Reciprocal Relation Research Articles

Linking Traumatic Brain Injury, Sleep Disruption and Post-Traumatic Headache: a Potential Role for Glymphatic Pathway Dysfunction.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health concern in the USA and worldwide. Sleep disruption and headaches are two of the most common problems reported by patients after TBI. In this manuscript, we review the current knowledge regarding the relation between post-traumatic sleep disruption and headaches. We also describe the role of the glymphatic system as a potential link between TBI, sleep, and headaches. Recent studies show a reciprocal relation between post-traumatic sleep disruption and headaches: patients with sleep disruption after TBI report more headaches, and post-traumatic headaches are a risk factor for developing disrupted sleep. Despite this clinical association, the exact mechanisms linking post-traumatic sleep disruption and headaches are not well understood. The glymphatic pathway, a newly described brain-wide network of perivascular spaces that supports the clearance of interstitial solutes and wastes from the brain, is active primarily during sleep, and becomes dysfunctional after TBI. We propose a model where changes in glymphatic function caused by TBI and post-traumatic sleep disruption may impair the clearance of neuropeptides involved in the pathogenesis of post-traumatic headaches, such as CGRP. The relation between TBI, post-traumatic sleep disruption, and post-traumatic headaches, although well documented in the literature, remains poorly understood. Dysfunction of the glymphatic system caused by TBI offers a novel and exiting explanation to this clinically observed phenomenon. The proposed model, although theoretical, could provide important mechanistic insights to the TBI-sleep-headache association.

Variational Context: Exploiting Visual and Textual Context for Grounding Referring Expressions.

We focus on grounding (i.e., localizing or linking) referring expressions in images, e.g., "largest elephant standing behind baby elephant". This is a general yet challenging vision-language task since it does not only require the localization of objects, but also the multimodal comprehension of context - visual attributes (e.g., "largest", "baby") and relationships (e.g., "behind") that help to distinguish the referent from other objects, especially those of the same category. Due to the exponential complexity involved in modeling the context associated with multiple image regions, existing work oversimplifies this task to pairwise region modeling by multiple instance learning. In this paper, we propose a variational Bayesian method, called Variational Context, to solve the problem of complex context modeling in referring expression grounding. Specifically, our framework exploits the reciprocal relation between the referent and context, i.e., either of them influences estimation of the posterior distribution of the other, and thereby the search space of context can be greatly reduced. In addition to reciprocity, our framework considers the semantic information of context, i.e., the referring expression can be reproduced based on the estimated context. We also extend the model to unsupervised setting where no annotation for the referent is available. Extensive experiments on various benchmarks show consistent improvement over state-of-the-art methods in both supervised and unsupervised settings.

Large Geomagnetic Storms Drives by Solar Wind in Solar Cycle 24

Various solar phenomena cause anomalous circumstances in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind plasma emissions. These will produce geomagnetic field disturbances for near earth space at 1AU known as geomagnetic storm.A selection of solar magnetic storm for the period (2010-2017) have been analyzed, associated with disturbance geomagnetic storm intensity (Dst) less than (-50 nT). Through the study epoch, we found 50 great solar magnetic storms, 32 were moderate, 16 were strong, and two were severe. The major severe storm occurred on 17th of March in 2015 with (Dst ∼ - 223 nT). The most of Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) that initiated the geomagnetic storms have visual width of 360 degree, and with sky plane speed around (350-2500) Km s-1. There is a better correlation for sunspot number than (CME sky plane speed with Dst index. In this investigation, we notice that the strength of geomagnetic storms has a behavior that is in harmony with solar activity extent.The reciprocal relation between geomagnetic activity and solar activity infers that space systems and many communications could be harmfully precious for numerous years after an exciting solar maximum.

Depressive symptom contagion in the transition to parenthood: Interparental processes and the role of partner-related attachment.

How depressive symptoms unfold within a couple during the perinatal events of pregnancy, childbirth, and early parenthood is poorly understood. In this prospective study, we aim to investigate the reciprocal relation between maternal and paternal depressive symptomatology, specifically how symptoms in 1 partner relate to subsequent symptom level changes in the other partner throughout the perinatal period. Further, we aim to identify parents who are particularly vulnerable to the development of disruptive processes of negative mood states. Data were collected from 1,036 mothers and 878 fathers participating in the Little in Norway study from midpregnancy until 12 months postpartum. Depressive symptoms were assessed at 7 time points (4 prenatally) in both parents. Partner-related attachment was measured early in pregnancy. By using an autoregressive latent trajectory modeling approach, accounting for time invariant confounding, we found mothers' depressive symptoms late in pregnancy to predict elevated symptom levels in fathers 6 weeks after birth, with a small effect size. No other time-adjacent effects were observed among partners at other time points or with the opposite directionality. However, moderation analyses revealed that among parents characterized by insecure partner-attachment styles, additional cross-lagged pathways were evident during pregnancy and throughout the first year of parenthood. Clinicians need to be aware of fathers' vulnerability to symptom development in instances of maternal perinatal depressive states at the time around childbirth, and tailor preventive and treatment efforts to address both parents' needs. Further, particular attention should be directed to parents with heightened susceptibility to prolonged depression contagion processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Insulin like growth factor 1 is linked to higher cardiovascular risk score in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease

IntroductionInsulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a peptide that shares sequence homology with insulin and has endocrine, paracrine and autocrine functions, acts on endothelial cells, and stimulates angiogenesis. IGF1 also affects renal hemodynamics both directly and indirectly by interacting with the renin-angiotensin system. ObjectiveThe study aimed at detecting a relation between age-adjusted IGF1 (AAIGF1) and cardiovascular risk score in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. DesignPatients were 90 females and 42 males with different stages of CKD ranging from 0 to 4. After taking a consent, serum IGF1 was recorded and adjusted for the age of the patient using the IGF1 score equation: {[(log IGF-1 + 0.00625xage)-2.555]/0.104}.Both univariate and multivariate regression analyses of AAIGF1 to different metabolic parameters and microvascular complications of type 2 DM were done. A ROC curve for CV risk score was issued. ResultsAAIGF1 showed a significant bidirectional change with the stage of CKD. Univariate analysis was done including cardiovascular parameters in relations to AAIGF1. A significant positive correlation was found between AAIGF1 and CV risk score (B = 0.036, p = 0.003), SBP (B = 0.030, P = 0.004) and DBP (B = 0.071, P = 0.000), with a reciprocal relation to EF (B = -0.050, P = 0.016). Multivariate regression showed a significant correlation between AAIGF1 and age, HOMAIR, HOMAB, Uric acid. A ROC curve with AUC of 0.675, P = 0.003, showed that AAIGF1 of approximately −1.7 is a cut off for intermediate CV risk (10 year risk score >7.5%). ConclusionAAIGF1 shows a bidirectional relation to the grade of chronic kidney disease in adults with type 2 DM. A cut off point for AAIGF1 was set to indicate intermediate CV risk score, which can encourage using AAIGF1 as a prognostic marker for higher CV risk score. Medications that modulate IGF1 level can affect CV risk.

Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Mekânın Karşılıklı İlişkisi: Patriyarkanın Sosyal Mekânı Örgütleyişine Dair Bir Tartışma

Mekân, kültürel yurttaşlık değerlerinin kadını dışlamasını en somut anlamda görebileceğimiz bir öğedir. Bunun nedeni mekânın kültürel inşasının kadınları güç ve etkiden alıkoyan meşruiyeti sembolize eden bir iç doğaya sahip olmasıdır. Bu nedenle de feminist coğrafyanın özellikli amacı, toplumsal cinsiyete ve mekâna göre olan bölünmeleri görünür kılmak, sorunsallaştırmak ve onlar arasındaki karşılıklı yapılanmayı-patriyarkanın sosyal mekânı örgütleyişini- ve bariz doğallığı açık etmektir. 
 Benim bu makalede amacım, kadın ve erkeklerin mekân ve yerleri ne ölçüde farklılaşarak deneyimlediklerini incelemek ve bu farklılıkların toplumsal cinsiyetin sosyal inşasının bir parçası olduğu kadar nasıl da yerlerin bir özelliği olduğunu tartışmaktır. İlkin, özellikle jeopolitik anlayışa odaklanarak akademik coğrafyaya egemen olan erkek merkezli epistemolojiyi ve disiplinin mekânsal düşüncesinin eril yaklaşımdan etkilenişini açığa çıkarmaya çalışacağım. İkinci olarak, feminist coğrafyanın anahtar kavramlarını ele alarak toplumsal cinsiyet ve sosyal mekân arasındaki ilişkileri tartışacağım. Bunu yaparken de toplumsal olarak inşa edilmiş olan ‘kamusal’ ve ‘özel’ kavramları ile cinsiyetlenmiş kimliklerin inşası arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyeceğim. Ve son olarak, kadınların günümüzdeki sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel pratiklerine odaklanarak kamusal ve özel mekânlar arasındaki ayrımı eleştireceğim.

Service Learning: A Study of Relevancy in Nepal

Service learning is one of the lately introduced curriculum as well as method of teaching in the world. In practice, it is applicable in both school and higher level. The curriculum is partial one which is made based on students’ direct participation in community. The theory of service learning is basically learning through experience. Many education provider institutions around the world have developed it as mandatory curriculum with objective of making students active and community friendly. The relevancy of the curriculum corresponds with ultimate objective of education. The offered curriculum can have insight to strengthen reciprocal relation between students and society, and let them know about society, knowledge and social issues. As such direct involvement of students in community changes their perspectives toward society and nation.

The developmental dynamics of students' reading self-concept and reading competence: Examining reciprocal relations and ethnic-background patterns

Despite the fact that reading self-concept and reading competence are considerably correlated, the reciprocal relation of these variables and the associated ethnic-background patterns still pose fundamental questions with significant theoretical implications and practical consequences. Utilizing a Reciprocal Effects Model (REM), we analyzed primary school-aged children in the United States who took part in a representative longitudinal data collection effort known as the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten (ECLS-K). Reading self-concept and reading competence were found to be reciprocally related for primary school-aged children; however, the influence of prior reading competence on subsequent reading self-concept (the skill development part of REM) was significantly stronger than vice versa. The REM of reading competence and reading self-concept was moderated by children's ethnic-background (evidenced only for White-majority students). While longitudinally the descriptive results revealed comparable reading self-concept across the ethnic-backgrounds, there was a larger ethnic disparity for White and Asian over Black and Hispanic family students in reading competence. Given that the study highlights ethnic-background related reading competence disparity, interventions should center on whether all students receive high-quality literacy instruction (e.g., learning to read beyond reading to learn) during the early years of schooling.

Reciprocity Between Financial and Social Performance in Microfinance Institutions

Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are hybrid organizations with the dual mission of financial sustainability and social purpose. However, there is little empirical evidence on how the two missions may affect each other intertemporally. In this study, we test the lead-lag reciprocal relation between financial and social performance in a sample of 852 unique MFIs across 96 countries from 2005 to 2012. Although we find an insignificant reciprocal relation between financial and social performance in the full sample, a significant finding emerges when we employ the profit status of MFIs as a differentiating factor. Specifically, we find that financial performance is more positively related to subsequent social performance in for-profit MFIs than in nonprofit ones. On the other hand, we find a positive relationship between social performance and subsequent financial performance for nonprofit MFIs but not for for-profits. These findings suggest that nonprofit MFIs are better in translating social impact into subsequent financial success but worse in converting financial success to subsequent social impact than for-profit MFIs. Overall, our results uncover different strengths and weaknesses of nonprofit and for-profit MFIs in pursuit of their dual mission over time and offer new insights for developing a more sustainable microfinance industry going forward.

Cross‐Lagged Relations Among Linguistic Skills in European Portuguese: A Longitudinal Study

AbstractResearch has widely demonstrated the contribution of word reading, listening comprehension skills, and oral reading fluency to reading comprehension performance. However, the existence of reciprocal relations among these skills has been investigated less frequently. The authors examined the directionality of the relations among reading comprehension, listening comprehension, word reading, and oral reading fluency in Portuguese elementary school students from second to fourth grade by using a longitudinal cross‐lagged design. The sample was composed of 261 students assessed at the end of grades 2, 3, and 4. The results indicated that there is a reciprocal relation between listening comprehension and reading comprehension in every grade and that oral reading fluency and reading comprehension have a reciprocal relation only in the initial years of schooling, similar to the observed relation between oral reading fluency and word reading. The results are discussed considering their potential impact and the limitations of the study.

Evaluation and selecting the contractor in bidding with incomplete information using MCGDM method

The main concern of construction projects is to select the right contractor in uncertain environment. According to the complex nature of today’s projects, classical approaches are not successful since they have considered only the proposed price and completion time of the project. The selection of a successful contractor depends on multi-criteria such as managerial and financial ability, technical capability, and organizational performance criteria in the presence of a decision-making group. Due to the uncertainties, ambiguities, and lack of information in this multi-criteria decision-making problem, this paper proposes an outranking method based on intuitionistic fuzzy theory. This approach involves reciprocal preference relation (RPR) and credibility function. The RPR is used to complete information, and credibility function is employed to select the best contractor. Choosing appropriate contractor to work in power plant projects is essentially owing to the fact that high-sensitive power plant construction projects are handed over to the contractor through tenders. Finally, a case study for selecting contractor in a power plant project is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Childhood Weight Management: the Development and Refinement of an mHealth Intervention in Primary Care

This study measured the parents’ experience after using a mobile health (mHealth) app based upon interface design, readability, and effectiveness in order to discuss possible behavior change and weight management to prevent childhood obesity. A mixed method approach using the system usability scale and semi-structured interviews in two phases that occurred over a period of 6 consecutive weeks were undertaken. Six families (n = 12) were recruited, with having one obese child as the primary inclusion criteria. The study findings were classified into three different aspects, namely usability assessment, usability score result, and parents’ preference which demonstrated diversified experiences regarding two versions of the app. Prioritizing the second version in respect to its user-friendly interface, behavior change, and health information, participants suggested necessary amendments to operate the app straightforwardly. The most significant result has identified an inadequate concentration on user (parents’) engagement from the development to the refinement of an mHealth app. Hence, childhood weight management has progressively intensified parental awareness through the intervention of mHealth. Further research should take into account determining the reciprocal relation between user experiences and user engagement to explore the nature of effectiveness of an mHealth app.

Employees’ perceived benefits from participating in CSR activities and implications for increasing employees engagement in CSR

Purpose The involvement of employees in a company’s corporate social responsibility (CSR program) is one of the key factors for its success. Hence, it is important to understand employees’ reactions to participatory CSR activities. The purpose of this paper is to examine what kinds of benefits employees perceive from participating in CSR, to identify varying levels of participation and to discuss the reciprocal relationship between the perception of benefits and participation. Design/methodology/approach Based on semi-structured interviews with employees, the structuring content analysis resulted in a differentiated examination of perceived benefit clusters (classified as functional, emotional and meaning and morality) and in a clustered exploration of varying levels of participation (cognitive and behavioral). Findings The findings reveal that employees perceived all three clusters of benefits in relation to no/low, passive, active and enthusiastic levels of participation. The data provide insights into the relationship between perceived benefits and varying levels of participation, with a balanced and differentiated perception of benefits seeming to relate to higher levels of participation. However, employees may also benefit without a behavioral form of participation, for instance, from an improved team spirit. Originality/value Due to its methodological approach, this empirical study provides a rich picture of employees’ benefits according to varying levels of participation. The paper contributes to current CSR literature by examining self-oriented benefits, through identifying differing levels of participation, and by discussing their reciprocal relation. These findings contribute to research and practice through the implications for promoting sustainability approaches within companies.

The Interplay of Group Identifications and Friendships: Evidence from Longitudinal Social Network Studies

AbstractThis article reviews empirical evidence on the reciprocal relation of ethnic minority group members’ national, ethnic, and dual identification on the one hand and their friendships with both minority and majority group members on the other. Emphasis is given to studies that apply longitudinal social network analysis in order to draw inferences about how these group identifications shape social relations and/or how social relations in turn shape individuals’ group identifications. After outlining theoretical mechanisms and showing the advantages of a social network approach, the article summarizes findings on how ethnic, national, and dual identification affect individual preferences for having same ethnic or interethnic friends. Evidence on how friends in turn influence group identifications is also reviewed. The article closes by discussing practical implications of the existing evidence and by pointing to open questions and next steps for further research on the nexus of group identifications and friendship.

Role of honesty and confined interpersonal influence in modelling predilections

Classical models of decision-making do not incorporate for the role of influence and honesty that affects the process. This paper develops on the theory of influence in social network analysis. We study the role of influence and honesty of individual experts on collective outcomes. It is assumed that experts have the tendency to improve their initial predilection for an alternative, over the rest, if they interact with one another. It is suggested that this revised predilection may not be proposed with complete honesty by the expert. Degree of honesty is computed from the preference relation provided by the experts. This measure is dependent on average fuzziness in the relation and its disparity from an additive reciprocal relation. Moreover, an algorithm is introduced to cater for incompleteness in the adjacency matrix of interpersonal influences. This is done by analysing the information on how the expert has influenced others and how others have influenced the expert.

Boundary integral equation formulation for the generalized thermoviscoelasticity with one relaxation time

This paper presents a formulation of the boundary integral equation method for generalized thermoviscoelasticity with one relaxation time. Fundamental solutions of corresponding differential equations are obtained in Laplace transform domain. A reciprocity theorem is established. The reciprocal relation is used to formulate the boundary integral equations on the basis of our fundamental solutions. Special attention is given to the representation of primary fields, namely temperature and displacements. The initial, mixed boundary value problem is considered as an example illustrating the BIE formulation.

The use of micro-level discourse markers in British and American feature-length films: Implications for teaching in EFL contexts

Discourse markers (DMs) are significant for fluent speech. Furthermore, they are important elements of language for conversation organization, reciprocal relation among interlocutors, and productive speaking and comprehension. Although, they have very important functions for pragmatic development, they seem to be neglected in language teaching either because of the belief that they are difficult to teach, or as a result of the focus on grammatical competence in language teaching. This study examined the use and functions of micro-level. DMs in British and American feature-length films and it provided implications for using feature-lengths films as a source of authentic language input for explicit or implicit teaching of DMs. The scripts of four films (two British and two American) were analyzed using the AntConc Concordance program. The results show  that there is not a significant difference between British and American films in terms of the frequency of DMs well, like, and you know .  On the other hand, it is found that oh is used significantly more frequently in British films than American films. The functional analysis of the DMs showed that, both British and American feature-length films represent the use of English DMs in native discourse. Therefore, the study concludes that the films could be used for teaching and learning of DMs in foreign language teaching. The results are discussed in terms of pedagogical implications.Â

The Refugees We Are: Solidarity in the European Constitutional Imagination

The Refugees We Are: Solidarity in the European Constitutional Imagination

Disjunctured reciprocity: paradoxes of community-school relationship in Nepal

ABSTRACTCommunity-based school governance has been promoted as a popular policy for decentralisation of education around the world. Within this policy, schools are expected to create institutional spaces such as School Management Committees with an assumption of reciprocal relation between school and community. This article questions the simplistic assumption through an ethnographic study of community-school relationship in Nepal. While these relationships may conflict with the kind of reciprocity assumed in school governance policies, we argue that this disjunctured reciprocity, firstly, reflects the gap between policy blueprints and action, and, secondly, reveals the competing logics of community-school relations which remain unacknowledged.

Reciprocal Relations for the Open Hydrodynamic Steady States (OHSS)

Based on Onsager’s regressive hypothesis and a local equilibrium in hydrodynamics, the time symmetry of the mutual correlation functions of fluctuations is analyzed directly from the macroscopic equations of motion for the open steady state of a continuous medium. It is shown that, in OHSS, the flux violates the symmetry of correlation functions and Onsager’s reciprocal relation, which take place near the equilibrium steady state. The reciprocal relations for OHSS are found. Examples of their use are considered.