The Responses of Bioactive Betanin Pigment and Its Derivatives from a Red Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) Betalain-Rich Extract to Hypochlorous Acid.

Karolina Starzak,Boris Nemzer,Sławomir Wybraniec,Shi-Rong Liu,Shu-Pao Wu,Zbigniew Pietrzkowski,Łukasz Popenda,Katarzyna Sutor,Tomasz Świergosz

doi:10.3390/ijms22031155

Abstract

Neutrophils produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as well as other reactive oxygen species as part of a natural innate immune response in the human body; however, excessive levels of HOCl can ultimately be detrimental to health. Recent reports suggest that betacyanin plant pigments can act as potent scavengers of inflammatory factors and are notably effective against HOCl. Comparison of the in vitro anti-hypochlorite activities of a novel betalain-rich red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) extract with its pure betalainic pigments revealed that the extract had the highest anti-hypochlorite activity, far exceeding the activity of all of the betalainic derivatives and selected reference antioxidants. This suggests that it may be an important food-based candidate for management of inflammatory conditions induced by excessive HOCl production. Among all pigments studied, betanidin exhibited the highest activity across the pH range.

Highlights

Betalains are natural, water-soluble pigments originating in plants across a family of the Caryophyllales order [1,2,3,4]
Our previous studies on the mechanism of betacyanin chlorination indicated that the formation of monochlorinated betanin and betanidin resulted from the reaction of betacyanins with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or Cl2 O
These chemical changes were studied by the enzymatic chlorination of betacyanins catalyzed by MPO at NaCl concentration (150 mM—typical to normal physiological levels), enabling a slow and continuous production of HOCl from

Summary

Introduction

Water-soluble pigments originating in plants across a family of the Caryophyllales order [1,2,3,4] They are found in high concentrations in red beet (Beta vulgaris L.), as well as in fungi of the Basidiomycetes family, especially in red toadstool (Amanita muscaria L.) and in tropical cacti fruit (Opuntia ficus-indica L.) [1,2]. A large variety of compounds belonging to the class of betacyanins results from the existence of two hydroxyl groups at carbon C-5, or C-6 (catechol moiety) in the betanidin 5 structure (Figure 1) These hydroxyl groups are readily O-glycosylated leading to the formation of 5-O-glycosides such as betanin 1 or. Pigment 6 was tested together with its epimer 60 (Table 1)

Methods

Results

Conclusion