Tulum’s underwater caves: insights into the oldest human fossils in the Americas

Abstract

Evidence of late Pleistocene human and fauna remains has been documented within the extensive cave systems of the Tulum region in northeast Yucatán, Mexico. This unique area is vital for paleontological and paleoanthropological research, providing insights into early human adaptation in the Americas. To date, 10 human fossils have been thoroughly studied, with two additional recent discoveries under investigation. These remains, dating from 13,700 to 8,000 BP, emphasize the paleoanthropological significance of Tulum's submerged caves. A key discovery is the skeleton of Eva de Naharon, dated to 13,721 years cal BP, making her the oldest known human fossil in the Americas. Using 3D facial reconstructions and DNA analysis, researchers have identified craniofacial similarities with South Asian populations, suggesting shared ancestry and migration patterns. These findings enrich our understanding of human migration and adaptation. Ongoing research continues to highlight the role of Tulum’s underwater caves in shaping early human history, survival strategies, and social structures over millennia.