Reasonable Accommodation Research Articles

Students with disabilities in initial teacher training and the dilemma of professional competence

While the international agenda has promoted the need to diversify the teacher workforce, research on student teachers with disabilities is rare. However, initial teacher training (ITT) faces a meaningful dilemma, that calls for a critical examination: it has the duty to provide reasonable accommodations and, at the same time, it is accountable for training teachers through professional standards (“dilemma of professional competence”). This article provides a systematic review pertaining (1) the main issues related to students with disabilities in ITT and (2) the different forms assumed by the “dilemma of professional competence” within the programme. Twenty empirical studies, published between 1990 and 2018, were included. Seven thematic areas and three forms of the dilemma (institutional, personal and cultural) emerged from the analyses. Key findings confirm that students with disabilities’ personal journey is fraught and highly complex in ITT. While they also reveal the crucial role of the “dilemma of professional competence,” they show the need to reframe it considering the active role played by students with disabilities in adopting coping strategies, beyond the reasonable accommodations received, and the potential of a pluralization of the teacher competence profile, beyond the rigid idea of a standard one.

Reasonable Accommodation: James Madison and Governmental Noncognizance of Religion

AbstractScholars have long contested James Madison's position on religious liberty. Madison believed in governmental noncognizance of religion. The dominant view, voiced by Vincent Muñoz, interprets that to mean that government should take no notice of religion either to target it or to allow religious objectors exemptions from neutral and generally applicable laws. While there is much to commend Muñoz's view, it fails to accurately convey Madison's position. Noncognizance, for Madison, meant not that government should not notice religion, but that it should assume no authority over it. Consequently, Madison believed government should not interfere with religious duties unless to achieve important ends via carefully tailored policies.

Reasonable Accommodation and Disparate Impact: Clean Shave Policy Discrimination in Today's Workplace.

This article examines Bey v. City of New York - a recent Second Circuit case where four Black firefights suffering from Pseudofolliculitis Barbae (a skin condition causing irritation when shaving which mostly affects Black men) challenged the New York City Fire Department's Clean Shave Policy - with an intersectional approach utilizing legal theories of racial, disability, and religious discrimination.

How to Clear Up the Law Around Housing Providers’ Rights in Addressing Reasonable Accommodations for Non-Apparent Disabilities

How to Clear Up the Law Around Housing Providers’ Rights in Addressing Reasonable Accommodations for Non-Apparent Disabilities

Litigating Reasonable Accommodation in Indian Courts: A Comment on the Transformative Ability of Judicial Review

Litigating Reasonable Accommodation in Indian Courts: A Comment on the Transformative Ability of Judicial Review

Stigma consciousness among people with hearing loss Do stigma concerns make people with hearing loss more reluctant to receive reasonable accommodations and social support?

Stigma consciousness among people with hearing loss Do stigma concerns make people with hearing loss more reluctant to receive reasonable accommodations and social support?

Trends and Issues Involving Disabilities in Higher Education

People with disabilities have often been discriminated against in higher education; however, many institutions of higher education find ways of providing access to higher education for those with most forms of disabilities. Progress has been made in providing such access but undoubtedly there is still a need for more disability awareness, anti-stigma, and anti-discrimination training. At the same time higher education requirements, by default, involve higher cognitive capabilities. Some disabilities, those involving severe limitations of cognitive functioning, face insurmountable difficulties in meeting these higher intellectual demands, even with the most reasonable accommodations. Teacher education, for example, requires special attention to the cognitive tasks for which students are being prepared. We, therefore, discuss the role of teacher education in higher education and its special relationship to the matter of disability and inclusion. We also consider perspectives on the inclusion of individuals with disabilities in various other aspects of higher education.

Disability among Women and Men Who Married in Childhood: Evidence from Cross-Sectional Nationally Representative Surveys Undertaken in 37 Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Child marriage, which the UN's Sustainable Development Goal seeks to eliminate by 2030, represents a violation of the human rights of children. These concerns are driven by the negative impact of child marriage on the health of children married in childhood and their children. Little is known about the association between child marriage and disability. We sought to estimate the strength of association between disability and child marriage among women and men in middle- and low-income countries (LMICs). Secondary analysis was undertaken of nationally representative samples involving 423,164 women in 37 LMICs and 95,411 men in 28 LMICs. Results were aggregated by random effects meta-analysis and mixed effects multilevel multivariate modelling. The prevalence of disability was significantly greater among women and men who were married in childhood, especially among those married under the age of 16. The strength of these associations varied by age group and age at first marriage. Further research is required to understand the causal pathways responsible for the increased likelihood of disability among women and men married in childhood. National initiatives to eliminate child marriage may need to consider making reasonable accommodations to policies to ensure these are equally effective for women and men with disabilities.

EXAMINING INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY OF BLIND STUDENTS AT A RURAL BASED SOUTH AFRICAN UNIVERSITY

This study sought to examine barriers to learning for blind students at a rural based South African University. Premised on the qualitative design, data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews with 5 blind students, two academic support staff and four lecturers who were identified through purposive sampling. Emerging themes from the data were identified through content analysis of the verbatim responses. The study found that reasonable accommodation was not provided for blind students in the lecture halls at the university under study. The study further found that, study materials and computers in the university library and mainstream computer laboratories were not adapted for blind students. Third, lecturers were not trained to teach blind students with some lecturers using PowerPoint presentations while teaching when blind students could not access the screens. The study recommends universal design for all learning facilities, thorough training for all staff teaching students with disabilities and the development of a disability policy in the university.

Citizenship Under Pressure: Mapping Debates Over Religious Freedom in the Second Decade in Quebec

In recent years and following a long process of secularization, social change, and immigration, Quebec is currently a diverse environment with rich dynamics around Quebecness, citizenship, identity politics, and reasonable accommodations. Following sensitive political events, Quebec saw many battles over secularism and religious pluralism. A series of debates were enmeshed with political debates about the true meaning of secularism and embroiled with fear of religion and immigrants. This ethnographic inquiry maps out the existing tendencies during different periods of repercussions and tensions around Quebec’s secularism. The article outlines key clustering patterns and ethico-religious hierarchies and their genesis while responding to the 2013 Charter of Values of Quebec, the debates on the 2014 attacks against Canadian soldiers by presumed ISIS members in Canada, and the 2019 secularism law, Bill 21, adopted by the Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) government in June 2019. The fieldwork was conducted between May 2013 and June 2020 and is based on 44 events and interviews with major key participants (Catholics, Muslims, Secularists) in Montreal. The main findings show that the dynamics behind the incongruities within social groups appear to be generating overlapping alliances; while discourses of many groups seem to be unified in appearance, they are divided into many layers, which serves the purpose of opposing or supporting the government’s policies and legislation. Partnerships created in such conditions remain ephemeral, restrained with an allegiance to the same political tendency, and controlled by cultural or ideological homogeneity. Furthermore, there is more hate and violence when perpetrators believe that they benefit from anonymity.

Opportunities Available and Challenges Faced by Students with Disabilities in Public Universities in Addis Ababa

This study aimed at assessing opportunities available and challenges faced by students with disabilities (SWDs) in public universities in Addis Ababa. To address the objectives of the study, mixed research approach combining both quantitative and qualitative techniques was used. The data was collected through questionnaires, semi-structured interview, focus group discussions (FGDs) and observation. The quantitative data were analysed through descriptive and inferential statistical techniques while the qualitative data was analysed by using the thematic analysis technique. The findings of this study have indicated that availability of reasonable accommodation services, recognition for best scorers, training & induction programs, establishment of special computer centres, provision of educational materials and assistive devices are the opportunities that SWDs have in each respective university. Conversely, inaccessible infrastructures, absence and/or competency problem of sign language interpreters, weak disability affairs offices, unavailability of effective guidance and counselling service, lack of different entertainment means, difficulty of getting personal assistants and different means of communication on academic/non-academic matters are identified as hindrances to their success. The finding of the study also reveals that most lecturers have negative attitudes toward SWDs. The regression result confirms that accessibility of infrastructures, high school GPA, monthly expenditure of students, occupation of parents, disability type and mother’s education are significantly affecting the academic performance of students with disabilities. Therefore, the public universities & other stakeholders should prepare manual and guidelines that show step-by-step processes that need to be taken to address issues of SWDs. Awareness creation schemes need to be carried out to change the negative attitudes and mainstream the issues of SWDs in all endeavours of the respective universities.

PRINCIPLE OF REASONABLE ACCOMMODATION ACCORDING THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES (UNCRPD)

After decades of work at 13 December of 2006 UN enacted ‘convention on right of people with disabilities’ (CRPD) which entered into force on 3 of May of 2008. CRPD is one of the most important international documents, which raised the question of disabled people’s rights and wellbeing. To protect disable people’s rights CRPD implements modern approaches. The CRPD covers an important issue such as the principle of reasonable accommodation. Convention treats denial of principles of reasonable accommodation as a type of discrimination and differs it from any other types of discrimination. Responsibility for reasonable accommodation is an integral part of social model. This article discusses a new type of discrimination - Refuse to provide reasonable accommodation in the context of CRPD. It also analyzes the form and origin of reasonable accommodation.

Using Job Accommodations for a Return to Work - Clinicians’ Role

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> Identify the role Clinicians play in assisting people with disabilities with accessing job accommodations that best support their return to work. <h3>Design</h3> Cross-sectional survey. <h3>Setting</h3> People with physical disabilities primarily in the Midwestern United States. <h3>Participants</h3> Convenience sample of 333 people with disabilities recruited through multiple sources and responded to an online survey. <h3>Interventions</h3> None. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Description of frequently used job accommodations and clinical staff supports. <h3>Results</h3> 261 of the respondents reported using one or more job accommodations. The most common accommodations used were flexible scheduling, telework, modifying work areas, and providing adaptive equipment. Twenty-one percent reported their employer was unfamiliar with providing job accommodations. Only 3% of the respondents were familiar with the Job Accommodation Network and only 38% reported receiving vocational rehabilitation services. Eighty-seven percent of respondents stated physicians were very helpful or helpful in their return-to-work process. Other therapy staff, including physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech language pathologists were rated as 93% very helpful or helpful. <h3>Conclusions</h3> People with disabilities often do not know that they can request reasonable accommodations from their employers. Accommodations usually require a note from their physician substantiating the need. Physicians and other clinicians should discuss with their patients the kinds of job accommodations that would assist return to work. The therapy team plays an important role in supporting the return-to-work efforts of their patients by assisting with the identification of appropriate accommodations. Once accommodations are identified, therapists can incorporate work simulation activities into rehabilitation services in preparation for return to work. This poster will review the job accommodations and return to work process with support from the clinical rehabilitation team. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Religious accommodation, agonism, agnosticism in healthcare: A commentary on Joshua Hordern, 'Accommodating religion and belief in healthcare: Political threats, agonistic democracy and established religion'.

Religious accommodation, agonism, agnosticism in healthcare: A commentary on Joshua Hordern, 'Accommodating religion and belief in healthcare: Political threats, agonistic democracy and established religion'.

일반학교에서의 정당한 편의 제공에 대한 발달장애 학생 부모의 경험과 지원요구

연구목적: 본 연구는 일반학교에 배치되어 통합교육을 받은 경험이 있는 발달장애 학생 부모를 대상으로 일반학교에서의 정당한 편의 제공 관련 경험과 지원요구를 살펴보고, 발달장애 학생을 위한 정당한 편의 제공 개선방안을 제언하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구방법: 본 연구는 질적연구 기법을 사용하였으며 연구참여자인 10명의 발달장애 학생 부모를 대상으로 개별 심층면담을 실시하였다. 각 면담은 약 1시간에서 1시간 30분 정도 소요되었으며 면담 후 전사된 자료는 지속적 비교 분석법에 따라 분석하였다. 연구결과: 발달장애 학생 부모 면담 자료를 분석한 결과, 3개의 범주, 7개의 주제와 26개의 하위주제가 도출되었다; 1) 발달장애 학생을 위한 ‘정당한 편의’ 제공의 의미와 긍정적 영향(‘정당한 편의’ 제공의 의미, ‘정당한 편의’ 제공의 긍정적 영향), 2) 발달장애 학생을 위한 ‘정당한 편의’ 제공의 한계(교육 측면에서의 ‘정당한 편의’ 제공의 한계, 인적 및 물적 측면에서의 ‘정당한 편의’ 제공의 한계), 3) 발달장애 학생을 위한 ‘정당한 편의’제공에 대한 지원요구(교육내용과 방법 측면에서의 ‘정당한 편의’ 제공에 대한 지원요구, 지원체계 측면에서의 ‘정당한 편의’ 제공에 대한 지원요구, 시설ㆍ설비 측면에서의 ‘정당한 편의’ 제공에 대한 지원요구). 결론: 도출된 연구결과를 바탕으로 발달장애 학생의 성공적인 통합을 위한 정당한 편의 제공 개선방안에 대해 논의하였다.

THE ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTING THE RIGHT ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

This research aims to find out what are the issues of implementing right access to justice in Indonesia and what are the possible solution to overcome the issues. This research used normative and doctrinal research method. The collection of legal materials was conducted by using literature and field research. The results of this research find out that there are at least four issues in implementing access to justice for people with disabilities in Indonesia. The issues are limited access to information regarding right access to justice; physical barriers; limited access to information regarding right access to justice and; lack of support and accommodation. Possible solution to overcome those issues such as providing regular training for legal enforcement regarding treatment for persons with disability, adjusting infrastructure to be accessible for persons with disabilities, utilizing technology to ease communication in all accessible format and providing services and reasonable accommodation based on personal assessment for persons with disabilities who are encountering legal cases.

Look Out! Ableism Is Loose in the Library

Ableism is rampant in the profession of academic librarianship. While there has been stress on other minorities such as racial and ethnic, little attention is paid to those with disabilities. Disability is often treated as a medical condition that needs to be cured. The focus is on the disability, not the person. Much better for considering the entire individual is the social justice model. It is unfair and oppressive to exclude people from being hired as academic librarians or keeping their jobs at academic libraries because of a disability. The disability may have nothing to do with job responsibilities, but because an individual has a disability, the person is stigmatized as a problem and not “normal.” Libraries only want to hire those who are “normal.” Library staff need to understand disability better, treat those with disabilities as people, make the library a caring community, and be willing to provide reasonable accommodations.

Disability Phenotypes and Job Accommodations Utilization Among People with Physical Disability.

Purpose People with disabilities (PWD) are less likely to be employed than those without disabilities. Reasonable job accommodations are an essential factor for ensuring equal access to jobs for PWD. However, use of job accommodation is less than optimal among PWD with various types of disabilities. Sometimes, PWD have co-occurring impairments, which might affect accommodation use. This research aimed to explore disability phenotypes, frequently used accommodations, and employee- and job-related factors associated with the extent of job accommodation use. Methods A cross-sectional online survey of PWD was conducted in the Midwest region of the United States. Latent class analyses were used to identify disability phenotypes. Descriptive analysis and stepwise Poisson regression were used to identify factors associated with job accommodation use. Results A total of 326 PWD with work experience after acquiring a disability were included in this analysis. We identified three disability phenotypes: (1) Severe disability in cognitive, physical, emotional, communication and visual domains (32%), (2) Moderate cognitive and low physical disability (48%), and (3) High physical disability phenotypes (20%). 80% of PWD received at least one accommodation. Flexible working schedules, telework, and access to a support person in the workplace were the most common accommodations. Employee- (age, disability phenotypes, motor function) and job-related factors (job preparation, self-employment) are associated dependently with accommodation use. Conclusion This analysis identifies three disability phenotypes and highlights both employee- and job-related factors associated with accommodations used. It may be beneficial to consider multiple contextual factors, including co-occurring disability, employee- and job-related factors, when assisting people with job accommodations.

Improving Clinician's Knowledge and Comfort with Prenatal and Postpartum Employment Laws: A Pilot Intervention.

It is common for pregnant people in the United States to continue to work throughout their pregnancy. Pregnant people may need leave time or other accommodations to continue working safely. It is imperative that obstetric providers are knowledgeable regarding laws that govern the prenatal and postpartum period to provide appropriate counseling and medical documentation in support of requests for leave time and workplace accommodations. We created a virtual training for obstetric clinicians regarding employment considerations in the prenatal and postpartum period. The training details the federal laws that govern this period, when and how to request reasonable accommodations from an employer, and provides resources for clinicians to use when they believe pregnancy-related discrimination has occurred. We conducted pretest and post-test surveys to assess change in knowledge about employment laws and comfort with counseling patients. There were 61 clinicians who completed the training (50.4% response rate). The majority (88%, n = 54) of respondents reported no prior formal training about employment laws in pregnancy. On the pretraining self-assessment, >93% (n = 57) of participants felt they had minimal or very minimal knowledge regarding lactation and pregnancy-related accommodations, compared with >91% (n = 55) feeling very or somewhat knowledgeable after the training. The mean percent correct on the knowledge assessment increased from 55% to 67% on the pre- and post-test knowledge questions, respectively. Our findings suggest an on-demand virtual training can improve knowledge and comfort for obstetric clinicians about federal employment laws in pregnancy and postpartum.

ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Diabetes in adolescence.

ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Diabetes in adolescence.