Recipient Language Research Articles

French Loanwords in English cr-phonaesthemic group

Introduction. The article examines the influence of French borrowings on the process of development of phonaesthemic sound symbolism in the English language. Phonaesthemes work as a language instrument of semantic structuring of meanings of groups of words with similar form. The article aims to identify how French borrowings influenced the set of semes characteristic of the English phonaesthemic group cr-.Methodology and sources. The preselected 62 English words with the initial cr- consonant cluster borrowed from French, were analyzed for their possible influence on the respective English phonaesthemic group. 25 words were confirmed to be phonaesthemic. The words were selected from the Oxford English Dictionary by targeted sampling. Etymology, if necessary, was further verified after French etymological dictionaries Le Littré and Trésor. Theoretical framework for this research are the works of Mikhalev (phonosemantic field theory), Leonardi (on Latin phonaesthemes) and Bottineau (on French iconic words). Methods applied in the research are etymological and phonosemantic analyses. French loanwords included and not included in the English phonaesthemic group were analysed separately.Results and discussion. The data analyses have shown that in case the shared semes of the CR- word group in the donor language coincide with those of the recipient language, loanwords seem to augment and strengthen the tendency to form phonaesthemic groups. Otherwise, new words remain outside the English phonosemantic field of the group in question. Phonotactic restrictions may also leave such loanwords outside the studied phonaesthemic group. French loanwords of Germanic origin seem to demonstrate stronger sustainability in language as compared to those of Latin origin. Words of French origin appear to be onomatopoeic only.Conclusion. The results of the study demonstrate that French loanwords had a limited effect on the English cr- phonaesthemic group. French loanwords have expanded the group and strengthened the tendencies formed within the native English word group.

Semantic shifts of 'coming out' and 'come out of the closet'

Juxtaposing lexicographic data with authentic corpora-excerpted contexts, this article investigates the semantic variance of coming out and come out of the closet in English and Polish. It discovers the linguistic sources of the LGBTQ+-related sense of coming out in English and focuses on the semantic shift from its sociolectal LGBTQ+-related usage towards nonsociolectal pragmatically marked uses, which result in extended collocability (e.g. Eng. coming out as an atheist; Pol. ateistyczny coming-out). The study contrasts English and Polish corpus data to see whether the nonsociolectal usage of Polish coming out can be argued to be contact-induced – that is, modelled on English. Language contact research shows that contact-induced innovations undergo semantic change through conscious and creative exploitation by recipient language speakers to realise their pragmatic needs. The cognitive-onomasiological theoretical framework, coupled with a usage-based methodology, allows investigation of how native and contact-induced phenomena are used by native and recipient language speakers.

English and Kiswahili Lexical Localization in Kibena

This paper has examined how English and Kiswahili borrowed expressions have been localized in Kibena. The study was guided by Kachru theory of language dominance and deficit, which deals with language contact and lexical borrowing between donor and recipient languages. In this study English and Kiswahili were the donor language and Kibena was the recipient language whereby the Kibena speakers consciously or unconsciously localized English and Kibena words in Kibena during communication process. The study employed a mixed approach and a descriptive research design in data collection, presentation, and discussion. Data were collected from fourteen written texts and fifty respondents through a questionnaire, interview, and documentary review. The data were analyzed using conceptual and rational content analysis methods. The findings underscore the significance of language contact in developing Kibena lexical knowledge through new lexical creation, borrowing, or localization in order to fill the lexical gap and for prestige attainment. The study realized that English and Kiswahili lexical which were localization in Kibena influenced the development of new words in Kibena through loan blend words formation, neologism creation and word to word translation techniques. The language contact was found to be among of the language’s vocabularies enrichment through words borrowing, naturalization, and adaptation. It is recommended that other research be done on the role of the phonological adaptation process of English and Kiswahili words into Kibena during lexical localization.

Особенности функционирования англоязычного заимствования to go в современном немецком языке

The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the functioning of the English-language loan word “to go” in the German language. The article examines the processes of adaptation of the Anglicism “to go” to the lexical and semantic system of the recipient language at different language levels, defines the areas of use of the Anglicism, and establishes the functional potential of loan word. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the functioning of the English-language loan word “to go” in German is studied from the perspective of a structural and semantic description of new nominations that arose as a result of word and phrase formation. It is established that the Anglicism “to go” is a semantic pseudo-loan word that has retained its form from the source language, but has a different content in the German language. Using the examples of consideration of standard and non-standard cases of borrowing, it is shown that loan word is a productive component in (hybrid) word and phrase formation. The spheres of use of loan word are considered, as well as the mechanisms of its further adaptation to the new lexical and semantic system. As a result of the study, it was found that the functional potential of borrowing varies depending on the use of Anglicism in phrases or in composite words. The cases of the influence of the English language on the word-formation system of the German language are revealed.

Преобразования заимствований: основной понятийно-терминологический аппарат

At the present stage of development of Russian linguistics, the number of works devoted to the study of various aspects of borrowing of lexical units has increased. However, there is a lack of stable, generally accepted terminology to describe the processes of borrowing linguistic units and their transformations. The aim of the research is to clarify the conceptual and terminological apparatus which is used to describe the processes of transformation of borrowed units in the recipient language. The generally accepted paradigm of the terms “assimilation”, “naturalization”, “integration” and “adaptation” is taken as a basis in this work. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the etymology of the presented terminological units is used to clarify the terminological apparatus, the semantics of these terms in other areas of scientific knowledge is specified, and the possibilities of their application in linguistics are considered. The results of the analysis carried out allow us to justify the use of the term “assimilation” as the most optimal one, denoting various changes occurring in the process of integration or naturalization of borrowed words into the system of the recipient language. The article examines the main types of quantitative and qualitative assimilation. The terminological aspects of the description of each type are specified. As a result of the conducted research, the basic conceptual and terminological apparatus for describing the process of borrowing lexical units and their transformations in the recipient language has been formulated.

Lexis and Grammar Specifics of the English Language in Africa

This research work deals with the lexical and grammatical features of the English language variant widely used in Africa. The importance of the use of British English is also taken into account, as well as its transformational processes due to the interaction and mutual influence of local dialects on its structure. Examples of neologisms and modified lexical units are given, based on the influence of local culture and the lack of an equivalent in the recipient language. The article pays attention to the grammatical aspects of language in the functioning of phrasal, modal and prepositional verbs, and also reveals the peculiarities of articles and pronouns use due to the influence of autochthonous languages. The aim of the research work is to identify the specifics of the linguistic and cultural adaptation of the English language in Africa and systematize the lexical and grammatical aspects of the English language as the territorial variant type. The choice of working methods is determined by the goals and objectives of the study. In the research work the method of metalinguistic analysis, methods of contextual and definitional analysis, methods of systematization and classification of linguistic material are used. As a result of the work the high productivity of the realities functioning in autochthonous languages in the lexical structure of the English variant in African countries and the lexical borrowings of terms from autochthonous languages are revealed. This trend is also emphasized in the borrowing of entire lexical phrases from the thesaurus of native languages. With regard to the grammatical part, a significant deviation from British English is emphasized. The research work results in such grammatical changes as: the use of auxiliary verbs together with semantic ones; the functioning of a simplified form of modern forms of the verb; the productive use of uncountable nouns in speech in the form of a countable nouns; significant deviations from British English in the process of using articles, personal and possessive pronouns.

Turkic-Chinese lexical parallels within the framework of the phonological model SASYS

Relevance. Considering the constant development of global language contacts and cultural interactions, examining the mechanisms of interaction between the Turkic and Chinese languages is of great importance for identifying the mechanisms of borrowing words and analysing cultural and historical ties between these language groups. Purpose. The purpose of the study was to examine and identify the features of the processes of mutual influence, assimilation, and development of lexical elements of the Turkic and Chinese languages. Methodology. The study uses linguistic, comparative, and lexical-semantic methods to analyse etymological pairs and phonological adaptation between the Kyrgyz and Chinese languages. Results. The study identifies both similarities and differences in the phonetic implementation of single-root lexemes between Chinese and Turkic languages within the SASYS phonetic model. Attention is paid to sound combinations, accents, and phonetic features, establishing patterns in their structure and evolution. The phenomena of phonetic borrowing and adaptation in both languages are identified, and influenced by cultural and historical contexts. Additionally, the study confirms a tendency to simplify sound structures in some Turkic languages compared to more persistent phonetic forms in Chinese. Conclusions. The analysis determines the origin of various interlanguage and intercultural words. Single-root lexemes passing between Chinese and Turkic languages undergo systematic phonetic changes, adapting sound combinations and accents to conform to the phonetic rules of the recipient language. The results highlight the SASYS phonetic model's importance for understanding phonetic evolution and adaptation between these languages, emphasizing their deep historical and cultural ties. Keywords: interaction of languages; nostratics; etymological identity; sound changes

Japanese and Chinese Lexical Borrowing as an Outcome of Language Contact and Influence

As a commonly observed phenomenon, no language has not borrowed lexical items from some other language(s), just as no culture has developed with no influence from some other culture(s). There have been numerous studies of linguistic borrowing to explore why a particular language incorporates some linguistic elements from another language into its linguistic repertoire. This is known as a phenomenon of linguistic transference. Abundant research findings provide strong evidence that such a transference most commonly occurs in the realm of vocabulary because the borrowing language (i.e., the recipient language) incorporates some cultural items or conceptual elements and the names along with them from some external source. More specifically, this particular linguistic phenomenon is recognized as lexical borrowing. From some cross-linguistic and cross-cultural perspectives, this study describes and explains lexical borrowing in terms of linguistic transformation as an outcome of language contact. Linguistic transformation is defined as adaptation of one linguistic form in one language to another linguistic form in another language. Language contact is defined as the phenomenon where two languages come into contact at various cross-linguistic and cross-cultural levels. Based on the representative examples as observed in contemporary Japanese and Chinese lexical borrowing, this paper presents a case study of such a particular language contact phenomenon by categorizing the borrowed lexical items into several areas of language contact. It describes linguistic transformation in terms of phonological/morphological adaptation and semantic transfer/creation/substitution. Thus, this study presents a model of lexical borrowing through language contact and its linguistic outcome.

English Lexical Borrowing in Filipino: Morphophonological Adaptation of English Lexemes and Loanwords

English has profoundly influenced the Philippine language through the assimilation of source language words into the recipient language. This linguistic exchange, influenced by historical and cultural contacts, has resulted in a notable transformation of linguistic aspects in the Philippines. Over time, English has seamlessly been incorporated into the Filipino language, highlighting a notable process of linguistic exchange. This study specifically delved into the morphological and phonological adaptations of English loanwords in Filipino, examining nuances and shifts in linguistic structure and meaning during the borrowing process through purposive sampling. Qualitative research methods and content analysis were employed, focusing on loanwords extracted from Bob Ong’s novels as a linguistic corpus, delving into the process of incorporating English loanwords into the Filipino language, exploring how this integration instigates a transformation to align with the grammatical and linguistic structure of the target language, and revealing notable morphophonological adaptations and semantic shifts that occur during the borrowing process. Inflections of English lexemes, complemented with Filipino morphemes, were observed, along with modifications to phonological rules, phonotactic constraints, morphemes, and shifts in semantic meaning. The analysis revealed an overall change in the morphophonological structure of phrases and sentences within the corpus. This research underscores the impact of cultural and contextual factors on the adaptation of English loanwords into Filipino, emphasizing specific patterns or structures in the vocabulary borrowing process tailored to the target language. This study contributes valuable insights for linguistic researchers, educators, and language enthusiasts interested in tracing language development and evolution through borrowing and adaptation.

Peculiarities of Semantic and Word-Formation Development of the Lexical Unit пилот

The article describes the mechanism of the developing of a new meaning of the lexeme пилот in the Russian language. It is proved that the new lexico-semantic variant "experimental, trial" initially arises in the semantic structure of the word pilot in English. Its transition into Russian, however, is not a process of mechanical calquing, but an active process of adaptation of the lexeme in the recipient language. Morphological peculiarities of Russian language determine the introduction of the new meaning in three different forms: the noun пилот, the adjectival phrase пилотный проект and the analytical structure пилот-проект. The neosemantism пилот forms the derivatives пилотировать and пилотаж with the meaning "to manage pilot projects". The adjective пилотный is actively used as an attribute with nouns denoting subjects of testing. The development of semantics introduces into the meaning of the adjective the seme of ʽinnovativenessʼ, which is absent in the donor language.

English-language borrowings of the coronavirus era and their functioning in German online publications

In post-crisis conditions, it becomes possible to assess the impact that the coronavirus pandemic has had on the vocabulary of the German language. A large number of English-language borrowings have penetrated into the German language, arousing the interest of linguists in the question of the influence of a new layer of vocabulary on the recipient language and becoming the subject of study by Russian and foreign linguists. For example, on the basis of research on neologisms of the Covid era, dictionaries and reference books of the vocabulary of the coronavirus era are being produced in various languages, including German. The subject of this study is English-language borrowings dedicated to Covid-19 in modern German online media (magazines, newspapers), and the aim is to identify the impact of the pandemic on enriching the vocabulary of the German language with English-language borrowings. Actual works (not older than five years) of Russian and foreign scientists in the fields of lexicology, lexicography, onomastics, and sociolinguistics became the methodological basis of the study. The analysis of the impact of the coronavirus on the process of assimilation of English-language borrowings in German is carried out on the basis of online media texts for the period February 2020 – October 2021, which makes the study innovative and reflects the trends of modern linguistic science. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the coronavirus pandemic had an impact on the German language; in most cases, the recipient language began to actively combine English-language components of words with native German words, thereby forming new hybrid lexical formations. The further perspective of the research lies in the field of comparing the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the lexical composition of the German and Russian languages and determining the role of English-language borrowings in the vocabulary of both German and Russian languages.

ART OR ISKUSSTVO? PECULIARITIES OF RECODED LEXICAL ITEMS ASSIMILATION IN MASS MEDIA

Problem statement. The problem of using foreign words is still relevant for the last decades due to a wide-spread “invasion” of Anglicisms and Americanisms. The article presents the analysis of foreign words that are widely used in modern press but not considered as a part of the Russian language system. Lexical items recoded into Russian from a foreign language are determined as a specific object of study. Results. More than 5000 examples of using the word «art» in modern Russian newspapers have been revealed during the research. A complex quantitative and qualitative analysis in regards to graphics, semantics, syntactics and stylistics has been provided. Some features of recoded words assimilation at graphic, morphologic, syntactiс and semantic levels are presented. Some peculiarities of graphic representation of foreign words depending on the language source are noticed. It has been found that recoded words receive some characteristics not given in their language source even before they enter a system of the recipient language. Conclusion. The author comes to the conclusion that formal recoding of the significant is only an initial stage of foreign words assimilation. The recoded lexical items go through the process of language acquisition not only at graphic but also morphologic and syntactic levels as well as they undergo some semantic changes. Thus the words in focus represent potential reserves that can become parts of modern Russian language.

ASSIMILATION OF COMMERCIAL AND ECONOMIC BORROWINGS OF TURKIC ORIGIN IN ENGLISH: ETYMOLOGY AND SEMANTIC EVOLUTION

Linguistic interactions arise from the intricate interplay of linguistic, cultural, and historical factors, constituting a pivotal facet of intercultural communication. Of particular intrigue are the Turkic lexical components, actively woven into the linguistic fabric of diverse languages. This research article undertakes the comprehensive examination of trade and economic vocabulary within the English language, encompassing elements either stemming from Turkic origins or acquired via the conduit of Turkic languages. The article delves into the nuanced exploration of the catalysts, pathways, and timelines governing the infiltration of Turkicisms into the domain of trade and economic terminology. It intricately dissects the trajectories of morphological and word-formation assimilation, elucidating their pivotal role in lexicon augmentation and the evolution of language.
 A paramount emphasis is accorded to etymological inquiries and the meticulous tracing of lexical lineages. An integral facet of this scholarly investigation revolves around the discernment of the influence exerted by Turkic-origin trade and economic lexicon on the molding of English language vocabulary. The article conducts a rigorous examination of the etymological underpinnings and semantic metamorphosis inherent to words such as ‘kiosk’, ‘magazine’, and ‘bazaar’ within the purview of the English language, alongside an exploration of their counterparts’ functionality within the Turkish language.
 Through a comparative analysis of diverse languages, it becomes evident that the phenomenon of lexical borrowing is a universal linguistic phenomenon. It stands as a defining element imbued with linguistic significance, determining the absolute or relative chronology of their integration into various linguistic systems. Turkicisms, assimilated into the lexical-semantic framework of the recipient language, augment the corpus of lexical units within the English language and other linguistic contexts. They illuminate the mechanisms governing their assimilation and the degree of adaptation, all while considering the unique lexical and phonetic potential inherent to each language.
 It is noteworthy that Turkic borrowings encompass not only words of direct Turkic origin but also lexical elements introduced into English via other intermediary languages, including Arabic and Persian. These have left their imprint on English lexicographic sources. Hence, the term ‘Turkism’ encompasses words integrated into the English language, whether through direct Turkic influences or indirect channels via Turkic languages, with all sharing a common Turkic phase within their historical trajectory.

Beyond Segment Inventories: Phonological Complexity Measures and Suprasegmental Variables in Contact Situations

Abstract This article has three goals. First, it provides a broad cross-linguistic survey of phonological change in contact situations focusing on the suprasegmental domain. The term suprasegmental refers here to syllable structure, stress patterns, tonal patterns, and vowel and nasal harmony systems. Secondly, it assesses phonological change to suprasegmental variables whereby external influence causes an increase in complexity in the recipient language’s structure. Thirdly, using insights from the phonological typology literature, it provides a preliminary framework to evaluate suprasegmental phenomena, which can then serve as an additional tool to disentangle inheritance from contact-induced change. Data from 45 languages suggest that the suprasegmental domain provides fertile ground for inspecting contact-influenced increases in linguistic complexity. Overall, we argue that the data reviewed here highlight the relevance of phonological structure as a variable in studies of language contact, which have been mostly preoccupied with morphosyntactic variables.

Jutuber, Jutjuber or Yutjuber

New concepts are constantly being borrowed across languages. The influence of one language on another can occur on all linguistic levels, with lexis being the most sensitive. Croatian has become most receptive to borrowing from English, and the influence of English on Croatian has been documented in different functional styles. The prestigious status of English, which reduces the likelihood that a borrowed element will adapt to the rules of the recipient language, is one of the reasons why English has become an inexhaustible source of new words for Croatian learners. The aim of the present study is to investigate the use of adapted forms of English loanwords in Croatian, with particular attention to the type and degree of their adaptation. Due to the differences between the phonemic systems of the two languages, it was expected that the Croatian learners would show diversity in their responses regarding loanword adaptation. A translation task with the 392 most frequently used unadapted English loanwords in Croatian was given to 116 undergraduate students at the Faculty of Maritime Studies. The data showed that the participants preferred the unadapted forms to the adapted forms of English. They were also more inclined to orthographically adapt a loanword, than to adapt it both orthographically and morphologically. The differences observed in orthographic adaptation reflect the underlying differences in the phonemic systems of the two languages. Overall, the results suggest that the unadapted forms of English words have become established in Croatian and are a preferred lexical choice among younger L1 speakers of Croatian.

Nova Turco-Samoiedica

The present paper focuses on the lexical contact between Turkic and Samoyedic and discusses nine new possible Turkic loanwords in Proto-Samoyedic and eight new possible Samoyedic loanwords in Turkic. The introduction offers a modest bibliography of the scattered studies on the subject. Two of the new Turkic loanwords in Proto-Samoyedic suggest that they reached the recipient language through the mediation of Yeniseian languages.

Tracing Eastern Mayan Perfect ‐maχ: Outcomes of Direct Affix Borrowing in the Sacapulas Corridor

AbstractSeveral Eastern Mayan languages of central highland Guatemala have an innovative perfect participle suffix ‐maχ, whose distribution suggests that it diffused areally. This article describes the innovation of ‐maχ in Poqom and argues that it spread to other Mayan languages in a newly proposed contact area called the ‘Sacapulas Corridor’. I explore three case studies where the distribution of the perfect participle ‐maχ changed in the recipient language: functional change to a general passive in Uspantek, matter replication without pattern replication in Sakapultek and Sipakapense, and contact‐induced multiple exponence in Northern Mam. The diffusion of ‐maχ exemplifies how structural similarity and bilingualism between the source and recipient language can facilitate direct affix borrowing.

AUSTRIAN MEDIA DISCOURSE AS REFLECTION OF CULTURAL-LINGUISTIC BEING OF THE ETHNOS

We consider the impact of media discourse on linguistic culture, focusing on the Austrian press and its role in development of the Austrian national version of German; we analyze the current research of the Austrian German standard, conducted on the material of modern journalism; we identify the main lexical processes that occur in modern Austrian German and are reflected in the media discourse; we substantiate the presence of convergent and divergent features in the functioning of Austrian German. The aim of the article is to reveal the features of Austrian media discourse and to identify the main processes taking place in the language of the Austrian press at the lexical level, in particular the use of Austriacisms and Teutonisms, as well as regionally marked lexical-morphological and phraseological units. We see its relevance in identifying trends in the development of pluricentric language and in elucidating the impact of media discourse on it. Thus, influence of mass media (especially of the press) on development of the Austrian national version of German is undeniable. It manifests itself in the fact that mass media, which are published in Germany, are a source of penetration of the new linguistic phenomena into the Austrian German. As a rule, this relationship is not symmetrical: German is the donor language for the Austrian German, which in this situation is the recipient language. In general, the linguistic colour of the national media is of great importance for the functioning and further development of the divergent version of German in Austria.

The Influence of Anglo-American Borrowings on the Current State of the French Language in French-Speaking Countries

The purpose of this study is to describe the language situation of the French-speaking countries in connection with the massive spread of Anglo-Americanisms and their influence on the current state of the modern French language. The research material covers 186 Anglo-American borrowings extracted from articles published and videos posted in French and Canadian periodicals, websites and forums. To achieve the purpose of the study, the following methods were used: the method of continuous sampling of the material, descriptive and comparative methods of the selected material analysis, comparative analysis of dictionary definitions, the method of contextual analysis, as well as the method of statistical data analysis. The results of the study showed that, penetrating into the French language, Anglo-Americanisms undergo lexical, morphological, graphic, syntactic and semantic assimilation in the recipient language. Lexical assimilation, in which Anglicisms are used by native French speakers without adaptation to its language system, is the most frequent phenomenon. The results of an online survey of native French speakers confirmed the following fact: a number of lexically assimilated Anglo-Americanisms most commonly used in everyday life were identified. The survey also revealed a high percentage of respondents inclined to using this layer of vocabulary in their native French language. The study also provides examples of regulatory documents and the names of some public organizations that counteract the penetration of foreign language vocabulary into the French language. An attempt is made to identify extra- and intra-linguistic factors of the integration of Anglicisms into different spheres of human activity. The authors give examples of parallel use of English borrowings and their French equivalents. In the study, the authors pay attention to the etymology of the term Franglais, give a classification of Anglo-American borrowings, as well as represent the ambiguous views of leading linguists and politicians of the French-speaking space regarding the reasons for the appearance of Franglais and their influence on the purity of the French language.

Lexical borrowing in Korean: a diachronic approach based on a corpus analysis

Abstract Loanwords are lexical terms borrowed from foreign languages by transliterating the original sound of the borrowed words with the recipient language’s consonants and vowels. This paper focuses on lexical borrowing in the Korean language from a diachronic perspective. Based on approximately 9,500 Korean loanwords extracted from a corpus of women’s magazine articles of residential sections (the Korean Contemporary Residential Culture Corpus), we investigated the alteration of loanword usage from 1970 to 2015. Having introduced our definition of Korean loanwords in phonological and morphological terms, we performed statistical analysis particularly with type/token frequency and cultural/core loanwords, along with semantic analysis with Period Representative Loanword (PRL). We argue that, in addition to its gradual and rapid increase over time, Korean loanword usage underwent a remarkable evolution in the 1990s.