Red Beetroot Research Articles

Development and quality characteristics of functional Kulfi fortified with microencapsulated betalains

SummaryFruit and vegetable waste valorisation has opened opportunities for the utilisation of food waste for extraction and development of valuable functional foods. Therefore, the study was designed to develop a functional Kulfi fortified with encapsulated betalains extracted from red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) pomace. Moreover, fortified functional Kulfi samples were studied for physico‐chemical, antioxidant, microbiological and sensory analyses. Fortified functional Kulfi reported the higher antioxidant activity (64.88% and 75.27%) with reduced melting rate (1.84 mL min−1 and 2.08 mL min−1) and microbial profile (3.77 log CFU g−1 and 3.14 log CFU g−1) compared with control. Sensory analysis showed a no significant (P > 0.05) impact on the overall acceptability of functional Kulfi (7.25) compared with the commercial Kulfi (7.20), which was further confirmed by a bi‐plot of principal component analysis. Overall, the encapsulated betalains improved the quality characteristics of functional Kulfi and could be used for the development of frozen dairy products.

Application of chelated fertilizers on irrigated vegetable crops in the Saratov Zavolzhye

The effect of chelated fertilizers that produced by the NPO "Power of Life" on the productivity of the main vegetable crops was studied in field experiments on irrigated terraced dark chestnut soils of the Saratov Zavolzhye (Trans-Volga region). It was established that the yield of the vegetable crops under study increases with the use of fertilizers based on humic acids. The increase in yield due to reasil micro hydro mix was: 35.8% of cucumber, 28.3% of red beet roots, 22.6% of tomato, 20.9% of late white cabbage, 9.1% of onion, 6.8% of carrot roots. The reasil micro hydro mix was more effective than potassium-sodium humate with trace elements, for all the studied vegetable crops under study. The average increase in productivity was 20.6% versus 16.0%. The effect of chelated microfertilizers on the yield of vegetable crops was ambiguous. A significant reliable increase in yield due to all the studied chelated microfertilizers, used both together with reasil micro hydro mix, and together with potassium-sodium humate with trace elements, was established only when growing onions. An additional increase in the yield of red beet roots 4.42 t / ha was obtained only when treated with reasil humic N on the background of potassium-sodium humate with trace elements. An additional increase in the yield of late white cabbage was 9.23 and 8.15 t / ha when treated with reasil Mg, respectively, against the background of reasil micro hydro mix and potassium-sodium humate with trace elements. On tomatoes, chelated microfertilizers were effective only against the background of potassium-sodium humate with trace elements. Cucumber responded positively to all chelated microfertilizers on the background of potassium-sodium humate with trace elements, as well as to reasil humic N and reasil Ca/Mg/B on the background of reasil micro hydro mix. On carrots, a significant increase in yield was obtained when treated with reasil Ca, reasil Ca/ Mg/ B and reasil humic N against the background of reasil micro hydro mix.

Protective effect beetroot Beta vulgaris extract against H2O2 Induced Oxidative stress in U87MG glioma cells

The study on neurodegenerative associated disorders is of immense clinical interest. Thus in the present investigation hydrogen peroxide was chosen as a precursor to induce oxidative cell damage in the cell cultures. The pigment extracted from red beetroot (Beta vulgaris) was analyzed by quantification of betalains by HPTLC, which revealed that the extract was made of two pig-ments, red and yellow. The red pigment was quantified which was 635ng/20μl (31.75mg/ml). The total phenolics and tannic in the extracts were reported to be 0.031μg/ml and 19.232mg/ml. 200μM of H2O2 was used for ROS production. MTT assay was performed showed the H2O2 treatment resulted in a decrease of cell viability percentage by 46.75 ± 0.018. While the beetroot extract at 10mg/ml increases the cell viability percentage to 55.58± 0.020 in 30min of pre-treatment, but no significant change was observed in post-treatment. Catalase value was highest at 20mg/ml of beet extract (4229.8864μmol of H2O2 consumed/min/mg protein). LDH value 531.67μM/ml in cell lysate, whereas in the LDH exudate highest value recorded was 646.25μM/ml, Catalase exudate activity were higher in both pre and post-treated cells, values were recorded as 4229.88μmol of H2O2 consumed/min/mg protein and 4048.09μmol of H2O2 consumed/min/mg protein respective-ly. Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity in post-treated cells was below the H2O2 treatment. In pre-treated cells, all the cells showed lower AChE specific activity in comparison to H2O2 treated cells. The present findings from our work exhibited the protective ability of the red beetroot (Beta vulgaris) against the oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide.

Antihypersensitivity effect of betanin (red beetroot extract) via modulation of microglial activation in a mouse model of neuropathic pain.

Neuropathic pain (NeP) medications have several side effects that affect NeP patients' quality of life. Betanin, the most common betacyanin pigment, has been shown to have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in vivo; thus, it has potential as a healthcare treatment. In this study, we focused on betanin (red beetroot extract) as a potential therapy for NeP. Mice model of NeP were made by chronic constriction injury (CCI), and the development of mechanical hypersensitivity was confirmed using the von Frey test. Motor coordination and locomotor activity were assessed using open field tests and rotarod tests, respectively. The expression level of glial markers in the spinal cords was analyzed by immunostaining. The direct effects of betanin on microglial cells were investigated using primary cultured microglial cells. In CCI model mice, repeated betanin treatment, both intraperitoneally and orally, attenuated developing mechanical hypersensitivity in a dose-dependent manner without impairing motor coordination. Betanin treatment also attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity that had developed and prevented the onset of mechanical hypersensitivity in CCI mice. Microglial activation in the spinal cord is known to play a key role in the development of NeP; betanin treatment reduced CCI-induced microglial activation in the spinal cord of model mice. Moreover, in primary microglia cultured cells, the activation of microglia by lipopolysaccharide application was suppressed by betanin treatment. Betanin treatment appears to ameliorate mechanical hypersensitivity related to CCI-induced NeP in mice by inhibiting microglial activation. This article supports findings of the effect of betanin on NeP and provides a potential therapeutic candidate for NeP. Furthermore, elucidating the underlying mechanism of the effect of betanin on microglial activation could assist the development of new treatments for chronic pain.

Comparative evaluation of different methods for determining phytochemicals and antioxidant activity in products containing betalains – Verification of beetroot samples

This study presents methods that can be used to assess the health quality of products containing betalains. The paper compares and verifies data on the phytochemical composition of three different pigmented beetroot cultivars using spectrophotometric, HPLC-DAD, HPTLC and LC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS techniques. Additionally, we compared the total antioxidant activity in both the cell-free and cellular systems. Betalain contribution to antioxidant activity was also determined using post-column derivatization and it was found that in the case of red beetroot it is about 50%. Photometric measurements are recommended for a simple and inexpensive analysis of the total betacyanin and betaxanthin content. Liquid chromatography techniques produced more precise information on phytochemical composition in the tested samples. The combination of liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry produced the largest amount of quantitative and qualitative data; in beetroot samples sixty-four phytochemicals have been identified therefore, this approach is recommended for more detailed metabolomics studies.

Study by absorption and emission spectrophotometry of the efficiency of the binary mixture (Ethanol-Water) on the extraction of betanin from red beetroot

In this paper, we intend to present a classical method of extraction and analysis of betanin from Algerian red beetroot, and to know the efficiency of the binary mixture (Ethanol-Water) on the extraction. Also, to know the betanin content of the extract obtained using optical spectroscopic methods. This dye is a natural pigment with high antioxidant power and widely used as a natural dye. In addition, the high bioavailability of this pigment reinforces its potential for future therapeutic applications. However, commercially the betanin content beet extracts never exceeds 1,2% and this molecule does not exist marketed in a more purified form, therefore it is necessary to have efficient tools for the enrichment of betanin extracts. The experimental results made in our laboratory, confirm the effectiveness of the binary mixture (Ethanol-Water) on the betanin extraction from Algerian beetroot, the yield obtained of extracted betanin pigment from red beetroot is 0,342 mg/g, when the mixture of solvents (Ethanol-Water) is used with a large quantity of water. As well as, the betanin has an absorption band varying from 480 nm to 540 nm and it has an emission band at 800 nm.

Efek Hepatoprotektif Bit Merah (Beta vulgaris L) Organik terhadap Abnormalitas Faal Hepar Akibat Paparan Pestisida

Pesticide exposure causes hepatic parenchymal cell damage and impaired hepatic membrane permeability. Organic red beets contain high levels of flavonoids, betanin, and polyphenols. The phytochemical compounds in beetroot are anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antihepatotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to determine the hepatoprotective effect of organic beetroot (Beta vulgaris L) on hepar physiological abnormalities due to exposure to pesticides. This type of research is an experiment with Post Test Only Randomized Control Group Design. The study population was male Wistar rats aged 2-3 months with a weight of 150-200g. The sampling technique was randomly assigned to 30 rats were divided into 6 groups. Beetroot ethanol extract intake and pesticide exposure were observed for 14 days. Liver physiological abnormalities were measured based on the levels of the enzyme cholinesterase, Gamma GT, SGOT, and SGPT. Measurement of enzymes using the IFCC method, using Stardust MC15 and Humalyzer spectrophotometer. Data analysis using Anova test. There was a hepar physiological abnormality after pesticide exposure which was indicated by a significant decrease in the cholinesterase enzyme (p-value=0,000) and a significant increase in the Gamma GT, SGOT, and SGPT enzymes (p-value=0,000). The intake of organic beetroot ethanol extract (Beta vulgaris L) significantly increased the cholinesterase enzyme back (p-value=0,000) and significantly decreased the Gamma GT, SGOT, and SGPT enzymes (p-value=0,000), approaching normal levels at a dose of 400mg/kgBW. Organic red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L) has a hepatoprotective effect on hepar physiological abnormalities due to exposure to pesticides.

Development of active and smart packaging films based on starch, polyvinyl alcohol and betacyanins from different plant sources

In this study, active and smart packaging films were prepared by individually adding betacyanins-rich plant extracts (red pitaya flesh extract (RPFE), prickly pear fruit extract (PPFE), red beetroot extract (RBRE), globe amaranth flower extract (GAFE) and red amaranth leaf extract (RALE)) into starch/polyvinyl alcohol. The structural, physical and functional properties of the films containing betacyanins from different plant sources were compared for the first time. Results showed betacyanins from RPFE, PPFE and RBRE were betanin-type betacyanins. Betacyanins from GAFE and RALE were gomphrenin-type and amaranthin-type betacyanins, respectively. The films containing RPFE and PPFE presented more uniform cross-sections and had the highest water vapor barrier (9.37 and 9.26 × 10−11 g m−1 s−1 Pa−1) and mechanical strength (8.26 and 7.87 MPa). However, the film containing GAFE presented the lowest light transmittance but the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (EC50 = 0.47 mg/mL). All the films containing betacyanins are sensitive to pH 8–12 buffer solutions and volatile ammonia. Notably, the film containing RPFE exhibited distinct color changes (from purple-red to pink) when shrimp spoiled. Our results suggest the structural, physical and functional properties of betacyanins-rich films are closely related to the source and type of betacyanins.

Effects of raw red beetroot consumption on metabolic markers and cognitive function in type 2 diabetes patients.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of raw red beetroot consumption on metabolic markers and cognitive function in type 2 diabetes patients. In a quasi-experimental study, 44 type 2 diabetes patients (57 ± 4.5years) consumed raw red beetroot (100g, daily), for 8weeks. Metabolic markers including body weight, glucose and lipid profile parameters, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, paraoxonase-1 activity, hepatic enzymes, blood pressure and cognitive function were measured at the beginning and end of 8weeks. Raw red beetroot consumption resulted in a significant decrease in fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels (-13.53mg/dL), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)(-0.34%), apolipoproteinB100 (ApoB100) (-8.25mg/dl), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (-1.75U/L), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (-3.7U/L), homocysteine (-7.88μmol/l), systolic (-0.73mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (-0.34mmHg), anda significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (105μmol/L) and cognitive function tests (all P values <0.05). Other variables did not change significantly after the intervention. Raw red beetroot consumption for 8weeks in T2DM patients has beneficial impacts on cognitive function, glucose metabolism and other metabolic markers.

Vacuum-steam pulsed blanching (VSPB): An emerging blanching technology for beetroot

Abstract: To evaluate the effectiveness of different blanching methods, the dynamic effects of vacuum-steam pulsed blanching (VSPB), steam blanching (SB), and hot water blanching (HWB) on enzymes activity, color, betalains content (BC), total phenolics content (TPC), texture, and microstructure of red beetroot were investigated. With the extension of blanching time (30–180 s), the texture, enzyme activity, and color of red beetroots during blanching process changed significantly. It was found that VSPB took 60 s to completely inactive peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes compared to 120 s and 90 s for HWB and SB, respectively. In addition, VSPB retained more betalains (118.13 g/kg) and total phenolics (6.44 mg/g) in red beetroots compared to HWB (82.32 g/kg and 4.97 mg/g) and SB (112.96 g/kg and 5.54 mg/g) after 60 s of blanching. In terms of hardness, after 180 s of blanching, the hardness decreased from 22.50 to 11.68, 14.59, and 11.86 N for HWB, SB, and VSPB, respectively. Additionally, microstructure observation showed that VSPB mitigates cell damages compared to other blanching methods. The current work indicated that VSPB is a promising blanching technology for beetroot as it can extensively shorten the blanching time and reduce nutrition loss compared to HWB and SB.

Evaluation of Three Formulations of Essential Oils in Broiler Chickens under Cyclic Heat Stress.

Simple SummaryThe use of essential oils in animal feeding has been practiced for their role as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, digestive stimulants, immunomodulators, hypolipidemic agents, and heat stress alleviators. The objective of the present research was to assess dietary supplementation of three formulations of essential oils on performance, bone mineralization, carcass component weights, intestinal permeability, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant biomarkers in broiler chickens under cyclic heat stress. Heat stress reduced the body weight, feed intake, and bone strength through bone mineralization, while increasing feed conversion, gut permeability, IFN-γ and IgA levels in serum when compared with thermoneutral control broilers. Interestingly, in the present study, all three essential oils treatments partially mitigated these harmful effects at statistically significant levels compared with heat stress control chickens. These results suggest that the strategic use of some essential oils formulations during periods of stress, such as cyclic heat stress, could ameliorate adverse effects.The objective of the present research was to assess the dietary supplementation of three formulations of essential oils (EO) in chickens under heat stress (HS). Day-of-hatch Cobb 500 chicks (n = 500) were randomly distributed into four groups: 1. HS control + control diets; 2. HS + control diets supplemented with 37 ppm EO of Lippia origanoides (LO); 3. HS + control diets supplemented with 45 ppm LO + 45 ppm EO of Rosmarinus officinalis (RO) + 300 ppm red beetroot; 4. HS + 45 ppm LO + 45 ppm RO + 300 ppm natural betaine. Chickens that received the EO showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement on BW, BWG, FI, and FCR compared to control HS chickens. Average body core temperature in group 3 and group 4 was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced compared with the HS control group and group 2. Experimental groups showed a significant reduction in FITC-d at 42 days, a significant increase in SOD at both days but a significant reduction of IFN-γ and IgA compared with HS control (p < 0.05). Bone mineralization was significantly improved by EO treatments (p < 0.05). Together these data suggest that supplemental dietary EO may reduce the harmful effects of HS.

45. Impact of red beetroot supplemented diets on the gut bacterial composition of weaned pigs

45. Impact of red beetroot supplemented diets on the gut bacterial composition of weaned pigs

Effect of beetroot (Beta vulgaris) extract on Black Angus burgers shelf life.

Beef burgers are meat preparations with easy perishability. To ensure a longer shelflife, the Regulation EU 1129/11 allows the use of some additives. However, healthconscious consumers prefer products which do not contain synthetic substances. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Red Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) integration on Black Angus made burgers shelf life. Red beet was prepared as powder and added to meat mixture as the same or in water solution. The study was split into 2 trials to assess the extract activity also in burgers vacuum-packaged stored. Burgers were analysed (up to 9 days at 4°C) in terms of sensory properties, microbiological profile, pH, aw and lipid oxidation (TBARS). At the end of storage, treated samples showed the highest values of redness and the lowest content of malondialdehyde, probably due to antioxidant properties of red beet towards myoglobin and lipid oxidation processes. Moreover, results highlighted that Red Beetroot activities were dose-dependent and intensified if dissolved in water. The aw values did not appear to be conditioned by extract integrations, unlike the pH that was lower in treated samples than control ones. Microbiological analyses identified beetroot as a potential antimicrobial substance, especially in high concentration. In conclusion, Beta vulgaris extract could be proposed as natural compound exploitable in beef burgers to preserve qualities and extend their shelf-life.

Study of Chemical Composition of Extract from Beta Vulgaris Seeds and its Cytotoxic Activity

Nowadays, a variety of plants is being investigated with the aim of developing new medicines with improved properties and expanding the range of efficient and safe preparations. Modern studies of representatives of the family Amaranthaceae (Beta vulgaris) have revealed medicinal properties in plants that were used previously only as food. Many medicinal properties are due to the presence of betalains and phenols in the roots and the stems of red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L. var. conditiva). Along with this, there is a lack of information on the chemical composition and biological activity of seeds of this species. The purpose of our research was to study the chemical composition of Beta vulgaris seeds and to assess the cytotoxic activity. The research objects: CO2 extracts of beetroot seeds: Thick POCO2 (1), liquid POCO2 (2) and liquid alcohol extract POC2H5. Determination of the component composition of the extract was performed on the gas chromatograph Clarus 580 (PerkinElmer) with the mass spectrometric detector Clarus-SQ. To determine the cytotoxic activity, the marine crustaceans Artemia salina were taken. Based on the results of the analysis of the chemical composition of the thick CO2-extract, 25 compounds were identified and the liquid CO2-extract-11 components were identified. The dominant compounds in both extracts are phenol and creosol. The results of determining the cytotoxic activity allow determining that liquid CO2 extract of beetroot seeds POC2H5 at a concentration of 10 mg/mL exhibits cytotoxicity (68%) and does not exhibit activity at concentrations of 5 and 1 mg/mL; thick CO2 beetroot seed extract POCO2 (1) at all tested concentrations does not exhibit cytotoxicity; liquid alcohol extract of beetroot seeds at all tested concentrations does not exhibit cytotoxicity.

The Responses of Bioactive Betanin Pigment and Its Derivatives from a Red Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) Betalain-Rich Extract to Hypochlorous Acid.

Neutrophils produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as well as other reactive oxygen species as part of a natural innate immune response in the human body; however, excessive levels of HOCl can ultimately be detrimental to health. Recent reports suggest that betacyanin plant pigments can act as potent scavengers of inflammatory factors and are notably effective against HOCl. Comparison of the in vitro anti-hypochlorite activities of a novel betalain-rich red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) extract with its pure betalainic pigments revealed that the extract had the highest anti-hypochlorite activity, far exceeding the activity of all of the betalainic derivatives and selected reference antioxidants. This suggests that it may be an important food-based candidate for management of inflammatory conditions induced by excessive HOCl production. Among all pigments studied, betanidin exhibited the highest activity across the pH range.

Influence of diversified anthropogenic pressure on heavy metals contents in soils and plants of garden allotments

The presented research aimed at assessing the impact of anthropogenic pressure of varying intensity on the heavy metals content in the soils of garden allotments and in the biomass of plants grown there. In order to achieve the study purpose, the contents of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd were determined in the soil samples of three allotments located in Silesia (strong industrial and urban pressure), Lublin (moderate industrial and urban pressure) and Biała Podlaska (weak urban pressure). The same elements were analysed in leaves and roots of red beets grown on the soils in urban areas mentioned above. It was found that the soils derived from Silesia were the most polluted, less polluted were the soils from Lublin, and the least polluted were the soils from Biała Podlaska. The content of Pb, Cu, and Cd in the leaves and roots of red beet harvested on the examined soils was dependent on the concentrations of these elements in soils. The obtained results indicated that the contamination of soils and plants with heavy metals should be included into the comprehensive assessment of the human impact on the environment, especially in industrial and urbanised areas, and suggested the need for further, widely spread studies of soils in such areas.

Quality Assessment and Application of Red Natural Dye from Beetroot (Beta Vulgaris)

| Beet root (Beta vulgaris) is an excellent source of natural red colorant. In the present work red beet root dye was prepared in the powder form and then candies were prepared using this red beet root dye as food color. The stability studies of both, the prepared red beet dye and candies were performed at different storage conditions 4oC, 25oC, 45oC for eight weeks. Betanin content (%) was measured to evaluate the stability of color which showed the maximum retention of betanin content in red beet dye and candies stored at 4°C while lowest %age of betanin content was observed at 45°C showing that at higher temperatures the color is deteriorated. Stability in pH of red beet dye was also monitored at three different temperatures (4°C, 25°C and 45°C). Increase in pH was observed with increasing storage temperatures. Maximum stability of the color was observed at 4°C at most stable acidic pH and color degradation was observed with gradual increase in pH at 45°C. Microbiological analysis of candies and beet powder at 4°C and 25°C ensure that they are safe for consumption at both storage temperatures.

Effects of red beetroot supplementation on gut microbiome and short chain fatty acid profiles in weaned pigs

Effects of red beetroot supplementation on gut microbiome and short chain fatty acid profiles in weaned pigs

Evaluation of some physical properties of instant drink powder based on red beetroot extract by foam mat hot air drying and foam mat freeze drying

Evaluation of some physical properties of instant drink powder based on red beetroot extract by foam mat hot air drying and foam mat freeze drying

Nanoemulsion Versus Microemulsion Systems for the Encapsulation of Beetroot Extract: Comparison of Physicochemical Characteristics and Betalain Stability

Red beetroot extract is a widely used food colorant. Betalain is the major red pigment present in it, which is unstable at high temperature and pH. In this study, the edge of nanoemulsion over microemulsion in improving the thermal and pH stability of betalain has been demonstrated. The micro- and nanoemulsions of beet extract were prepared by rotor-stator homogenization and rotor-stator homogenization followed by ultrasonication, respectively. The resultant emulsions were compared for their physicochemical and rheological properties, storage stability (for 15 days, at refrigeration temperature: 4 ± 1 °C; room temperature: 30 ± 5 °C; 40 °C and 100 °C), and release kinetics. Compared to microemulsion, nanoemulsion resulted in a sustained release and higher thermal and pH stabilities of betalain. During storage, nanoemulsion showed a lower rate of droplet coarsening and improved color stability than microemulsion, due to its nanoscale droplet diameter (701.53 ± 27.2 nm), high viscosity (0.089 Pa s, at 100 s−1), and non-Newtonian rheological behavior.