Recipient Language Research Articles

Адаптація запозиченого компонента «арт» у сучасній українській мові

The article examines the features of grammatical adaptation of the borrowing “art” in the modern Ukrainian language, identifies typical violations of current spelling rules in words with this component, suggests the correct options and clarifies the feasibility of its frequent use in modern Ukrainian speech. It has been found that the English borrowed component “art” is well adapted to the recipient language. This is evidenced by its active use in both oral and written speech, the ability to be used independently with a fixed meaning, high word-forming productivity. It is revealed in the texts of the mass media that English borrowing “art” functions in the modern Ukrainian as a inflective masculine noun of the second declension of the hard group with the semantics “art, fine arts”. It is observed that having entered the modern Ukrainian lexical system, it takes an active part in word formation, showing high productivity in the process of forming compound nouns. Two models of forming new nouns with the component “art” are differentiated, in which “art” with the meaning “artistic” is the first part of a compound word and “art” with the semantics “art” is the second part of a new lexeme. It is established that the first model is the most productive because of the largest number of these nouns in Ukrainian. It is proved that according to their grammatical nature lexemes with “art” as a reference word are not Ukrainian juxtaposites, as they are not formed on the basis of the Ukrainian, but are borrowed in it like ready-to-use integral lexical units, which speakers adapted to the grammatical structure of modern Ukrainian. In accordance with the current spelling rules the nouns with borrowed component “art” have to be written together. Found in the texts of mass media and oral speech the new lexemes with two prepositive foreign attributives are classified as juxtaposites with a declension of the second part; it is recommended to write them in accordance with the norms of the current “Ukrainian spelling” with a hyphen. It was found that the names of establishments, events, places of cultural events, etc., which consist of proper names or abbreviations combined with borrowing “art”, completely copied from the English word formation, are not typical for Ukrainian and artificially adapted to it in violation of current spelling rules. The article offers their alternative names that meet the grammatical and spelling rules. The analysis of the peculiarities of the adaptation of English borrowed component “art” in the modern Ukrainian will promote a faster study of the grammatical nature of borrowings, their word-forming potential, the correct linguistic qualification of new derivatives and their further normalization.

СПЕЦИФИКА ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ИНОЯЗЫЧНЫХ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЙ В РЕКЛАМЕ НА КИТАЙСКОМ И РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ

The article presents the main research on the problem of using borrowings of world famous brands in chinese and russian. The author of the article analyzes the features of penetration and functioning of borrowings in the structure of advertising text, since it is advertising that has become a significant phenomenon of modern culture, reflecting not only typical visual images and mental stereotypes, but also representing the linguistic habits of different language speakers. Advertising demonstrates not only linguistic, but also social, cultural and linguistic processes taking place in different languages. The study provides a comparative analysis of borrowings, describes their main linguistic features. Particular attention is paid to examining the ways of penetration of borrowings into the chinese language. Both a brief description of the lexical base of borrowings in the chinese language and a diachronic analysis of borrowings are given. The article provides certain data on the dynamics of the appearance of foreign words in the modern chinese language. The given synchronous analysis of foreign lexical units in chinese and russian advertising has made it possible to demonstrate how various factors influence the frequency of the use of borrowings in different languages: from linguistic to social and cultural. The thematic classification of borrowings describes various methods of penetration of foreign vocabulary into chinese and russian advertising. The analysis is based on the names of world famous brands. The classification of the main types of borrowings in russian and chinese advertising is given. The study notes that the number of borrowings in chinese advertising is equal to their number in russian one. In many cases, brand advertising in chinese uses duplication, a method that best preserves the words of the recipient language in the new lexical format. The authors come to the conclusion that the specificity of using borrowings in these languages has both specific intralingual factors characteristic of these languages and external, economic and social factors.

Специфика адаптации новейших англицизмов в славянских языках (на материале русской и болгарской версий журналов “Elle”, “Cosmopolitan” и “Glamour”)

The paper aims to reveal specifics of newly appeared Anglicisms adaptation in the language of the Slavonic mass media. The research material includes articles from the Russian and Bulgarian editions of glossy magazines. Scientific originality lies in the fact that the authors for the first time provide a comparative study on adaptation of newly appeared Anglicisms in the language of the Russian and Bulgarian editions of women’s glossy magazines. The conducted analysis allows concluding that the majority of borrowings are in the process of adaptation in the system of the recipient language: they are not considered “foreign” (spelling without inverted commas, lack of explanatory references), but have not become codified yet. Some Anglicisms, which are not represented in dictionaries, form derivative lexemes.

Implicit Borrowing as a Mechanism for Enriching Modern Russian
 Lexicon: Forms, Causes, Findings

Implicit borrowing implies that the recipient language receives new
 meanings from the donor language without obtaining new phonetic forms. In
 contrast to direct material borrowings, it has not been thoroughly studied yet.
 However, there is a need to subject this phenomenon to careful research since in
 recent decades it has become increasingly widespread in Russian lexicon and its
 findings may have an impact on how the language implements its cognitive and
 communicative function.
 This article attempts to investigate the mechanisms that lead to implicit borrowing, as well as to study its causes and consequences. The author analyzes the criteria available in the linguistic literature for identifying specific forms of this phenomenon and supports the view that there are only two forms of implicit borrowing such as semantic calquing (polysemy copying) and material borrowing of new words that are homonymous to previously borrowed words. These two types differ in their causes and communicative consequences. Recent semantic calques in Russian lexicon mainly appear due to «semantic restoration» which consists in expanding the meanings of previously borrowed words by copying the polysemantic patterns of their English counterparts. They usually do not have a long-term negative impact on communication. In contrast to them, homonyms of previously borrowed words appear as a result of cross-linguistic influence and, as the case study of the noun «ambition» and its derivatives shows, they can cause tangible communication problems. Hence, it is important that the linguist should be able to distinguish between these two forms of contact language influence, since only on this basis expert recommendations can be developed for each case of implicit borrowing.

Using lexical language models to detect borrowings in monolingual wordlists.

Lexical borrowing, the transfer of words from one language to another, is one of the most frequent processes in language evolution. In order to detect borrowings, linguists make use of various strategies, combining evidence from various sources. Despite the increasing popularity of computational approaches in comparative linguistics, automated approaches to lexical borrowing detection are still in their infancy, disregarding many aspects of the evidence that is routinely considered by human experts. One example for this kind of evidence are phonological and phonotactic clues that are especially useful for the detection of recent borrowings that have not yet been adapted to the structure of their recipient languages. In this study, we test how these clues can be exploited in automated frameworks for borrowing detection. By modeling phonology and phonotactics with the support of Support Vector Machines, Markov models, and recurrent neural networks, we propose a framework for the supervised detection of borrowings in mono-lingual wordlists. Based on a substantially revised dataset in which lexical borrowings have been thoroughly annotated for 41 different languages from different families, featuring a large typological diversity, we use these models to conduct a series of experiments to investigate their performance in mono-lingual borrowing detection. While the general results appear largely unsatisfying at a first glance, further tests show that the performance of our models improves with increasing amounts of attested borrowings and in those cases where most borrowings were introduced by one donor language alone. Our results show that phonological and phonotactic clues derived from monolingual language data alone are often not sufficient to detect borrowings when using them in isolation. Based on our detailed findings, however, we express hope that they could prove to be useful in integrated approaches that take multi-lingual information into account.

Phonological Adaptation of Loanword into Egyptian Arabic

Loanwords are words that entered one language from another language (the source language). These types of words are also termed as borrowed words. They are not part of the recipient language vocabulary, they are adopted from some other languages and become part of the borrowing language’s vocabulary” Nordquist,R (2019)[i]. Borrowing is a universal linguistic phenomenon; the majority of world languages contain borrowed words, because no nation has ever been completely isolated from other nations. (Jepersen,1964)[ii]. Words are generally 'loaned' when two different cultures come into contact with each other (Hoffer,2002)[iii]. This might result from immigration, trade, fashions or foods, travelers’ tales, the arts (paintings, books, poetry, or film), technologies, wars, or colonization. Borrowing could occur across different linguistic levels; such as lexeme level, phonological level, morphological level, and/or syntactic level. When a loanword transfers into a recipient language it is either adopted or adapted as noted by Bueasa, N (2015)[iv]. Adoption occurs when the loanword is transferred into the recipient language without any change and is keeping its structure and pronunciation. For example, in English, the word “cafe” is adopted from French. On the opposite side, there is an adaptation in which the loanword undergoes linguistic changes to adapt to the phonological, or morphological, or syntactic structure of the recipient language. For example, the French word “coiffeur” /kwɒfˈɜːr/ is adapted in Egyptian Arabic (henceforth, EA) phonologically as /kuwafe:r/, this type of integration happens intuitively for ease of pronunciation. Like other languages, loanwords do exist in Arabic (Versteegh, 2014)[v]. Little studies such as Hafez (1996)[vi] examine the integration of loanwords into Egyptian Arabic (EA). Hence, the current study focuses on investigating the phonological integration of loanwords into EA by Egyptian native speakers.

Проблема іншомовних запозичень у науковій спадщині Івана Огієнка

The article «Borrowings in Ivan Ohіienko’s scientifi c heritage» by Teiana Bilousova analyses the ways and reasons for borrowing linguistic units from other languages, their adaptation in the recipient language, and approaches to their selec-tion and fi xation in dictionaries. Being one of the natural ways of enrichment of all the languages, borrowings become an object of study of diff erent native and foreign researches, among which Ivan Ohіienko’s works are of great interest. Highly estimating the Ukrainian language as a rich, fl exible and developed one, caring about the establishment of its unifi ed literary standard, the scientist didn’t reject the presence of diff erent borrowings and accepted both, those which came from ancient times (Latin, Greek, and Slavic etc.), and those ones penetrating into the lan-guage at the present time. The most numerous in the Ukrainian language he consid-ered Russian and Polish borrowings. He always urged to their objective evaluation and denied their senseless exclusion from the language by the linguistic purism.Still he resisted the penetration into the language of barbarisms, clichés, foreign word combinations and phraseological units. At the same time he advocated historical and ter-minological dictionaries supporting the language uniqueness. Using historical and chrono-logical analyses he developed the methodological criteria for defi ning the sources of bor-rowings and their adaptational characteristics in the recipient language. He also found out the factors and reasons of borrowing, and the most frequently borrowed elements. The theoretical ideas of Ivan Ohіienko found its practical realization. The article provides the analysis of his «Dictionary of substandard words», illustrating on the numerous examples the author’s approaches to the order, commentaries, graphic and accentual representation of borrowings, and their combinability with other words at the level of phrases and word combinations. The conclusion gives the linguist’s remarks and propositions as for the further linguistic studies in this fi eld.

Towards a systemic functional model for characterizing Chinese loanwords in English: The case of kowtow

Previous studies on loanwords have tended to be langue-based, focusing on lexicographical documentation and on establishing formal criteria for integration of loanwords into the recipient language in terms of experiential meaning. The recent pragmatic turn in loanword studies signals a parole-oriented approach which shifts attention to the use and functions of loanwords in the recipient language beyond denotative meanings alone. However, there has not been a consistent systematic linguistic framework that could characterize loanwords in the recipient language and that could explore the interaction of langue and parole concerning loanwords. This paper intends to fill this gap by proposing a corpus-informed systemic functional linguistic (SFL) model to account for the characterology of loanwords. Based on the proposed multi-stratal model, kowtow, a Chinese loanword into the English language, is examined for its behaviours at the strata of phonology, lexicogrammar, and discourse semantics as well as how it is embedded in context. Attention at these various levels shows that kowtow demonstrates rich lexicogrammatical productivity in the recipient language and displays strikingly different lexicogrammatical patterns from its Chinese counterpart, indicating that its meaning potentials are activated and extended in the cross-cultural contexts. In fact, by crossing cultures, it actually inverts its connotative meaning.

Language Adaptation of Turkisms in English

One of the most important indicators of the adaptation of Turkic borrowing in English is their allocation in different dictionaries of English (explanatory, etymological, phraselogical), as well as their use in different works of fiction. Linguistic contacts manifest themselves in the interaction of linguistic, cultural and historical factors and represent an essential process in intercultural communication. Turkic lexical elements, actively used in various languages as a language mechanism, require special attention. A comparison of different languages shows that borrowing is a universal fact of language, the linguistic essence of which allows to determine the absolute or relative chronology of their entry into the system of different languages. Turkisms closely related to the lexico-semantic system of the recipient language expands the body of language units of English and other languages, indicating the paths of penetration and the degree of adaptation. This takes into account the patterns of lexical and phonetic potential of the language. Turkic borrowing includes not only Turkic words, but also lexical elements of Arabic and Mongolian, Persian, Tatar, Uzbek, Kazakh origin, which have penetrated English through many Turkic languages and have been reflected in English lexicographic sources. Turkism thus refers to words included in English from Turkic languages or through Turkic languages regardless of the source of the mutual relationship, i.e. words having a Turkic stage in their history.

Applicability of Wordnet Architecture in Lexical Borrowing Studies

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to present a new, wordnet-based method of studying lexical borrowing. In contrast to the two-dimensional (micro- and macrostructure) organization of traditional dictionaries, describing each unit in isolation, wordnets introduce an additional dimension of inter-word relations in the entire lexicon. The ability to connect wordnets cross-linguistically allows in turn for juxtaposing, comparing, and visualizing a broad spectrum of lexical relations between loanwords within the recipient language and their cognates in the source language for which the term cross-linguistic mapping has been used. The method was applied to a wordnet-based, yet differently structured network of Polish loanwords in Yiddish. This allowed to supplement the traditional typology of transferred words by introducing the notion of ‘rootedness’, that is the degree of their interconnectedness in the source and recipient systems. This in turn has provided a promising means for distinguishing inherited from acquired vocabulary.

The late success of Soviet language policy: The integration of Russian verbs in languages of the former Soviet Union

Purpose:This study examines the integration of Russian verbs into 50 languages from 12 different language families predominantly spoken in the former Soviet Union with respect to insertion strategies and input forms of Russian verbs. The aim is to test if there are statistically significant distributions between particular insertion strategies and grammatical, areal and sociolinguistic properties of the recipient languages.Methodology:This study applies the typological categories developed by Wohlgemuth for the classification of verbal borrowings by distinguishing three major insertion strategies. The donor language is kept constant (Russian). For every recipient language information on all instances of inserted verbs and data on word order, morphological type, language family and relevant social parameters have been gathered.Data and analysis:The linguistic data largely come from published sources. Frequency data on the distribution of the insertion strategies are quantitatively analyzed and tested for statistically significant correlations with sociolinguistic and typological parameters and areal location. The distributions are visualized by maps.Findings:There are no correlations between insertion strategies and extralinguistic parameters such as the general contact intensity. The two typological features (word order; morphological type) showed some correlations, and areality also plays a certain role. The main factor is the existence of productive insertion strategies within particular families or subbranches. Furthermore, the strategies show different degrees of flexibility with respect to the morphological form of the input and can be ordered along a hierarchy from more flexible (direct insertion) to not flexible at all (paradigm insertion).Originality:This is the first attempt to systematically compare the impact of Russian on languages with different genealogical affiliations, typological profiles and sociolinguistic conditions. Russian is an understudied donor language with a complex verbal morphology. This study is meant to undertake the first step towards a comprehensive study of Slavicization.

Matter versus pattern borrowing in compounding: Evidence from the Asia Minor Greek dialectal variety

This paper deals with issues of matter and pattern borrowing as applied to compound formations in four Asia Minor Greek varieties, Aivaliot, Cappadocian, Pharasiot and Pontic, which have been in contact with the typologically and genetically different Turkish. While Pharasiot has been impoverished of Greek-based compound structures due to an extensive Turkish influence, Aivaliot, Pontic, and to a lesser extent Cappadocian, show a wealth of items that are created on the basis of Greek patterns containing right-hand inflection, a compulsory compound-internal marker, and a combination of native and foreign constituents reanalyzed as stems. Assuming that Turkish compounds are phrasal, it is suggested that Greek compounding resists change, since the native compound morphology strongly constrains the adoption of a Turkish compound structure which is built in syntax. More specifically, it is proposed that in a contact situation, it is particularly difficult for a pattern to be transferred from one language to another if it presupposes changing of grammatical domain, that is, shifting from morphology (Greek compounding) to syntax (Turkish compounding). The article also discusses a number of formations in Pharasiot, where a N N phrasal compounding pattern seems to be selectively borrowed from Turkish. Refining the previous claim, it is further proposed that a transfer implying a passage from one grammatical domain to another could become possible in heavy contact situations if one basic condition is fulfilled: that the innovative pattern is allowed by the native properties of the recipient language. As a matter of fact, N N structures are not unknown in the Greek language, which has used them in specific contexts in several periods of its long history.

Pattern borrowing, linguistic similarity, and new categories: Numeral classifiers in Mayan

Linguistic similarity can play a significant role in language contact. Many Mayan languages evince both pattern and matter borrowing (Matras and Sakel 2007) from other Mayan languages. Here, I focus on Mayan pattern borrowing with respect to an extensive system of obligatory numeral classifiers. Numeral classification, an innovative feature of nearly half of the Mayan languages, was shared among these languages through contact. While some specific numeral classifiers were borrowed in at least some Mayan languages, the areal spread of numeral classifiers among Mayan languages is primarily a case of pattern borrowing, involving the innovation and spread of a new lexical category. Cognate morphological matter shared through common inheritance, including a suffix for numerals greater than one and a whole lexical class of positional roots with related derivational morphology, shaped the forms of numeral classifiers in recipient languages. In addition, inherited grammatical categories related to quantification provided important preconditions for the development of similar systems of numeral classification across the family. Arguably, then, inherited linguistic ‘matter’ facilitated the transfer of linguistic patterns, even as the forms themselves, already shared through common inheritance, were not borrowed. The study of pattern borrowing in Mayan languages highlights the important role of interlingual identifications (Weinreich 1953) in pattern borrowing, especially among related languages. As a case study of different pathways to structural convergence, it also highlights the entanglements between matter and pattern in contact-induced change and reveals the potentially complex structural ramifications of both pattern and matter borrowing.

Quantitative approaches to productivity and borrowing in Maltese derivation

This paper applies quantitative measures of productivity to a selection of Maltese derivational affixes borrowed from Italian/Sicilian. The productivity rankings of the selected affixes are compared to their Italian sources revealing identical rankings for the most productive affixes and slightly deviating rankings for the less productive affixes. It is argued that morphological productivity scores and the subsequent rankings form a pattern that is established in the recipient language by the sum of matter borrowings of formations involving the respective affixes. In conjunction with a discussion of the mixed lexicon and morphology of Maltese, a case is made that converging or diverging productivity rankings can be explained by well-studied variables in language contact studies: intensity of contact, availability of registers/repertoires, and route of borrowing (direct/indirect). In addition it is shown that the cross-linguistic application of other quantitative measures, including a newly proposed Integration Factor and Seifart’s criteria for direct and indirect borrowing, can help uncover where the distributions of donor and recipient language affixes diverge, providing an exploratory tool for morphologist and contact linguists alike.

LEXICON BORROWINGS FROM ARABIC IN SUNDANESE SPEECH LEVEL SYSTEM

Purpose of the study: This article examines a lexicon of Arabic borrowings used in the Sundanese speech level system. A lexicon of borrowed words refers to a lexicon of Arabic loanwords that are used across different speech level codes. A lexicon of borrowings consists of words from a donor language that have been adopted into a recipient language for certain purposes. Methodology: In this descriptive and qualitative research, the data were collected utilizing the observation method and recording technique. The data for this descriptive-qualitative research were collected using observing the use of words prescribed in a Sundanese dictionary namely Kamus Undak Usuk Basa Sunda (Dictionary of Sundanese Speech Level) by Tamsyah, published in 2015 and Kamus Etimologi Basa Sunda (Dictionary of Sundanese Etymology) also by Tamsyah, published in 2017. The data were analyzed by using an identical method and a lexico-semantic approach. The sources of the data were chosen as data source samples by taking into account the availability of the data required in them. Main Findings: The findings of the research study reveals that a lexicon of nineteen words borrowed from Arabic commonly used in coarse, middle, and refined codes, with coarse usage predominating. While some of these words retain a similar form to that of the original Arabic, others have transformed. The nineteen words are as follows: asal, makam, berekah, Abdi, alim, udur, hed, Kabar, hawatir, maksud, maot, mayit, lahir, saum, sabab, salat, sunatan, surat, and umur. Applications of the study: Introduction of Arabic lexicon to the Sundanese speech system occurred through a process of the loan. While some of these words retain a similar form to that of the original Arabic, others have transformed. It is a transformation that causes the words to be used in different codes in the Sundanese speech level system. Novelty/Originality of the study: In Sundanese, speech level is considered a sociolinguistic innovation. Both the written and spoken forms of the language, together with all their variations and functions, are vital amidst the daily dynamics of the Sundanese people’s life. Hence, this article discusses the use of the lexicon of Arabic borrowings across different codes of the Sundanese speech level system. The current study is novel as it’s the first study that compares the Arabic and Sundanese language and found out the words that are originated from Arabic.

New loan words in the Neologismenw\xf6rterbuch: corpus-based development of lexicographic information for an online dictionary of contemporary German

The majority of new words in dictionaries are included following a certain period of time during which they have become more frequent in use and established morphosyntactic and orthographic features consistent with the language system they are borrowed into. In case of borrowed new words, inclusion often takes place at a transitional state of assimilation to the language system, where delayed orthographic or phonetic change cannot be ruled out and the differentiation between standard-conforming and non-standard orthographic word forms of a lemma oftentimes depends on the proximity between the writing systems of the donor and the recipient language. Following a brief overview of loan words and their lexicographical description in the Neologismenwörterbuch, a specialized online dictionary for neologisms in contemporary German, this paper presents findings of an investigative case study on dictionary entries for a neologism borrowed from a logographic language system and discusses the potential of a corpus-based description of new loan words.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ТА ТРУДНОЩІ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ З НІМЕЦЬКОЇ МОВИ НА УКРАЇНСЬКУ ФАХОВОЇ МОВИ ПСИХОТЕРАПІЇ

This contribution focuses on the professional psychotherapeutic vocabulary, its origin and development in Ukrainian, and, more specifically, on the significant influence of German concepts on the development of relevant professional vocabulary in Ukrainian. It identifies a number of specific features of such professional vocabulary, such as clarity and attachment to the profession, that is, the embedment of professional terms in a specific terminological system and their readiness for professional use. The quality that differentiates such terms from other subjects, concepts, or processes is accuracy. The vertical gradation of communication of speakers in the psychotherapeutic process, which involves internal communication of professionals with each other, communication of professionals with non-professionals, inter-professional communication, is explored. The development of relevant terminology, its dissemination and derivation from the source language into the recipient language, the impact of the source language on the recipient language, and the rules that such newly formed words comply with are analysed. Specifically, such derivation is possible in the form of transliteration, calquing, or partial derivation, and the translator may resort to the lexical substitution technique, that is, replace individual lexical items of the basic lexeme in the recipient language. The article further describes the specifics of professional vocabulary and the attributes that are common with and different from general vocabulary and explains the role of the translator in the psychotherapeutic process. Potential difficulties and typical mistakes that may arise during such translation are discussed, and ways for overcoming these difficulties are suggested. It also describes the adequacy and equivalence of translation, where adequacy refers to the source and final texts with reference to the purpose of translation.

On the Intrusion of the Spanish Preposition de into the Languages of Mexico

In this article, I examine the intrusion of the Spanish preposition de into the languages of Mexico. Following Matras and Sakel (2007), I apply the distinction of matter (mat) and pattern (pat). The exploration of the 35 Archivo de lenguas indígenas de México publications which serve as a comparable database shows that Chontal, Mexicanero, Nahuatl de Acaxochitlán, Otomi, Yucatec, Zoque, and Zapotec, have borrowed de or a variant thereof. All languages give evidence of combined mat/pat-borrowing, while five of the seven languages also exhibit mat-borrowing only. The results demonstrate that none of the replica languages fully complies with the Spanish pattern regarding the usage of de. Indeed, it is essential to identify the functional domain of de in each recipient language separately. Further, the findings are briefly reviewed in light of processing factors corroborating the prominent role of frequency in language change.

Словообразовательная активизация японских заимствований в современном русском языке

Problematics of the work is connected with the study of the borrowing process, which, due to the process of globalization taking place at all Russian society’s levels of life, is highlighted as a factor of modern language development. As a subject of research, lexical units translated into the Russian language system from the Japanese language are considered. Research source are dic-tionaries of foreign words, neographic reference books, as well as explanatory dictionaries reflect-ing language changes. In addition, data were used from the Russian National Corpus and electronic media, which most actively provide the entry of a foreign language into the Russian language. The material is Japanese foreign-language lexemes representing different versions of the common language – the standard (literary language) and the substandard. The aim of the research is to show the functional changes in the system of the modern Russian language on the example of Japanese words that are included in the Russian lexical fund and which strengthen their derivative activity as an indicator of their creative abilities’ growth in the recipient language. It has been established that the word-formation activation of Japanese borrowings in the modern Russian language certainly reflects the processes of internationalization and globalization in speech culture and society, as well as the active combination of native and foreign combat elements characteristic of modern media production. It is noted that at present it is the sphere of Internet communication that protects the functioning of dictionary innovations and thereby activates the lexical dynamics of the Russian language, emphasizing the corresponding side of its Internetization.

LOSS OF EXOTIC FLAVOR AND THE EMERGENCE OF NEW METAPHORICAL MEANINGS OF ANGLO-AMERICAN LOANWORDS IN THE SPHERE OF MANAGEMENT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE LEXICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE RECIPIENT LANGUAGE (RUSSIAN)

The aim of the study is to reveal the regularities of Anglo-American metaphorical borrowings in Russian, and specifically in the sublanguage of management. In the course of investigation, the authors have come to the conclusion that the most important indicators of degree of lexical assimilation of the loanwords under study into the system of the Russian language, and, particularly, into the sublanguage of management, constitute the following: emergence of new meanings in loanwords borrowed from English, their word building activity, and their subsequent metaphorization. Final assimilation of Anglo-American metaphors into the Russian language is followed by their appearance in Russian explanatory dictionaries, including the dictionary of foreign words. The development of lexical meanings of a word is subject to influence of both source and recipient languages. A continuous turbulent process of semantic expansion of the new word takes place. Semantic expansion of an English loanword may be a result of secondary borrowing; and in this case it is often very difficult to draw the borderline between the secondary borrowing and the emergence of its new meanings under the influence of the etymon. One of these borrowings may be used as a narrow specialized term, while the other, in its metaphorical usage, functions as a common colloquial element of the Russian lexicon. The results of the study may be used both in practical teaching and theory of the Russian and English languages by specialists and students, as well as by those who specialize in the sphere of management, philology and intercultural communication.