conclusion: There is potential for simplicia red betel leaf extract to increase the effectiveness of antibiotic in postpartum.

Phytochemicals, characterization and antimicrobial tests of red betel leaves on three solvent fractions as candidates for endometritis phytotherapy in Aceh cattle, Indonesia

Abstract. Armansyah T, Siregar TN, Suhartono, Sutriana A. 2022. Phytochemicals, characterization and antimicrobial tests of red betel leaves on three solvent fractions as candidates for endometritis phytotherapy in Aceh cattle, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 2111-2117. The use of antibiotics to treat endometritis in cattle carries with it some weaknesses in the form of toxicity risks and unexpected side effects. The use of medicinal plants as antimicrobials and immunomodulators has the potential to be an alternative therapy. Red betel leaves could be considered viable candidates for phytotherapy in cattle with endometritis. This study aimed to determine the differences in biological activity and antibacterial ability of red betel leaf through the use of three different solvents, namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The highest yield of betel leaf extract was obtained from the ethyl acetate solvent fraction consisting of flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, phenolics, and saponins. The highest biological compounds in red betel leaf identified by GC-MS in n-hexane solvent, ethyl acetate, and ethanol were 5-isobutylidene-N, N-dimethylbarbituric acid, benzenamine, 4,4' - (1,2-ethenediyl) bis-, and 9-octadecadienoic acid, respectively. Among the three solvent fractions of red betel leaf extract, it was observed that ethyl acetate exhibited higher antibacterial activity than hexane and ethanol. Hence, it can be concluded that ethyl acetate extract of red betel leaves solvent has secondary metabolites and better antibacterial potential than ethanol and n-hexane solvents.

Potential of Red Betel Leaf Extract (Piper crocatum) and Siwak (Salvadora persica) Against Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria

Background. One of the bacteria that cause oral cavity infection is Staphylococcus aureus. This study aims to explore the antibacterial potential of red betel extract and siwak extract against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, in vitro.
 Methods. This research is an in vitro experimental study to assess the diameter of the inhibition zone of red betel leaf extract and siwak against Staphylococcus aureus. The extract was made from red betel leaf simplicia and siwak wood with a dose of 50% each. The bacterial suspension was made by taking one pure colony from a test tube. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25 software.
 Results. Red betel leaf extract 50% showed the largest diameter of the inhibition zone, namely 9.1 ± 0.68 mm. Meanwhile, the siwak extract showed a smaller inhibition zone diameter of 7.9 ± 0.68 mm. One-way ANOVA analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the diameters of the inhibition zones of each test group.
 Conclusion. Red betel leaf extracts are 50% greater in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus than 50% siwak extract.

Lotion deodorant formulation of ethanolic extract of red betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) with stearic acid as base

Abstract Background: Red betel leaf (P. crocatum Ruiz & Pav) possesses antibacterial properties, so the prospect is to be developed as a deodorant in lotion dosage forms. Objective: This study was conducted with the intention to prepare, evaluate, and investigate the stability of deodorant lotion preparations from the ethanolic extract of red betel leaf (P. crocatum Ruiz & Pav) based on stearic acid. Methods: The maceration method used 70% ethanol as solvent to obtain red betel leaf extract. Furthermore, the concentrated extract was formulated as a deodorant lotion formula into three formulas, FI, FII, and FIII, with varying concentrations of stearic acid 2, 4, and 6%, respectively. All the deodorant lotion formulas were evaluated, their characteristics and stability of organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion, and irritation properties. The physical stability test was done by cycling test. The storage stability test was evaluated for 28 days. Results: Evaluation of physical properties for 28 days showed that deodorant lotion was homogeneous and pH in the range of 5.5-6.4; viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion tests gave good results and stability. In the irritation test, all formulas showed no irritation. Statistical test paired T-test on stability testing during storage and cycling test showed that the best and most stable formula was F3 with 6% stearic acid concentration. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of red betel leaf (P. crocatum Ruiz & Pav) can be formulated into a deodorant lotion preparation that is stable and good during storage. Keywords: deodorant lotion, Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav, stearic acid

EFEKTIVITAS DAUN SIRIH MERAH (Piper crocatum) PADA SANITASI DI RUANG PENAMPUNGAN SUSU

Red betel is a multipurpose plant, because apart from being an ornamental plant, because of the beauty of its leaves, it also has several active compounds as antibacterial agents. The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of red betel leaf extract as a natural disinfectant in the milk storage room through its inhibitory power against bacteria in situ and its effect on reducing the number of total bacteria on the floor, table, and walls in the milk storage room. The research used experimental method using completely randomized design with 3 treatments of red betel leaf extract concentration, P1 = 15%, P2 = 25%, P3 = 35%, each treatment was repeated 6 times. The research data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey's test. The results showed that the highest reduction in the total number of bacteria was in the red betel leaf extract with a concentration of 35%, both on the floor, table, and walls in the milk storage room, respectively 52.40%, 59.96%, and 61.77%. The inhibition zone of red betel leaf extract against bacteria in situ was the highest at a concentration of 35% red betel leaf extract on the floor, table and wall, namely 9.12; 10.65; and 10.76 mm.

BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF INDONESIAN RED BETEL (PIPER CROCATUM) EXTRACT AND ITS INHIBITORY ACTIVITY IN MCF-7 CELL LINE

Piper crocatum, known as red betel, is a potential medicinal plant that grows in the tropics as an anti-cancer. Several previous studies of red betel showed the ability to inhibit various types of cancer cells. The research aims to analyze the bioactive compounds in red betel leaf extract origins from Indonesia on ethanol by GC-MS method, identify toxicity with MTT assay. Further, the morphology of MCF-7 breast cancer cells was determined to lead the ethanol extract of P. crocatum. The bioactive compounds of P. crocatum leaves have a function in cytotoxicity to cancer cells, such as phenol (1.36%), phytol (5.72%), and vitamin E (1.76%). Red betel leaves extract against MCF-7 cells has an IC50 = 6.68 μg mL-1 . The results showed that morphological changes occurred in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Cell morphological changes were indicated by loss of contact with surrounding cells and decreased the number of cells after 24 h exposed to ethanol extract of P. crocatum. The ethanol extract of P. crocatum can inhibit MCF-7 breast cancer cells' growth and potential as an anti-cancer agent. However, further research is needed to confirm the mechanism of inhibition and expression of apoptotic genes.

Potensi Eksudat Daun Sirih Merah (Piper ornatum L.) sebagai Insektisida Herbal terhadap Mortalitas Semut Hitam

Chemical insecticide products had a negative impact on environment and health. One of the plants that can be used as an herbal insecticide is the betel plant. the red betel plant leaves are contain chemical compounds that potentialy toxic to insects, including essential oils, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids. Black ants (Lasius fuliginosus L.) are insects that can have serious consequences if not treated, contaminate food and can transmit disease between humans and animals. The purpose of this research is to knowwing concentration is effective for black ant mortality. This research was connducted at Biology Pharmacy Laboratory of Nahdlatul Wathan University Mataram. This study consisted of 3 treatments and 2 controls (triplo for each treatment). Each repetition uses five black ants. The parameter of this study is the number of deaths per hour within three hours of the experiment. Observational data showed red betel leaf extract (Piper ornatum L) at concentrations of 25%, 50% and 75% had a significant effect on the mortality of black ants (Lasius fuliginosus L.). The higher the concentration, the more effective it is against black ant mortality. Concentration of 75% (treatment P3) has the highest effectiveness, which is 93.33%. The conclusion obtained from this study is that red betel leaf has the potential as an herbal insecticide on mortality of black ants, because red betel leaf has an effect on mortality of black ants at each concentration.

The Effect of Red Betel Leaf (Piper crocatum) and Moringa Leaf Extracts on Endometritis Levels in Aceh Cows

This study aims to determine the ability of red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) or Moringa leaf extracts to reduce the endometritis level in Aceh cattle. In this study, six Aceh cows aged 3-5 years, weighing 150-250 kg from the Experimental Animal Technical Implementation Unit of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Syiah Kuala University were used. The cows were divided into two treatment groups, namely cows with endometritis that were given red betel leaf extract (T1) and cows with endometritis that were given Moringa leaf extract (T2). Examination of the endometritis levels was carried out before and after treatment using the White Side Test (WST) method. The collection of estrus cervical mucus was needed for the WST examination, and heat induction was performed with prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α) at a dose of 25 μg. Collection of cervical mucus was performed 8-12 hours after the initiation of heat. All cows with endometritis were given intrauterine extracts of red betel leaves or Moringa leaves at a concentration of 20% every 24 hours for a week at a solution volume of 20 ml. The data were then analyzed using a paired t test. The mean endometritis levels before and after treatment on K1 vs. K2 were 3.0 and 1.7 vs. 2.7 and 2.7, respectively (P<0.05). It was concluded that red betel leaf extract at a concentration of 20% was more effective in reducing the endometritis level of Aceh cows than Moringa leaf extract.

Efektivitas salep ekstrak daun sirih merah (Pipercrocatum) terhadap luka insisi pada tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus)

This study aims to see the effectiveness of red betel leaf extract ointment against incision wounds in white rats. The tannin and saponin compounds found in red betel leaf extract function to stimulate the formation of collagen which plays a role in the wound healing process. This study used an experimental research method with the test materials being 21 male white rats (Rattus norvegicus), red betel leaf extract on wound adhesions, the total number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in white rats due to incision wounds, divided into 3 treatment groups with 7 samples. The results of the mean value of wound attachment in the groups P0 18 ± 0.5, P1 8.5 ± 0.4 and P2 6.5 ± 0.0. The mean results of erythrocyte values in the P0 group were 6.16 ± 0.90a, P1 6.46 ± 0.45a, and P2 6.20 ± 0.63a. and the results of the mean hemoglobin values in the P0 group 11.8 ± 1.1a , P1 12.3 ± 0.7a , and P2 12.1 ± 1.2a . The results of the study showed that the administration of red betel leaf extract ointment (Piper crocatum) on wound attachment had a significant effect at a concentration of 45%, because it was believed that red betel leaf extract ointment could increase peristaltic movements. While the total number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin due to incision wounds in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) there was no significant difference.

The Addition of Red Betel Leaf Extract (Piper crocatum) in the Feed of Vannamei Shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) for Vibriosis Prevention

Vibriosis is a type of shrimp disease caused by Vibrio sp. In the disease control of consumption biota, it is highly recommended to use natural ingredients that are not carcinogenic, one of which is red betel leaves (Piper crocatum). This study aims to determine the best dose of red betel leaf extract (P. crocatum) mixed in Vannamei shrimp feed to prevent vibriosis. In this study, shrimps were reared for 40 days at a density of 20 fish/container. The treatments included positive control, P1 (without extract + bacterial infection), negative control P2 (without extract and without bacterial infection), P3 (0.5% extract + bacterial infection), P4 (1% extract + infection), and P5 (2% extract + bacterial infection). The application of red betel leaf extract at a dose of 0.5% resulted in 75% survival after infection with V. parahaemolyticus, Vannamei shrimps of THC 7.70×106 cells/mL, and DHC (hyaline 82.94% granular 20.10%). The number of bacteria and the number of vibrio in the intestine were 52×108 CFU/mL and 12×108 CFU/mL accordingly. The best dose was obtained at P3 (Feed +0.5% red betel leaf extract), seen from the increase in survival rate, the number of hemocytes, differential haemocyte counts, and a decrease in total bacteria, so the application of red betel leaf extract can be used in the cultivation of Vannamei shrimps as an immunostimulant.

ORAL ACUTE TOXICITY TEST OF RED BETEL LEAF (Piper crocatum) AS PERIODONTAL POCKET THERAPY (As Seen From Mortality Rate, Weight Changing, And Relative Organ Index Of Swiss Webster Mice)

Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) contains useful chemical compounds like alkaloid, saponin, tannin, and flavonoid which have an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial characteristics. Previous research shows red betel leaf has a better bactericidal profile than the green ones. The red betel leaf extract is already proven to disturbing the growth of periodontal causative bacteria in an earlier study. Any ingredient or chemical contents on food and drug shall run a toxicity test before permitted to use generally. This study’s purpose is to investigate the acute toxicity effect of red betel leaf extract as a periodontal pocket therapy ingredient. The acute toxicity experimental is conducted on Swiss webster mice which divided into six groups consisting of 4 males and four females each. The dose given to the subject is a single dose by the oral route as amount as the twice maximal tolerated dose that is 10000, 5000, 2500, 1250, and 625 mg/kg BW. The weight of mice is measured every day from day-1 until day-14 after that (on day-15) the mice are cut to counting relative organ index. The collected data is analyzed using The One-way ANOVA test and continues with the posthoc Tucay test. This study result shows that red betel leaf extract with doses 10000, 5000, 2500, 1250, and 625 mg/kg BW given acutely doesn’t generate a significant change in weight and relative organ index of the test’s subject. Based on this result, it can be concluded that red betel leaf extract is not toxic.

Efficacy of Red Betel Leaf’s (Piper crocatum) Chloroform Extract as Repellent Against Rice Bugs Leptocorisa acuta Thunberg, 1783 (Hemiptera: Alydidae)

Rice bugs Leptocorisa acuta is one of the insects that can damage and reduce rice production by sucking the sap inside the rice grains during the milky phase. The usage of red betel leaf’s (Piper crocatum) extract as bio repellent is one of the alternatives to reduce rice bug’s pest without causing any environmental degradation. This research aims to compare and determine the most effective concentration level of red betel leaf’s chloroform extract as a repellent. The red betel leaf extract was tested at concentrations 25%, 37,5%, and 50%. The methods in this research included sampling and acclimatization of rice bugs and repellency test of rice bugs using various concentrations of the extract. The study results were analysed using Probit Analysis with Lethal Concentration (LC50) according to the number of rice bug’s repellency. The results showed that at 59.75% concentration of red betel leaf extract’s chloroform effectively repelled 50% of the rice bug’s population and reduced the number of rice bugs population below the economic threshold level.

The Effectiveness of Red Betel (Piper crocatum) Leaf Ethanol Extract Mouthwash in Reducing Dental Plaque Index

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to determine the difference in the effectiveness of mouthwash of red betel leaf extract on the dental plaque index.
 Design:This research design is Quasi experimental. The ethanol extract of red betel leaf was prepared in various concentrations for use by the correspondents as a mouthwash. Dental plaque was observed before and after treatment, then compared the differences in results between groups.
 Interventions:The intervention variable in this study was a mouthwash preparation containing 4% and 5% ethanol extract of red betel leaf, then compared with a positive control mouthwash preparation containing Chlorhexidine.
 Main outcome measure:The results showed a decrease in the dental plaque index in the correspondents who were given mouthwash containing 4% and 5% red betel leaf ethanol extract. The anova test showed a significant difference between the dental plaque index between before and after treatment (p <0.05).
 Conclusion:Mouthwash containing ethanol extract of red betel leaves is effective in reducing the dental plaque index value.

Efficacy of red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) against Candida albicans over acrylic denture surface: An in vitro study

Aims and Objectives: The aim of this article is to assess the efficacy of red betel leaf against Candida albicans over acrylic denture surface. Materials and Methods: This research used an experimental design. The efficacy of red betel leaf was assessed through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and immersion tests. The results of MIC test using microdilution method were determined using turbidimetric and spectrophotometric methods. The immersion test used 30 sterilized identical heat-cured acrylic resin plates (10×10×2 mm), five each for six groups contaminated by Candida albicans and immersed in different denture cleansers (red betel leaf extract with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, alkaline peroxide denture cleanser “fitty dent”® as positive control, and sterile distilled water as negative control). The number of microorganisms was calculated and analyzed using analysis of variance followed by post hoc test. Results: MIC of red betel leaf extract was 2.34% (turbidimetric method) and 0.29% (spectrophotometric method). The immersion test showed that the statistical analysis of the six groups was significant (P<0.01). The more the concentration of red betel leaf extracts (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%), the lesser the number of colonies of C. albicans (48, 8.6, 4.4, and 4.2 ×103 CFU/mL); meanwhile, the reduction value increased to 62.09%, 93.21%, 96.53%, and 96.68%. There were no significant differences between 30% and 40% red betel leaf extract concentration (P = 0.89). The highest number of colonies was in negative control (126.6 × 103 CFU/mL) and the smallest was in positive control (1.3×103 CFU/mL). Conclusion: Red betel leaf had efficacy against C. albicans over acrylic denture surface at 30% concentration.

Effect of Microencapsulation Techniques on Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Functional Beverage Based on Red Betel Leaf Extract (Piper crocatum)

Functional drinks based on red betel leaf extract have antioxidant activity, but they still have a bitter taste. This study aims to determine the effect of microencapsulation on phenol content, antioxidant activity, and sensory quality of functional drinks based on betel leaf extract. Microencapsulation of functional drinks was made using maltodextrin coatings with concentrations of 10% and 20%. Antioxidant activity was tested by the CUPRAC method. The ready to drink (RTD) functional drink has a total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of 782.30 ± 2.54 mg GAE/g and 1660.19 ± 31.67 µmol Tr/g, respectively. These values are higher than microencapsulated functional drinks with maltodextrin (MM). The microencapsulated functional drink with 10% maltodextrin coating (MM10) is the chosen formulation since it has the smallest particle size (1.283 µm), total phenolic content of 12.90 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g and antioxidant activity of 189.41 ± 1.88 µmol Tr/g. Microencapsulated functional drinks provide sensory quality that is not significantly different (p &lt;0.05) from ready to drink (RTD) drinks.