Facial Reconstruction Research Articles

A Research on Two-Stage Facial Occlusion Recognition Algorithm based on CNN

In recent years, pattern recognition has garnered widespread attention, especially in the domain of face recognition. Traditional face recognition methods have certain limitations in unconstrained environments due to factors such as lighting, facial expressions, and poses. Deep learning can be used to address these challenges. This paper proposes a comprehensive approach to face occlusion recognition based on a two-stage Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Face verification aims at verifying whether two face images belong to the same individual, and it is a more fundamental task compared to face recognition. The process of face recognition essentially involves multiple instances of face verification, sequentially validating different individuals to ultimately determine the corresponding individual for each face. The primary steps in this research include facial detection, image preprocessing, facial landmark localization, facial landmark extraction, feature matching recognition, and 2D image-assisted 3D face reconstruction. A novel two-stage CNN was designed for facial detection and alignment. The first stage of the network is dedicated to the search for facial windows and regressing vector boundaries. The second stage utilizes 2D images to assist in 3D face reconstruction and perform secondary recognition for cases not identified in the first stage. This method demonstrated excellent performance in handling facial occlusions, achieving high accuracy on datasets such as AFW and FDDB. On the test dataset, face recognition accuracy reached 97.3%, surpassing the original network accuracy of 89.1%. This method outperforms traditional algorithms and general CNN approaches. This study achieved efficient face validation and further handling of unrecognized situations, contributing to the enhancement of face recognition system performance.

Facial reconstruction after carcinological surgery for skin tumours of the face: a retrospective study

Facial reconstruction after carcinological surgery for skin tumours of the face: a retrospective study

Deep learning approach for forensic facial reconstruction depends on unidentified skull

Facial reconstruction, or facial approximation, is an essential problem in a criminal investigation involving reconstructing a victim's face from his skull to determine the victim's identification at a crime scene. Facial approximation plays a crucial part when there is a lack of clues with investigators. Investigators utilize facial approximation to guess the victims' identities. This research attempted to use computer-aided face reconstruction rather than traditional approaches. Traditional methods of face reconstruction include the use of clay or gypsum. Traditional procedures necessitate forensic professionals to rebuild the victim's face. This research uses the convolution neural network skull part with sift (CNNSPS) model is employed to reconstruct facial features from a skull image utilizing public datasets CelebAMask-HQ and MUG500+. The proposed algorithm was tested on unidentified skull databases, and celebrity faces were used. The genuine datasets are not available, which is the key issue in this research.

23 Integra dermal regeneration template versus local flaps for the reconstruction of full-thickness face and scalp oncologic defects – Can surgical factors affect clinical outcomes and costs? The largest retrospective cohort study of Integra and first compare

23 Integra dermal regeneration template versus local flaps for the reconstruction of full-thickness face and scalp oncologic defects – Can surgical factors affect clinical outcomes and costs? The largest retrospective cohort study of Integra and first compare

Accuracy Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Face Reconstruction Model Based on the Hifi3D Face Model and Clinical Two-Dimensional Images.

Three-dimensional (3D) facial models have been increasingly applied in orthodontics, orthognathic surgery, and various medical fields. This study proposed an approach to reconstructing 3D facial models from standard orthodontic frontal and lateral images, providing an efficient way to expand 3D databases. A total of 23 participants (average age 20.70 ± 5.36 years) were enrolled. Based on the Hifi3D face model, 3D reconstructions were generated and compared with corresponding face scans to evaluate their accuracy. Root mean square error (RMSE) values were calculated for the entire face, nine specific facial regions, and eight anatomical landmarks. Clinical feasibility was further assessed by comparing six angular and thirteen linear measurements between the reconstructed and scanned models. The RMSE of the reconstruction model was 2.00 ± 0.38 mm (95% CI: 1.84-2.17 mm). High accuracy was achieved for the forehead, nose, upper lip, paranasal region, and right cheek (mean RMSE < 2 mm). The forehead area showed the smallest deviation, at 1.52 ± 0.88 mm (95% CI: 1.14-1.90 mm). In contrast, the lower lip, chin, and left cheek exhibited average RMSEs exceeding 2 mm. The mean deviation across landmarks was below 2 mm, with the Prn displaying the smallest error at 1.18 ± 1.10 mm (95% CI: 0.71-1.65 mm). The largest discrepancies were observed along the Z-axis (Z > Y > X). Significant differences (p < 0.05) emerged between groups in the nasolabial, nasal, and nasofrontal angles, while the other 13 linear and 3 angular measurements showed no statistical differences (p > 0.05). This study explored the feasibility of reconstructing accurate 3D models from 2D photos. Compared to facial scan models, the Hifi3D face model demonstrated a 2 mm deviation, with potential for enriching 3D databases for subjective evaluations, patient education, and communication. However, caution is advised when applying this model to clinical measurements, especially angle assessments.

Delayed Onset Perinasal Mucocele Cyst in a Patient With Remote History of Orofacial Cleft Repair.

Nasoalveolar cysts are rare, nonodontogenic cysts with a subtle course that can lead to nasal deformity and, uncommonly, nasal airway obstruction. Herein the authors present the case of a 28-year-old male who presented with a recurrent left-sided nasoalveolar cyst. Upon presentation, this cyst had formed a significant alar defect and was obstructing the left nasal airway. Although nasoalveolar cysts have been well-described in literature, the patient represents an atypical case in that nasoalveolar cysts most commonly occur in females and in patients aged 40 to 60 years old. The patient's history of extensive facial reconstruction for cleft palate and lip is also anomalous and suggests an inclusion cyst rather than a cyst of typical epithelial origin. The complex course of this cyst and the history of this patient, which led to treatment with a subdermal dissection, septoplasty and turbinate reduction, and alar defect correction make this case of particular note.

Utilization of Computer-Assisted Navigation Technology Within Craniomaxillofacial Fracture Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Use of intraoperative computer-assisted navigation (iCAN) has been well-established in otolaryngology and neurosurgery; however, its use in surgical management of facial fractures is yet to be reported on a large scale. This study aimed to review the existing literature to determine the outcomes, limitations, risks, and benefits of iCAN use in facial fracture management. A systematic review of iCAN use in craniomaxillofacial fracture surgery was performed by 2 authors in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The search was conducted on 3 databases, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase, using the search terms "navigation," "intraoperative," and "brain lab" in combination with "facial fractures" or "facial reconstruction." Study type, demographics, fracture characteristics, surgery characteristics, iCAN devices, intraoperative fracture fixation accuracy, postoperative outcomes, complications, navigation limitations, and risks and benefits were analyzed. There were 909 studies identified in the initial search, of which 42 were chosen for final use. iCAN use was most commonly reported in unilateral (57.1%) and complex (50%) facial fracture cases. Surgical accuracy ranged from 0.7 to 4 mm and postoperative discrepancy ranged from 0.05 to 8 mm. Benefits included improved intraoperative surgical accuracy (95.2%), improved postoperative surgical discrepancy (52.4%), and decreased total surgical time (35.7%). Limitations reported with iCAN device use included operative technical difficulties (23.8%) and persistent systematic errors during device registration (21.4%). None of the studies discussed cost analysis or risks compared to conventional fixation methods. Advancements in and increasing familiarity with iCAN technology have preliminarily shown favorable surgical outcomes in facial fracture fixation, which include improved operative accuracy and discrepancy and decreased surgical time.

Judging Surgical Quality in Facial Reconstruction.

Judging surgical quality within facial reconstruction is challenging for many reasons. Factors beyond the completion of surgery influence the quality of the result, demanding the surgeon to predict and mitigate potential confounders of quality. This skill is honed over years of experience and practice. Patient satisfaction, risk profile, and the ideals within the field are central to understanding the quality of the outcome.

Facial Reconstruction: The Nuances of Managing Undesirable Results.

Given the visibility of the face and the importance of its cosmesis, undesirable results following facial reconstruction present significant challenges for both the patient and the surgeon. Intraoperative measures and postoperative management can ameliorate some unfavorable outcomes, but others may require more extensive intervention. Approaching undesirable results with a frank assessment followed by shared decision-making not only improves outcomes but is also essential for patient satisfaction.

Esthetics of Facial Reconstruction following Mohs Surgery.

Esthetics of Facial Reconstruction following Mohs Surgery.

Dermal Substitute Integra for the Treatment of Mammalian Bite Injuries of Nose: a New Reconstructive Ladder.

Bite injuries affecting the nose are uncommon occurrences characterized by their intricate nature and potential for severe complications. These injuries, inflicted by animals such as dogs and cats, and occasionally by humans, often result in traumatic nasal defects, with the lower third of the nose being the most affected area. Current reconstructive options for nasal defects include full-thickness skin grafts, local or regional flaps, and composite grafts. The traditional reconstructive ladder serves as a valuable guide for surgeons, outlining a continuum of treatment options from simpler to more complex interventions. Advancements in reconstructive technologies, such as the introduction of dermal substitutes, have reshaped the decision-making process, ushering in a new era of facial reconstruction. In this context, dermal substitutes have emerged as promising adjuncts in nasal reconstruction, drawing from their success in burn surgery. Notably, the bilayered dermal substitute Integra has demonstrated efficacy in promoting wound healing and facilitating tissue regeneration. By harnessing the regenerative potential of Integra, plastic surgeons can address specific nasal defects arising from bite injuries with greater precision and improved outcomes. This study aims to present a case series of patients with bite injuries to the nose, showcasing the successful application of Integra dermal substitute in conjunction with secondary full-thickness skin grafting. Through a retrospective analysis of patient demographics, injury characteristics, surgical interventions, and postoperative outcomes, we seek to underscore the utility of this combined approach in achieving optimal functional and aesthetic results. We aim to contribute to the evolving paradigm of nasal reconstruction.

Tulum’s underwater caves: insights into the oldest human fossils in the Americas

Evidence of late Pleistocene human and fauna remains has been documented within the extensive cave systems of the Tulum region in northeast Yucatán, Mexico. This unique area is vital for paleontological and paleoanthropological research, providing insights into early human adaptation in the Americas. To date, 10 human fossils have been thoroughly studied, with two additional recent discoveries under investigation. These remains, dating from 13,700 to 8,000 BP, emphasize the paleoanthropological significance of Tulum's submerged caves. A key discovery is the skeleton of Eva de Naharon, dated to 13,721 years cal BP, making her the oldest known human fossil in the Americas. Using 3D facial reconstructions and DNA analysis, researchers have identified craniofacial similarities with South Asian populations, suggesting shared ancestry and migration patterns. These findings enrich our understanding of human migration and adaptation. Ongoing research continues to highlight the role of Tulum’s underwater caves in shaping early human history, survival strategies, and social structures over millennia.

Facial and dental arch shape in individuals with different bite force levels : A pilot study using geometric morphometrics.

This pilot study aimed to assess the relationship between bite force variation and dental arch and facial shape using geometric morphometrics, an advanced method of statistical analysis that provides adetailed shape analysis of astructure considering the spatial relationship of its parts. The sample consisted of 16German adult men and women. For each individual, maximum bite force was recorded in four positions: maximum intercuspation, protrusion, laterotrusion to the right and to the left. Facial and three-dimensional (3D) dental reconstructions were obtained from 3D facial photographs and 3D scans of dental stone models. Atotal of 51landmarks were placed. General shape variation was assessed by principal component analysis. Partial least squares analyses were performed to evaluate the covariation between bite force, facial shape, and dental shape. There was no clear pattern or statistically significant covariation between our variables. Our results suggest aweak relationship between bite force, dental arch, and facial shape. Considering previous work in this field, we propose that low masticatory loads, characteristic in Western urban populations, may explain this. Further studies should, therefore, address this issue, taking into account effect size, the mechanical properties of the diet, and other relevant variables.

Retraction Note: Three-dimensional face reconstruction of static images and computer standardization issues

Retraction Note: Three-dimensional face reconstruction of static images and computer standardization issues

The Use of 3D Model Printing for Acute Planning in Oral and Maxillofacial Traumatology

Introduction Due to the complex anatomy of craniomaxillofacial structures, facial reconstruction following high-impact traumas is extremely challenging. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the use of biomodels in the surgical planning of complex fractures and the sequelae in the oromaxillofacial region. Materials and Methods This is a cross-sectional, exploratory, descriptive, and quantitative documentary study. It was conducted at the “Dom Luiz Gonzaga Fernandes” Emergency and Trauma Hospital, in the hinterland of the state of Paraíba, in Brazil, based on cases recorded between November 2021 and November 2022. The research instrument utilized was a self-developed questionnaire. Results No statistically significant correlation was observed between the biomodel acquisition time and the length of hospitalization, with a Spearman's correlation coefficient of r = -0.079. Although the need for adjustment of osteosynthesis material was 50% in cases where acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) models were used, with p (1) = 0.464, in order to be significantly more faithful, it would require a study with a higher sample size. The average length of surgery, in minutes, was 91.25 ± 28.00. The average cost of the materials used to manufacture the biomodels, in Brazilian reais (R$), was R$122.00 ± R$89.09. Conclusion The use of biomodels in the surgical planning of complex fractures and oromaxillofacial sequelae did not increase the length of hospitalization. The material used for the prototype manufacture suggests a potential influence on its faithfulness. The length of surgery was shorter in interventions that utilized biomodels in the planning phase. It was also noted that the average cost of manufacture varies according to the type of material chosen and the quantity required.

Surgery for facial palsy in the hands of otorhinolaryngologists: a population-based study.

Modern facial surgery can improve eye closure and address facial functional and emotional expression disabilities in case of severe acute facial paralysis with low probability of recovery and in cases of chronic flaccid facial paralysis. Reports on outcome typically originate from specialized tertiary care centers, whereas population-based data from routine care beyond specialized centers is sparse. Therefore, patients' characteristics, surgical techniques, postoperative complications, and patients' satisfaction with the final outcome were analyzed for all inpatients with facial paralysis undergoing facial surgery in Thuringia, a federal state in Germany, between 2006 and 2022. 260 patients (female 41.5%; median age 65 years) were included. On average, the surgery rate was higher for men than for women (0.83 ± 0.39 versus 0.58 ± 0.24 per 100,000 population per year). For first surgery, static procedures were dominating (67.3%), followed by dynamic reconstruction (13.8%), and combined static and dynamic reconstructions (13.5%). The most frequent type of surgery was upper lid weight loading (38.5%), hypoglossal-facial jump nerve suture (17.3%), and facial-facial interpositional graft suture (16.9%). Bleeding/hematoma formation needing revision surgery was the most frequent complication (6.2%). Overall, 70.4% of the patients were satisfied with the final result. The satisfaction was higher if the target was to improve eye closure (65.2%) or to improve upper face function (65.3%) than to improve the lower face function (53.3%). If facial nerve reconstruction surgery and/or upper lid weight placement was performed, the satisfaction was significantly higher. If revision surgery was needed to improve the result, the satisfaction was significantly lower.

Smartphone-based thermal imaging for pedicled skin flaps: a pilot study toward objective perfusion assessment in facial, head, and neck reconstruction.

This study aims to develop a practical algorithm for utilizing smartphone-based thermal imaging (SBTI) in the perioperative setting and to establish a standardized evaluation method for objectively assessing SBTI images for cutaneous perfusion of pedicled flaps in the face, head, and neck. This prospective conducted study, integrated SBTI into the assessment of 16 patients undergoing reconstructive surgery for face and neck defects. Thermal images were captured at four timepoints: after marking (T1), after flap elevation (T2), upon completion of surgery (T3), and 24h postoperatively (T4). The flap areas were divided into three flap zones and graded based on temperature differences (ΔT), with a grading system where grade 1 indicated perfect perfusion and grades 2 to 5 indicated increasing perfusion impairment. 6 male and 10 female patients aged 64-93 years (mean 78.5 years) undergoing reconstructive pedicled skin flap surgery for facial and neck defects (1 × 1cm to 11 × 8cm) due to diagnoses of malignant cutaneous lesions were investigated. Intraoperative assessments indicated good perfusion across flaps. One postoperative dehiscence occurred in an 83-year-old male with a cervical advancement flap, correlated with a significant temperature difference (ΔT > 4°C) intraoperatively. Statistical analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (p = 0.0003) between clinical assessment grades and ΔT values between specific flap zones at T3. SBTI is an easy-to-apply, low-cost, real-time and reproducible technique for indirect perfusion assessment in pedicled skin flaps of the head and neck region. Further studies are needed implementing this methodology in large and free flaps.

Poliface: A Multi-pose Synchronous Imaging System

To enhance the accuracy of face recognition technology in real-world scenarios, it is necessary to train deep learning models on datasets that contain a large number of labeled human face images under multiple poses, lighting, and accessory variations. In this paper, we introduce a novel acquisition system named the Poliface. This system can capture multiple high-resolution images simultaneously around the human head. We designed this system with a well-built aluminum structure, control electronic circuits, and high-performing in-house software. The results demonstrate the precise operation and exceptional stability of this system. Using this Poliface system, we have collected over 6 million photos, which can be used to train and evaluate facial recognition models, and exploited for three-dimensional (3D) virtual face reconstruction.

Intraoperative navigation in craniofacial surgery.

Craniofacial surgery requires comprehensive anatomical knowledge of the head and neck to ensure patient safety and surgical precision. Over recent decades, there have been significant advancements in imaging techniques and the development of real-time surgical navigation systems. Intraoperative navigation technology aligns surgical instruments with imaging-derived information on patient anatomy, enabling surgeons to closely follow preoperative plans. This system functions as a radiologic map, improving the accuracy of instrument placement and minimizing surgical complications. The introduction of first-generation navigation systems in the early 1990s revolutionized surgical procedures by enabling real-time tracking of instruments using preoperative imaging. Initially utilized in neurosurgery, intraoperative navigation has since become standard practice in otolaryngology, cranio-maxillofacial surgery, and orthopedics. Since the 2000s, second-generation navigation systems have been developed to meet the growing demand for precision across various surgical specialties. The adoption of these systems in craniofacial surgery has been slower, but their use is increasing, particularly in procedures such as foreign body removal, facial bone fracture reconstruction, tumor resection, and craniofacial reconstruction and implantation. In Korea, insurance coverage for navigation in craniofacial surgery began in 2021, and new medical technologies for orbital wall fracture treatment were approved in August 2022. These technologies have only recently become clinically available, but are expected to play an increasingly important role in craniofacial surgery. Intraoperative navigation enhances operative insight, improves target localization, and increases surgical safety. Although these systems have a steep learning curve and initially prolong surgery, efficiency improves with experience. Calibration issues, registration errors, and soft tissue deformation can introduce inaccuracies. Nonetheless, navigation technology is evolving, and the integration of intraoperative computed tomography data holds promise for further enhancements of surgical accuracy. This paper discusses the various types and applications of navigation employed in craniofacial surgery, highlighting their benefits and limitations.

Adipose tissue: A treasure trove of stem cells for regenerative medicine

Adipose tissue: A treasure trove of stem cells for regenerative medicine Adipose tissue, commonly known as fat, has long been considered a mere energy reservoir. However, recent discoveries have revolutionized our understanding of this tissue, placing it at the heart of advances in stem cells and regenerative medicine. To shed light on these questions, we will rely on the expertise of Doctors Saja Scherer and Giorgio Pietramaggiori from the Global Medical Institute clinic in Lausanne. These two eminent specialists are at the forefront of research and clinical applications of adipose tissue in regenerative medicine. Dr. Saja Scherer, a renowned plastic surgeon, is recognized for her innovative work on the use of adipose tissue in facial reconstruction and rejuvenation. Her research has contributed to improving fat grafting techniques, thus optimizing results for patients.