Recreational Research Articles

Enhancing Accessibility in Public Spaces: A Computational Study of Hatirjheel Lakefront Using Space Syntax

Public spaces are vital for urban living, contributing to the environmental, social, and economic aspects of city life. Hatirjheel Lakefront, a newly developed recreational area in Dhaka, offers significant potential for enhancing accessibility and connectivity in a rapidly urbanizing metropolis. This study aims to evaluate global and local integration of access routes and propose strategies to improve pedestrian and vehicular connectivity using Space Syntax methodology and DepthmapX V10 software. The key findings indicate that while Hatirjheel demonstrates strong global integration, regional integration remains moderate, with certain access roads being underutilized due to poor connectivity. Recommendations include enhancing integration through connecting dead-end roads, improving pedestrian pathways, and constructing foot-over bridges to mitigate vehicular traffic barriers. This study contributes to urban planning by providing actionable insights to optimize accessibility in public spaces, supporting recreational and economic activities. The findings are critical for creating a more integrated urban fabric in Dhaka, ensuring sustainable urban growth. This research provides actionable strategies for urban planners to optimize the use of public spaces, reinforcing the role of Hatirjheel as a vital component of Dhaka’s urban network.

Application of polyester matrix composite materials reinforced with lignocellulosic fibers in the manufacture of PET bottle rockets

The PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottle rocket is an experimental and recreational activity which addresses various chemical concepts when using liquid propellant (vinegar and sodium bicarbonate), physical and mathematical concepts, as well as engineering applications in order to obtain stable and resistant rockets. In this research, it was observed that the use of polyester matrix composite materials reinforced with lignocellulosic fibers provided mechanical strength and durability to the rockets manufactured, as well as enabling several oblique launches. The rockets with açai fibers had a range of 191 meters, those with sisal fibers had a range of 188 meters, the rockets using corn husk fibers and those using a combination of jute fabric fibers and coconut fibers both reached 180 meters. Finally, the rockets with jute fabric fibers and those with coconut fibers both reached 163 meters. In this way, the combination of composite materials in the constructive parts of the rockets brings an innovative proposal to this type of activity, since the use of Amazonian lignocellulosic fibers, as reinforcement, rescues the characteristic of sustainable development.

Augmentation with the inferior extensor retinaculum may facilitate earlier recovery in all-inside arthroscopic management of chronic lateral ankle instability

BackgroundTo compare the clinical outcomes of inferior extensor retinaculum (IER) augmentation following repair of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) with isolated ATFL repair in patients with an arthroscopically confirmed grade 3 lesion of the ATFL.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of consecutive chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) patients who underwent arthroscopic ATFL repair between March 2018 and August 2022. The average age of the patients was 31.5 ± 7.4 years (range, 16–50 years). All patients underwent all-inside arthroscopic repair, and were divided into two groups based on the ligament repair method: the Broström-Gould group (n = 64) and the Broström group (n = 67). At 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after surgery, ankle inversion stress tests and anterior drawer tests were employed to assess the stability of the ankle joint. The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle hindfoot scale(AOFAS-AH) and Karlsson ankle function score (KAFS) were employed to assess ankle function; the Tegner score was employed to assess the patient’s level of exercise; the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score [FAOS, including score of symptoms-diseases, pain, function-daily living score, function in sports and recreational activities, and quality of life] was used to assess the patient’s daily activity ability.ResultsThe Tegner score, FAOS-function-daily living score, and FAOS-function in sports and recreational activities in the Broström-Gould group consistently outperformed the Broström group at 3 months and 6 months post-surgery, with the differences being statistically significant (all P < 0.05). However, although the differences are statistically significant, the clinical relevance of this statistical significance remains uncertain. At 12 and 24 months, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups.ConclusionsFor CLAI patients with arthroscopic grade 3 lesion of the ATFL, both the all-inside arthroscopic Broström-Gould procedure and the Broström procedure provide stability and enhance ankle joint function, resulting in similar functional outcomes at a 2-year follow-up. IER augmentation following ATFL repair may facilitate earlier recovery exercises compared to isolated all-inside ATFL repair.

Association between daily sitting time and sarcopenia in the US population: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundSarcopenia is an age-related syndrome marked by a gradual decline in skeletal muscle mass and function. While various factors influencing sarcopenia have been studied, the link between daily sedentary time and sarcopenia remains underexplored.MethodThis study analyzed the association between daily sitting time and sarcopenia using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011–2018). Daily sitting time was assessed through questionnaires, while sarcopenia was measured using body mass index (BMI) adjusted appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM). The relationship was analyzed using weighted logistic regression models and smoothing curves. Stratified analyses and interaction testing were employed to investigate population-specific characteristics of this association. Furthermore, chi-square test and grouped logistic regression were used to further analyze the impact of vigorous activity on the relationship between the two variables.ResultThis study included 9998 participants with complete information. The fully adjusted model showed a significant positive correlation between daily sitting time and the prevalence of sarcopenia (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.03–1.10, P = 0.0026). The group with daily sitting time ≥ 9 h had a 90% higher risk of sarcopenia compared to the < 4 h group (OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.22–2.84, P = 0.0040). Smooth curve fitting analysis showed a linear correlation between this relationship. Stratified analysis shows that non-Hispanic white men with a lower BMI (BMI < 25) have a higher risk of sarcopenia. Compared to those who actively participate in vigorous activities, individuals who lack recreational activities have a higher prevalence and risk of sarcopenia.ConclusionOur research has found that increased sedentary time significantly increases the risk of sarcopenia, especially among non-Hispanic white men with lower BMI. Additionally, individuals who lack vigorous physical activity also have a higher prevalence and risk of sarcopenia. Therefore, reducing sedentary behavior and increasing moderate exercise may be effective prevention strategies.

Improvement of the Reliability of Urban Park Location Results Through the Use of Fuzzy Logic Theory

Green areas, thanks to their relatively unified natural systems, play several key roles. They contribute to the proper functioning and sustainable development of cities and also determine the quality of life for their inhabitants. As a result, urban planners and policy-makers frequently aim to maximize the benefits of green spaces by creating various programs and strategies focused on green infrastructure development, such as the Green City initiative. One of the objectives of this program is to create new urban parks. This research focuses on developing a new method for selecting sites for urban parks, taking into account factors related to the environment, accessibility, and human activity. The research was carried out for the area of Ciechanów city. To make the city areas more attractive to residents, the authorities aim to increase green spaces and also revitalize the existing greenery. The combination of the Fuzzy AHP method and fuzzy set theory (selecting appropriate fuzzy membership for each factor), along with the use of large and diverse geospatial datasets, minimized subjectivity in prioritizing criteria and allowed for a fully automated analysis process. Among the factors analyzed, land use emerged as the most significant, followed by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and proximity to surface water. The results indicated that 16% of the area was deemed highly suitable for urban park development, while 15% was considered unsuitable. One-at-a-time (OAT) sensitivity analysis, based on changes in the weight of the land-use factor, revealed that a 75% reduction in weight resulted in a nearly 57.2% decrease in unsuitable areas, while a 75% increase in weight led to a 40% expansion of the most suitable locations. The potential park locations were compared with a heat map of urban activity in the city. The developed method contributes to the discourse on the transparency of location decisions and the validity of the criteria used, to promote sustainable urban development that provides residents with access to active recreation.

Impact of ultraviolet filters and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon from recreational activities on water reservoirs in Southeast Queensland Australia

Impact of ultraviolet filters and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon from recreational activities on water reservoirs in Southeast Queensland Australia

Preliminary assessment of waste accumulation along riverbanks in Italy.

This paper presents a preliminary assessment of waste accumulation along riverbanks in Italy, aiming to provide baseline data for future monitoring and management efforts. The study surveyed 18 stations along 16 rivers across different regions of Italy, from north to south, to quantify and characterise the types and abundance of litter present along their banks. Field surveys were conducted by Legambiente citizen scientists applying a standardised protocol to record and categorise litter items systematically. Results indicate widespread litter accumulation, with a median density of 457 items/100m and 0.2 items/m2. A diverse range of items was observed, including artificial polymer materials (56%), glass/ceramics (20%), metal (11%), and paper/cardboard (6%). Half of the items belonged to just four categories: glass bottles (17%), cigarette butts (14%), plastic pieces (11%), and wet wipes (8%). Differences in litter density and composition were observed according to the land use (urban, agricultural, natural, urban park) of the area surrounding the monitoring stations. Riverbanks included in urban parks presented the highest litter densities. They were characterised by the high presence of litter from recreational activities (glass bottles, cigarettes, caps, and pull tabs), suggesting uncivil behaviour by visitors. The findings of this study allow for the identification of litter sources and underscore the importance of citizen science in filling information gaps since no previous data on litter on riverbanks in Italy were available.

Оценка туристско-рекреационного потенциала озер города Краснодара

The article presents the results of research on the tourist and recreational potential of water bodies within the boundaries of the municipality of Krasnodar, conducted using the author's methodology based on previously developed methodological approaches. The assessment of the degree of suitability of the use of the city's water bodies for tourism and recreation purposes was carried out according to a set of parameters: water quality according to the main hydrochemical indicators, the degree of attractiveness and uniqueness of landscapes, the development of tourist infrastructure, the intensity of use in tourist and recreational activities, taking into account the principles of rational recreational nature management, etc.; and the limiting factors of the development of the tourist and recreational sphere are also identified (for example, pollution of reservoirs). According to the developed assessment scale, the most promising water bodies for organizing recreation for the population have been identified – Lakes Staraya Kuban and Verkhneye Pokrovskoye. In conclusion, measures are proposed aimed at increasing the tourist attractiveness of all the studied reservoirs, the main of which are aimed at eliminating sources of lake pollution, landscaping the coastal zone, expanding the types of their tourist and recreational use, monitoring the wastewater treatment system, etc.; The necessity of creating a cadastre of tourist resources was also determined, due to the importance of providing executive authorities, local governments and tourist organizations with up-to-date information about the tourist potential of a particular territory.

Optimalisasi Layanan Anak Melalui Kegiatan Wisata Literasi di Dinas Kearsipan dan Peprustakaan Provinsi Sumatera Barat

The West Sumatra Provincial Archives and Libraries Office, as an institution with responsibility for literacy development in the region, is required to continue to innovate in providing services that suit the needs and characteristics of children's libraries. The main goal is to increase children's interest in reading and introduce them to the world of literacy in a fun way. We also want to create positive experiences so that children are more interested in returning to the library. The literacy tourism program comes as a creative solution that combines elements of education and recreation, creating a fun learning experience for children. This research used a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. Data analysis used an interactive model, which consists of three main stages; data condensation, data presentation, conclusion drawing. The results of this study show strategic efforts in increasing children's interest in reading and literacy in the West Sumatra region. The literacy tourism program emerged as an innovative solution that combines learning elements with recreational activities, creating a fun experience for children in interacting with books and literacy activities.

Sediment Characteristics Study at Sharm Obhur, the Red Sea using Multibeam Backscatter

Sharm Obhur, situated approximately 35 km north of Jeddah City along the Red Sea coast, is a prominent recreational area with diverse benthic habitats. Accurate mapping of seabed sediments is critical for characterizing marine ecosystems and elucidating benthic habitat distribution in this region. This study underscores the importance of assessing sediment distribution patterns in Sharm Obhur, particularly due to the prevalence of recreational activities and navigational traffic. This research investigates sediment dynamics in Sharm Obhur, a coastal creek near Jeddah, utilizing Multibeam Echo Sounder (MBES) backscatter data and grab sample analyses. The study focuses on understanding sediment distribution patterns and their implications for coastal management. MBES technology provides high-resolution data on seafloor composition and roughness, essential for assessing sediment types and bedforms. Through spatial alignment of MBES data with ground truth sediment samples, we analyze sediment characteristics and validate findings. Results indicate predominant sand presence with detectable mud in deeper channels and northern anthropogenically impacted areas. Gravel deposits correlate with coral formations near the creek edges. Tidal influence is evident, with increased sand presence at the creek entrance. The study demonstrates MBES backscatter's efficacy in mapping sediment distributions and seabed characteristics, benefiting marine science and coastal management. This research enhances knowledge of sediment transport processes, facilitating informed decision-making for sustainable coastal development and conservation efforts.

Life Cycle Assessment Approach for Tracing the Impact of Recreational Activities in Green Open Spaces, South Tangerang - Indonesia

South Tangerang has green open spaces currently widely used for community recreation, namely City Park 1 BSD and City Park 2 BSD. Recreational activities can contribute to environmental impacts. Life Cycle Assessment is an approach used to trace the impact of each recreational activity. This research aims to inventory inputs and outputs, calculate the magnitude of emissions based on impact categories, and formulate impact control scenarios for recreational activities in green open space, South Tangerang. The main data collected were the characteristics and activity patterns of visitors. At each recreational activity stage, the input type is identified, and the magnitude of emissions is calculated using the basic formula: Emissions = activity data x emission factor. The next stage is interpreting the results by formulating impact control scenarios. The identified inputs are gasoline and diesel fuel, electrical energy, urine, soap, and organic and inorganic solid waste. Emissions of transportation activities are CO2, N2O, CH4, SO2, and NO2; emissions of organic waste processing are N2O and CH4; emissions of inorganic waste processing are CH4; emissions of electricity use are CO2, SO2, and NO2; as well as emissions of using toilets and soapy water are CH4 and PO43–. Recreational activities in City Park 1 BSD produce greater emissions than in City Park 2 BSD, with hotspots in visitor transportation. Impact control can be carried out using two scenarios: limiting motorized vehicles' use and reducing plastic waste.

Investigation of benthic macroinvertable fauna and some environmental variables in Sızır Waterfall (Gemerek-Sivas)

In this study, the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of Sızır Waterfall, which is located in Sivas Province (Türkiye) and has an important place in recreational activities, and some environmental variables (velocity speed, water temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total hardness of water, Ca, Mg, Cl, salinity, total amount of dissolved matter, PO4, SO4, NO2-N, NO3-N contents) that may be effective in their distribution were investigated. Also, some elements (Li, B, Na, Al, K, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Cd, Sb, Ba, Tl, Pb) and a total of 181 types of pesticides were investigated in the studied area. During the wet and dry seasons of 2022, samplings were made from a total of 3 stations: at the beginning of the waterfall (upstream), inside the waterfall (waterfall) and at the exit of the waterfall (downstream). While individuals belonging to Oligochaeta (Potamothrix sp.), Gastropoda (Physa sp.), Amphipoda (Gammarus pseudosyriacus), Ephemeroptera (Baetis sp.), Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Odonata were determined. Also the physicochemical analysis results were evaluated in terms of water quality. The physicochemical and biological data of the sampling stations were examined statistically, and based on the similarity obtained, the effects of environmental variables on the distribution of macroinvertebrates were evaluated. The relationship between physicochemical data was analyzed using Pearson Correlation Analysis.

Social Participation of the Elderly Living in Residential Care Facilities in Malaysia

Social participation plays a crucial role in the overall well-being and quality of life of elderly, especially those residing in residential care facilities. In Malaysia, the aging population has increased, and many elderly individuals now live in institutional settings due to various socio-economic factors. This study explores the level of social participation among elderly residents in Malaysian residential care facilities, identifying key barriers and enablers to active involvement in social activities. A quantitative approach was employed to assess participation levels of elderly residents. The findings suggest that while some elderly individuals actively engage in recreational, social, and cultural activities, others face challenges such as physical limitations, lack of stimulating activities, and limited interaction with external communities. Factors such as staff support, facility infrastructure, and family involvement were found to significantly impact the extent of social participation. The study emphasizes the importance of designing inclusive and engaging environments within residential care facilities to promote social participation and improve the mental, emotional, and social well-being of the elderly. Recommendations for policy, practice, and future research are provided to address the identified gaps and enhance the social integration of elderly residents in Malaysian care settings.

Segmentation by recreation experiences of demand in coastal and marine destinations: A study in Galapagos, Ecuador.

Tourism in coastal and marine areas offers a wide variety of recreational activities. The present study had the following objectives: (i), identify the dimensions of recreational experiences in coastal and marine destinations focused on island marine protected areas (ii) determine the demand segments for recreational experiences, and (iii) establish the relationship between the demand segments for recreational experiences and the satisfaction and loyalty. The study was conducted in the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador, and 407 valid questionnaires were collected on-site. The statistical techniques used were factor analysis and the non-hierarchical k-means clustering method. The results reveal four dimensions of the recreational experience in coastal and marine destinations focused on island marine protected areas: Ecological Observation, Experiential Learning, Experiential Reflection, and Sensory Experience. Additionally, three demand segments differentiated by recreational experiences were identified: The Estheticians, the Multi-Experience Recreationists, and the Hedonists. Among these groups, the Multi-Experience Recreationists segment was the most satisfied and exhibited higher levels of loyalty in insular protected marine areas. These findings will assist managers of protected marine areas in creating sustainable development plans and contribute to the academic literature on coastal and marine tourism.

Relationship Between Perceived Importance and Flow Experience in Recreational Sports Activities: The Case of the International Arhavi Culture and Arts Festival

This study examined the correlation between perceived importance and the recreational flow experience within the framework of recreational sport organizations. The research is structured as a quantitative study. The data collection instrument comprised three sections: a Personal Information Form developed by the research team, the Perceived Importance Scale with three subscales developed by Buning and Gibson (2016) and adapted to Turkish culture by Aslan and Doğu (2020) and the unidimensional Recreational Flow Experience Scale developed by Ayhan et al. (2020). Data were collected from 149 athletes who participated in competitions (football, street basketball, beach volleyball, and tennis) organized as part of the 50th International Arhavi Culture and Arts Festival in 2024. The research data were gathered through a face-to-face survey administered under observation. Non-parametric tests, specifically the Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Spearman correlation test, were utilized for data analysis using SPSS 26 software. The findings revealed no statistically significant differences in perceived importance levels among participants in festival sports activities based on gender, age, education level, number of festival participations, frequency of participation in recreational sports activities, city of participation, and sport discipline. Regarding recreational flow experience, no significant differences were observed between groups based on gender, age, number of participations, frequency of participation in recreational sports activities, city of involvement, and sport discipline. However, a statistically significant difference was found (p&gt;0.05) for the education level variable, favoring participants with a high school education or lower. A moderate (0.445), positive, and statistically significant correlation (p

The Effectiveness of the MABIT Program in Nurturing Religious Character in Children of Jorong Lurah Ampang

Moral degradation among the younger generation has become an urgent issue in Jorong Lurah Ampang, Nagari Pasie Laweh, characterized by low religious understanding and inappropriate behavior. The Malam Bina Iman dan Taqwa (MABIT) program emerged as a solution to foster the religious character of children through a community-based approach. The primary objective of this initiative is to enhance participants' religiosity, worship discipline, and social skills. Activities are conducted using participatory methods, including lectures, hands-on practice, sermon training, Qur'an recitation, and recreational activities such as sports and discussions. The program results indicate significant improvements in prayer discipline, Qur'an reading and memorization skills, as well as behavioral changes among children, who have become more polite and responsible. The positive impact extends not only to the children but also to the community as a whole, fostering more harmonious social relationships and increasing parental involvement in children's religious education. With the support of the local community, the program has the potential to become a sustainable regular activity. The MABIT program demonstrates that a holistic approach rooted in religious values can be an effective model for nurturing the character of the younger generation.

UNDERSTANDING ACTIVITY ENGAGEMENT EXPERIENCE AMONG RESIDENTS WITH DEMENTIA IN LONG-TERM CARE HOMES

Abstract Recreational and meaningful activities in long-term care homes are crucial in promoting well-being among residents with dementia. While existing research primarily focuses on planned activities facilitated by staff, little attention has been given to self-directed activities initiated by residents themselves, reflecting their intrinsic motivation, lifestyle, and lifelong interests such as walking, gardening, meal preparation and other household activities. In this study, activity is defined as personally meaningful behavior, including both programmed and self-directed activities, and supported by social and/or physical environmental stimuli. Utilizing critical ethnography in a long-term care home in Canada, our research aims to: 1) gather descriptive data on the types, diversity and process of residents’ activity engagement, and 2) examine the care home setting in its natural context to uncover the social practices, built environmental features and underlying organizational discourses that influence activity engagement. Observations will focus on residents’ engagement in various activities and their interactions with staff and the physical environment. Interviews will be conducted with activity staff and non-activity staff (e.g., care aides, nurses) to explore their perspectives on activity engagement, person-centered approach, and their respective roles in promoting engagement. This study offers insights into residents’ experiences with both structured and self-directed activities, and the influence of the care home’s social and physical environments on engagement. The study addresses the knowledge gap in meaningful engagement through self-directed activities and the role of social and physical environments. Fieldwork will be completed in summer and preliminary findings based on interviews and initial observations will be presented.

Effects of Plastics on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Arthritis - Implication for Sport and Recreation: A Review

Background: Arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are autoimmune disorders marked by chronic inflammation. Arthritis affects the synovial membrane of joints, while IBD inflames the digestive system's walls. In this study, the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) group mainly includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, while the arthritis analysed includes rheumatoid arthritis and the joint manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Recent publications highlights the adverse effects of micro and nanoplastics on health, suggesting they may exacerbate these autoimmune disorders. Studies show that plastic accumulation can contribute to gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal diseases.Purpose: This review aims to summarize current knowledge on how microplastics influence the development of autoimmune disorders in the gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal systems, based on scientific literature, and examine their impact on sports and recreation health.Methods and Materials: A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases with relevant keywords. An analysis of the collected data was performed.Conclusion: Ingesting micro- and nanoplastic particles disrupts immune homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract and joints. It alters gut microbiota and metabolism, exacerbates arthritis by affecting synovial membrane cell proliferation and migration, among other effects. High plastic exposure may promote autoimmune diseases, potentially restricting individuals from professional and recreational physical activities, worsening health problems, promoting other diseases, and leading to premature death.

Enhancing Inpatient Care: The Impact of Therapeutic Recreation on Emotional Competence and Life Orientation

This study investigates the effects of therapeutic recreational activities on the emotional skills, competence, and life orientations of patients receiving inpatient treatment at Ankara Gülhane Training and Research Hospital. The sample consisted of 313 inpatients, 154 males, and 159 females. Data collection tools included a personal information form, the "Emotional Skills and Competence Scale (ESCQ-45)," and the "Life Orientation Test (LOT)." Statistical analyses used were descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, ANOVA, LSD post hoc tests, multiple linear regression, and Pearson correlation analyses. Internal consistency coefficients were 0.96 for the ESCQ-45 and 0.92 for the LOT. Results showed high mean scores on the ESCQ-45 (x̄ = 3.81) and low scores on the LOT (x̄ = 2.00), indicating pessimistic life orientations. Participants' therapeutic recreational activity involvement, age, education level, treatment unit, and daily treatment frequency significantly influenced these measurements. There were negative and moderate correlations between emotional skills, competence, and life orientation, with emotional skills and competence being significant predictors of life orientation. Findings suggest that participation in therapeutic recreational activities has a limited impact on emotional skills and life orientation.

Examining Fans Levels of Respect for Opposing Opinions and Self-Control in Sports

The purpose of this research is to examine the fans' levels of respect for opposing views and self-control in sports. Fans over the age of 18 who support Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş teams were included in the research. A 5-question information survey and the respect for opposing views and self-control scale in sports developed by Gülle (2018) were administered to fans who wanted to participate in the research. Surveys were collected using Google Forms. The survey link was shared on social media groups where Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş fans are active. Since the data showed normal distribution, independent t test was used for double groups and analysis of variance was used for more than two groups. As a result of the research, it was found that there is a significant difference in favor of the hatred towards the opponent of the fans who do not participate in recreational activities and the hatred towards the opponent of the fans who use licensed products. It was found that there was a significant difference in the sub-dimensions of respect for the opponent and hatred towards the opponent according to the educational level of the fans. In our research, it was found that as the educational level increases, respect for the opponent increases, and as the education level decreases, the fans' hatred towards the opponent increases.