Receiver Circuit Research Articles

Analysis and design of low‐power and high‐gain complementary metal oxide semi‐conductor low noise amplifier operating at 28 GHz frequency for millimeter wave LEOS, local multiport distribution system and radar application

AbstractLow‐noise amplifier supports broadband standards with the advantage of low‐power, high‐gain, and low noise figure (NF). The low‐frequency design of this low‐noise amplifier (LNA) is used for multistandard wireless applications and the high‐frequency design of this LNA can be used in millimeter wave radar applications. This LNA is designed at the front‐end for amplification in the receiver side, so that signal to noise is adjusted on the multistandard receivers. LNA permits performance of the design with various parameters like NF, power efficiency, gain of the LNA, figure of merits, and linearity of the low‐noise amplifier. In 28 GHz, millimeter wave (mmW) circuits' design and analysis with high gain, low power, low NF, and wide bandwidth are preferred for radio frequency front end. This paper discusses, the Cascode design of CMOS LNA circuit at 28 GHz, and the novelty of the design is that it can operate at two different set of frequency bands (21 and 28 GHz) and it is multiband and multitunable. The design's conversion gain (S21) of 17.4 dB, NF of 4 dB, stability of 1, power optimized to 22.3 mW, and area of 0.399mm2 are reported. The input and output reflection coefficients are S11 ≤ −10 dB and S22 ≤ −10 dB. Electromagnetic simulation is performed using advanced design system tool. Output power of the proposed design is 2 dBm, transition frequency (fT) is 64GHz, and maximum operating frequency (fmax) is 96GHz. The observed results show that the proposed CMOS LNA design finds its suitability in mmW cloud radar application of mono‐pulse radar system and radar front‐end receiver circuits.

Noise immunity of autocorrelation demodulator of signals with differential phase shift keying in the presence of rayleigh fading and harmonic interference

The wide spread of various radio systems with phase shift keying, including multi-position (MPSK), is due to their high noise immunity and ease of construction of the transmitting and receiving parts of the equipment. In real equipment, additional differential (relative) encoding is used when implementing transmitter and receiver circuits and, accordingly, DMPSK signals are used. One of the ways to receive such signals is to use an autocorrelation demodulator built on a quadrature scheme. The paper studies the noise immunity of an autocorrelation demodulator of signals with differential phase shift keying in the presence of Gaussian noise, Rayleigh fades and harmonic interference in the radio channel. The statistical parameters of signals and interference in the inphase and quadrature channels of the autocorrelation demodulator are determined. For M = 2 and 4, analytical formulas are obtained for the probability of a symbolic error, conditional on the random phase of harmonic. It is verified that the formula at M = 2 without harmonic interference reduces to an expression known from the literature. The values of the unconditional probabilities of symbolic errors are obtained by numerical averaging. It is shown that at a low level of harmonic interference, Rayleigh fading has a dominant effect. With a large level of interference, the additional energy loss can be several decibels, and at M = 4 these losses are significantly greater than at M = 2.

Deep Learning-Based Approach to Fast Power Allocation in SISO SWIPT Systems with a Power-Splitting Scheme

Recently, simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) systems, which can supply efficiently throughput and energy, have emerged as a potential research area in fifth-generation (5G) system. In this paper, we study SWIPT with multi-user, single-input single-output (SISO) system. First, we solve the transmit power optimization problem, which provides the optimal strategy for getting minimum power while satisfying sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SINR) and harvested energy requirements to ensure receiver circuits work in SWIPT systems where receivers are equipped with a power-splitting structure. Although optimization algorithms are able to achieve relatively high performance, they often entail a significant number of iterations, which raises many issues in computation costs and time for real-time applications. Therefore, we aim at providing a deep learning-based approach, which is a promising solution to address this challenging issue. Deep learning architectures used in this paper include a type of Deep Neural Network (DNN): the Feed-Forward Neural Network (FFNN) and three types of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN): the Layer Recurrent Network (LRN), the Nonlinear AutoRegressive network with eXogenous inputs (NARX), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). Through simulations, we show that the deep learning approaches can approximate a complex optimization algorithm that optimizes transmit power in SWIPT systems with much less computation time.

An Excitation Circuit of the Cell in Optically Pumped Magnetometer

Cell is the key component in an optically pumped magnetometer. It is necessary to light the cell before measurement and to maintain the illuminated state. The accuracy and stability of magnetic values from the instrument are closely related to the brightness and stability of the cell. The cell is also the largest power dissipation component in the sensor probe, so the overall energy consumption of the magnetometer is highly correlated with it. This paper studies the excitation circuit of cell in the magnetometer. Firstly, we demonstrate the resistivity characteristic of a cell using simulations. After that, based on the combination of signal source impedance and transmission line impedance, the matching network of excitation circuit is analyzed. We demonstrate that both T-network and Π-network can achieve the impedance matching of the transmitter circuit by a simulation experiment, under the condition of 50MHz signal, 10Ω source impedance, and 50Ω transmission line impedance. T-network shows the best performance in frequency selectivity and energy transfer. Finally, the simulation experiment also proves that a circuit composed of a self-coupled coil and an LC parallel resonant network can realize the impedance matching and the passband selection of the receiver circuit by optimizing values of the inductance and capacitance, and turns of the self-coupled coil simultaneously. The power consumption of the whole high-frequency excitation circuit of cell in the optically pumped magnetometer is only about 6W.

Visual Feedback Control of a Rat Ankle Angle Using a Wirelessly Powered Two-Channel Neurostimulator.

Peripheral nerve disconnections cause severe muscle atrophy and consequently, paralysis of limbs. Reinnervation of denervated muscle by transplanting motor neurons and applying Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) onto peripheral nerves is an important procedure for preventing irreversible degeneration of muscle tissues. After the reinnervation of denervated muscles, multiple peripheral nerves should be stimulated independently to control joint motion and reconstruct functional movements of limbs by the FES. In this study, a wirelessly powered two-channel neurostimulator was developed with the purpose of applying selective FES to two peripheral nerves—the peroneal nerve and the tibial nerve in a rat. The neurostimulator was designed in such a way that power could be supplied wirelessly, from a transmitter coil to a receiver coil. The receiver coil was connected, in turn, to the peroneal and tibial nerves in the rat. The receiver circuit had a low pass filter to allow detection of the frequency of the transmitter signal. The stimulation of the nerves was switched according to the frequency of the transmitter signal. Dorsal/plantar flexion of the rat ankle joint was selectively induced by the developed neurostimulator. The rat ankle joint angle was controlled by changing the stimulation electrode and the stimulation current, based on the Proportional Integral (PI) control method using a visual feedback control system. This study was aimed at controlling the leg motion by stimulating the peripheral nerves using the neurostimulator.

Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) for Internet of Things: Novel Receiver Design and Experimental Validation

In this article, we propose a novel simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) scheme for the Internet of Things (IoT). Different from the conventional power splitting (PS) and time switching (TS) schemes, the proposed scheme sends the wireless power via the unmodulated high-power continuous wave (CW) and transmits information by using a small modulated signal in order to reduce the interference and to enhance the power amplifier efficiency. We design a receiver circuit for processing such SWIPT signals, which is designed with the aim of minimizing the circuit complexity and power consumption for information decoding. This goal is achieved by first rectifying the received signal and then splitting the power and information signals. We analyze the proposed receiver circuit and derive the closed-form expression for the energy harvesting efficiency and the frequency response of the communication signal. We have implemented the proposed receiver circuit and built the real-time testbed for experimenting with simultaneous transmission of information and power. By experiments, we have verified the correctness of the receiver circuit analysis and shown the validity of the proposed SWIPT scheme.

A novel chaos-based modulation scheme: adaptive threshold level chaotic on–offkeying for increased BER performance

A novel modulation scheme called adaptive threshold level-chaotic on?off keying ATL-COOK is proposed. This scheme is applied to direct chaotic communication DCC systems where the chaotic signals are used as carrier signals. The objective of the proposed adaptive method is to increase the low BER versus SNR performance caused by the constant threshold voltage level. In the proposed method, the communication signal received by the receiver circuits was defined as a Dirac delta function and a comparison signal was obtained from this signal. Then the BER versus SNR performance was analyzed and compared with that of various chaotic generator structures by using an instantaneous adaptive signal instead of a constant threshold voltage in the receiver circuit decision block. Both the simulation results and the experiments show the efficiency of the proposed method.

Fabrication of Planar-Integrated SIS Mixer Circuits with Improved Uniformity and Yield

Single-pixel prototype superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS) mixer integrated circuits (ICs) for multi-beam heterodyne receivers were fabricated. We introduced plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD) for insulator layer deposition and machine-aligned via-hole etching for contact-hole definition on SIS junctions to achieve high uniformity and yield. In the PE-CVD, we applied a compressive/tensile/compressive SiO2 trilayer technique to control the film stress. The SiO2 trilayer stress was stable and negligibly low. The uniformity and junction quality yield of the single-pixel prototype SIS mixer ICs were improved in the process applying the PE-CVD and the via-hole etching.

Solar panel receiver characterisation for indoor visible light communication system

Visible light communication (VLC), where light is used for illumination and communication simultaneously is considered as one of the enabling technology for the fifth-generation (5G) communication standards. Recently energy harvesting capabilities is proposed to be integrated into VLC system by employing a solar panel as the photodetector instead of using the commonly used photodiode. In this paper, an experiment is conducted to analyse the performance of two types of photodetector at the receiver namely a photodiode and a solar panel. First, the transmitter and receiver circuits are built for both unmodulated scheme and modulated scheme using On-off keying (OOK). The performance of unmodulated scheme is included for comparison purposes. It is shown that the transmission distance obtained by using photodiode is better than the solar panel.

Coil Inductance Design for Low Power Hybrid Wireless Power Transfer

This paper presents a coil inductance design for low power hybrid wireless power transfer (WPT). The proposed coil inductance design of transmitter and receiver circuits of 7.1 μH are designed using handmade copper wire structure. Several coils with the variations of wire diameters, coil loop radius, and numbers of loops are proposed to find optimum structure in the low power hybrid WPT. The optimum coil structure is obtained at wire diameter of 0.5 mm, 2.25-inch coil loop radius and 1 MHz operation frequency. The measured transceiver coil design has exhibited peak power transfer efficiency (PTE) of 33.1% at 1 cm distance between Tx and Rx. Therefore, the proposed coil design is applicable to low power hybrid wireless power transfer circuits.

Phase noise estimation method for RF front-end circuit of GNSS receiver

Phase noise estimation method for RF front-end circuit of GNSS receiver

Retroreflective Transceiver Array Using a Novel Calibration Method Based on Optimum Phase Searching

The retrodirective or retroreflective method has been used as a radio-frequency beamforming method for massive antenna array, for wireless communication systems, radars, and microwave power transfer (MPT) systems. In particular, the retroreflective method is suitable for optimum beamforming for both near- and far-field zones. Each transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) circuit in the Tx array has its own phase offset, which should be calibrated for optimum retroreflective operation. This article presents a simple and effective phase offset calibration method for the retroreflective beamforming arrays using a one-by-one basis optimum phase searching method with a receiver at a reference point. To verify the proposed calibration method for a massive retroreflective beamforming array, a 5.2 GHz shortand mid-range (≤4 m) MPT system, including a Tx array based on 8 × 8 antennas and an Rx using six antennas (five rectennas for power reception, and 1 additional for pilot transmission) for charging mobile handsets was designed and implemented. Optimal retroreflective beamforming from the Tx array, which was calibrated using the proposed method, was experimentally verified for elevation angles of within ±45 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sup> for both xz- and yz-planes. The implemented Tx and Rx circuits achieved a received dc power of about 100 mW at a distance of 4 m.

A DUAL MODULATION PULSE POSITION MODULATION APPROACH IN 130NM CMOS TECHNOLOGY FOR TIME BASED SERIAL COMMUNICATION LINKS

A time-based serial data link architecture that involves dual modulation Pulse Position Modulation approach (DMPPM) is presented in this paper. In the proposed approach, both the rising and falling edges of the input clock signal are modulated independently. Using the proposed approach allows increasing the total number of transmitted bits without significantly affecting the modulated signal bandwidth. A 6-bit 4.8 Gb/s DMPPM link design example has been designed and simulated based on the proposed approach in 130nm CMOS technology. An 800MHz has been used as an input clock signal. The simulation results and a comparison between the proposed link and other serial links are presented. The power consumption of the transmitter and the receiver circuits are less than 100mW.

Full‐time slot teleportation using unified space‐time function control

AbstractUnified space and time function can apply simultaneously by multiplexing into the same system, where the uncertainty space and time function is known as singularity can establish and use for teleportation. We proposed full‐time slot teleportation of the dark soliton in a microring system. The system consists of an integrated transmitter and a receiver circuit formed by a silicon microring arrangement system. Each microring node having two‐sided ring phase modulators offers the infinitesimal change of the space‐time uncertainty saturation and having the singularity. The dark soliton is the space function with a center wavelength of 1.50 μm fed into the system via the input port, in which the time function with the different wavelength fed into the add port simultaneously. By using suitable parameters, the space‐time function uncertainty saturation and singularity formed by the phase modulators, RL‐RR &lt;&lt; 1, and converged. The teleport achieved after the Rabi oscillation collapsed, which is the teleport switching time. The space‐time content merged into being the homogeneous medium and teleported. By using the two entangled space functions, where the first space function ( λ 1) merged (singularized) with the second space content ( λ 2), which can transform and teleport to the required destination by teleport switching and time slot. The required teleport contents achieved.

Novel Frequency-Splitting SWIPT for Overcoming Amplifier Nonlinearity

In this letter, we propose a novel simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) scheme, namely the frequency-splitting (FS) SWIPT, which separates the power and data signals in the frequency domain. The proposed FS SWIPT scheme is advantageous in that it can maximize the efficiency of the high power amplifier (HPA) in the transmitter and reduce the harmonic distortion caused by the nonlinearity of the HPA. We design a receiver circuit for the FS SWIPT by using a circulator and filters. We analyze the FS and conventional power-splitting (PS) SWIPT schemes in consideration of the nonlinearity of the HPA. We show that the proposed FS SWIPT greatly outperforms the PS SWIPT in terms of the harvested power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

Achievable Spectral Efficiency of Hybrid Beamforming Massive MIMO Systems With Quantized Phase Shifters, Channel Non-Reciprocity and Estimation Errors

This paper considers a hybrid beamforming massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system operating in time-division duplex (TDD) mode. We investigate the combined impacts of quantized phase shifters (QPSs), channel non-reciprocity and channel estimation errors on the achievable spectral efficiency (SE) of the considered system. We first introduce an equivalent hybrid beamforming structure, based on which, a generic and practical channel non-reciprocity model is built for massive MIMO systems with hybrid structure. This model jointly considers the mismatch between transceiver and receiver circuits, as well as the mutual coupling between antennas. Then we derive the generic expression of achievable SE for both the ideal phase shifters (IPSs) and QPSs cases. Furthermore, the closed-form expressions of SE are derived for IPSs and QPSs cases, respectively. The asymptotic performance in large antenna regime is also analyzed based on these expressions. Simulation results demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the derived analytical expressions. In addition, results show that the phase quantization and channel non-reciprocity both contributes to the SE degradation and the detrimental effects cannot be canceled completely even in the large-antenna regime.

Machine Learning based Health Monitoring System

The research work aim to develop a Smart Health Monitoring System with machine learning system.It allows physicians to monitor patients at a distance and take periodic actions in case of necessity. A set of five parameters has been identified i.e. Electrocardiogram (ECG), Pulse rate, Pressure, Temperature and Position detection by using wearable sensors. For this the system uses two circuits. The transmitting circuit which is with the patient and the receiver circuit which is being supervised by the doctor or nurse. The system helps to identify doctors for consulting and to identify and predict diseases based on machine learning algorithms. The result shows a webpage for live monitoring and sent message to the concerned doctor.

Design and Enactment of Heart Attack deduction using IoT Measuring Device

These days we’ve an enhanced range of heart diseases together with enhanced risk of heart attacks. We all heard and observed that heart attack can kill your life in 3 attempts but now days because of heavy stress it could be in first attempt also. If conscious about our health regularly on regular basis then we can detect so many different diseases by detecting them previously, and Co2 would be also varies in the heart attack situation, so in this paper carbon dioxide analyses and identified the intense of CO2 in different level of activities. Life is precious. In this era many people lose their life to coronary failure. Heart attack detection is not easy task. In today’s world heart attack is more common, In order to overcome the situation and to reduce the death rate due to heart attack, this system is used and mainly it will useful for the society In this system we have a tendency to area unit implementing a heartbeat observance and coronary failure detection system exploitation the Internet of Things. In this sensor the operator can fix the low as well as higher level heart beat, where the system monitor the beat and send those data to the internet, in case if the heart beat level go beyond the; low rate which is set by the user, the alert will be given so that immediate action can be taken. One is that the transmittal circuit that is with patient and therefore the different is that the receiver circuits that is being supervised by the doctor or nurse. The main motive of the system which will take the heart beat rate and those data will be get displayed on the digitalized Monitoring screen.

A new flip-flop based on discrete-time parametric amplifier

This paper introduces a low power flip-flop based on the discrete-time parametric amplifier, with improved rise (fall) time, setup-time, hold-time, and area. Post-layout simulation result of the proposed flip-flop in a 180 nm CMOS technology with 3.33 GHz frequency illustrates about 21% of the power consumed by CML flip-flop and about 30% improvement in the clock-to-q delay. Also, the simulation shows improved rise (fall) time, lower data-to-q delay compared to dynamic CML and Footless flip-flop, lower area than Charge Steering flip-flops without the need for additional return-to-zero to non-return-to-zero conversion circuitry. When using this flip-flop as a slicer in a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) circuit of a serial link receiver of 1 m Nelco backplane channel, the post-layout simulation results show that the DFE circuit based on the parametric flip-flop has about 50% improvement of power consumption in comparison with the conventional CML DFE circuit in identical conditions.

Broadband Ultrasonic Array Transducer From Multilayer Piezoelectric Ceramic With Lowered Co-Firing Temperature.

Increasing array transducer bandwidth (BW) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is a critical issue for producing a high-quality medical ultrasound image. However, array elements with small size tend to have poor sensitivity due to a much higher impedance compared with the electrical impedance of the transmitter and receiver circuit. Implementation of multilayer ceramic (MLC) is an effective way of reducing impedance, and thus, with a potential for improving SNR for an ultrasonic probe. In this work, we fabricated multilayer piezoelectric ceramic with a composition of 0.1Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.35Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.15Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.1PbZrO3-0.3PbTiO3-4mol% excess NiO (PNN-PZN-PMN-PZ-PT), by a roll to roll tape casting process and co-fired with 90Ag/10Pd electrode at a low temperature of 950 °C. Using five-layer MLC (5L-MLC) as obtained, we designed and demonstrated a 5 MHz 32-element array transducer for ultrasonic and photoacoustic imaging. The five-layer transducer element exhibited a BW of 87% at -6 dB, substantially higher than 62% for single-layer ceramic (SLC) element. In addition, the insertion loss was improved by 16.2 dB over the SLC element with an external impedance of 50 Ω . Both the experimental results and theoretical analysis showed that our array transducer made of the PNN-PZN-PMN-PZ-PT MLC is promising for acquiring high-quality ultrasonic and photoacoustic images.