Principle Of Reason Research Articles

THE HARSANYI-RAWLS DEBATE: POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY AS DECISION THEORY UNDER UNCERTAINTY

Social decisions are often made under great uncertainty - in situations where political principles, and even standard subjective expected utility, do not apply smoothly. In the first section, we argue that the core of this problem lies in decision theory itself - it is about how to act when we do not have an adequate representation of the context of the action and of its possible consequences. Thus, we distinguish two criteria to complement decision theory under ignorance - Laplace’s principle of insufficient reason and Wald’s maximin criterion. After that, we apply this analysis to political philosophy, by contrasting Harsanyi’s and Rawls’s theories of justice, respectively based on Laplace’s principle of insufficient reason and Wald’s maximin rule - and we end up highlighting the virtues of Rawls’s principle on practical grounds (it is intuitively attractive because of its computational simplicity, so providing a salient point for convergence) - and connect this argument to our moral intuitions and social norms requiring prudence in the case of decisions made for the sake of others.

The experimental and simulation investigation of the dynamic characteristic of submicron-scale aerosol in high-voltage electric field by a visualization method

The high-voltage electric field can effectively capture charged aerosols and has the effect of killing microbial aerosols simultaneously. In this article, an innovative visualization method for investigating the dynamic characteristic of submicron-scale aerosol particles in the high-voltage electric field is developed. Based on reasonable working principles and reliable experimental schemes, the movement of submicron-scale aerosol particles is observed and visualization images in different working conditions are photographed. Besides, with the aid of numerical method and solution of related equations, simulation researches on flow field distribution, electrostatic field characteristics, particle charging and motion behavior characteristics are also carried out. Visualization results prove the linear motion law of aerosol particles in an electric field of 0–3 kV/cm unit. As for 1 µm diameter particle, its migration velocity in 1 kV/cm electric field is measured as 0.016 m/s and 0.019 m/s after positive and negative charging of 1.5 kV voltage, respectively. A reliable calculation formula (η=(VjqpLj)/(3πμD2uxdp)) for predicting collection efficiency is derived and established based on actual particle migration velocity. The researches on the migration and capture law of submicron-scale aerosol in the high voltage electric field gives a key reference for the development and design of efficient removal of microbial aerosol and air purification equipment.

State protection and implementation of civil rights in russian law enforcement

The article aims at studying the guarantees of civil rights in terms of their constitutional and industry-based specifics. The main method used in this article was the deductive method that allowed studying the legal nature and specifics of state protection, as well as the guarantees of civil rights in law enforcement (as exemplified by the Russian Federation). The article has proved that the theoretical issue of effective state protection and civil rights implementation in Russian law enforcement remains unresolved. The study has revealed that law enforcement is effective when the principles of social justice, legality, reasonableness, and expediency are observed. Thus, social justice is not the only problem of modern law enforcement: law enforcement activities must comply with the principles of legality, fairness, expediency, and validity. Under the current conditions (with due regard to the current development of legal awareness and legal culture), law enforcement officers should meet the principles of legality and validity when deciding. Only such an attitude can help achieve a long-term perspective in law enforcement, i.e. to ensure fairness in decision-making.

Benefiting from Wrongdoing and Moral Protest

Some normative theorists believe that there is a principled moral reason not to retain benefits realized by injustice or wrongdoing. However, critics have argued that this idea is implausible. One purported problem is that the idea lacks an obvious rationale and that attempts to provide one have been unconvincing. This paper articulates and defends the idea that the principled reason in question has an expressive quality: it gets its reason-giving force from the symbolic aptness of such an act as an expressive response to wrongdoing. The paper thus argues that at least in a certain subset of cases, renouncing benefits realized by injustice amounts to a powerful and uniquely apt expression of protest against the disrespect for the victim that is implied by the wrongdoer’s actions. The paper shows how this idea can inform the question of reparations for slavery and its aftermath in the United States. Lastly it develops an important objection to the argument presented and gives an account of how this objection can be met.

Social Accountability in Movies: Speculations on Legal Principle and Emotional Reasoning

AbstractThe three films discussed here are all adapted works based on real‐life incidents that have happened in China pertaining to child trafficking, drug smuggling, and kidnapping. Although the films depict the roads traveled and lives lived by the particular characters, more importantly, they enable the audience to realize that characters cannot be viewed in terms of black and white. Rather, characters should be viewed as “gray.” Specifically, all characters are portrayed as both selfless and profit driven. They are forced to confront hidden pain caused by the trials and tribulations of life. That pain is coupled with a sense of helplessness and a need to face life’s changes brought about by the failure of the government’s social management system. Being under constant pressure, the dregs of society pursue their own selfish interests, thereby infringing on the interests of others. When criminals are at their worst, the audience is looking for their goodness amidst the opposing forces of legality and sentimentality, egoism and altruism. Audiences are hoping for some form of redemption in characters who are wrestling with responsibility and obligation. This not only gives the characters a sense of inclusiveness, but it also gives viewers comfort regarding our shared humanity. At the same time, the upsurge of public opinion triggered by these realistic films has accelerated government reform and enhancement of the social system. Thus, socially oriented movies in China have had large social value and practical significance.

Evaluating a pilot education-to-work program for adults with Down syndrome

Low employment rates of individuals with intellectual disabilities in Australia stem from apprehensions about their abilities to engage in work, and employers’ low confidence in hiring them in paid positions. Drawing on principles of evaluative reasoning, this paper reports on findings from a mixed-methods formative evaluation. It was conducted to understand the need for a two-year Education-to-Work training program, the quality of its content, and the views that 8 parents, 5 facilitators, and 4 students had about changes attributable to the program after its first year. Program performance was assessed against the quality standards of excellent, good, satisfactory, marginal, and needs improvement. Findings from the evaluation highlighted the potential usefulness of post-secondary education (PSE) transitioning programs to secure longer term employment, for adults with Down syndrome. Specific recommendations are made to improve the quality of the program, and abstractions gleaned from the study are highlighted.

Negation as a modality in a quantified setting

AbstractThe idea of treating negation as a modality manifests itself in various logical systems, especially in Došen’s propositional logic $\textsf {N}$, whose negation is weaker than that of Johansson’s minimal logic. Among the interesting extensions of $\textsf {N}$ are the propositional logics $\textsf {N}^{\ast }$ and $\textsf {Hype}$; the former was proposed in Cabalar et al. (2006, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, 25–36), while the latter has recently been advocated in Leitgeb (2019, J. Philos. Logic, 48, 305–405), but was first introduced in Moisil (1942, Disquisitiones Math. et Phys., 2, 3–98). I shall develop predicate versions of $\textsf {N}$ and $\textsf {N}^{\ast }$ and provide a simple Routley-style semantics for the predicate version of $\textsf {Hype}$. The corresponding strong completeness results will be proved by means of a useful general technique. It should be remarked that this work can also be seen as a starting point for the investigation of intuitionistic predicate modal logics.

АНГЛОМОВНИЙ БАЗИС МОВИ ПРОГРАМУВАННЯ PYTHON

The dynamic nature of the Python programming language, the accumulation of a certain linguosemiotic basis indicates the similarity of this language with the English language, which is the international one and mediates human communication in both real and virtual worlds. In this study, the English language is positioned as the linguistic basis of Python language of programming, which is widely used in industry, research, natural language processing, textual information retrieval, textual data processing, texts corpora, and more. English language, its lexical features, text representation and interaction with logical and functional basis in the context of Python programming language are considered further in this research. Thus, the unity of verbal units and symbols in the modern English-language digital discourse indicates both the order and variability of the constituents therein. The functionality of linguosemiotic elements produces a network of relationships, where each of these integrated elements can produce from a word or symbol a holistic set of units, which are extrapolated in the English-language digital discourse and mediates human communication with a machine. An overview of the basic properties of Python language, such as values, types, expressions, and operations are in focus of the study. Though users understand the responses of Python interpreter, there is a need to follow certain instructions and codes. To facilitate work with this programming language and prescribed English-language commands, it is necessary to involve linguists to cooperate with programmers to invent a certain logical and reasonable principle of Python commands operation.

Феномен коррупционного ценообразования. О некоторых аспектах институционального регулирования (опыт РФ)

Based on the study of Russian economic and corporate governance practice, as well as the judicial practice corresponding to it in the zone of the selected problematic, the article undertakes a fragmentary analysis of the phenomenon called by the author “corruption pricing” - the formation by the competent management bodies of companies and their interconnected groups of prices for relevant goods, works and services that, according to the initial perception and formal criteria, satisfy the parties of the transaction, however, upon a more thorough analysis, they turn out to be inconsistent with the interests of significant agents of the corporation system, including title co-owners and beneficiaries of business entities, realizing exclusively the interests of a narrow group of persons, capable of unfairly influencing on the legal process of price formation. Turning to specific cases, the author puts forward a hypothesis regarding the inevitability of institutional restrictions of the freedom of pricing in a market (non-state) pricing zone, predetermined by the circumstances of the objective discrepancy between the motives of investment and professional participation in entrepreneurial activity in general and management practice, in particular, of its various subjects - business owners and service providers. their top managers, majority and minority investors, personnel and administration, customers and service providers in the order of outsourcing and the associated need for a creative interpretation of the principles of integrity and reasonableness and their summarizing principle - economic justice.

The Application of Informatics Logic in The Importation of Goods From Outside to Indonesia

Logic is a method or technique that was created to examine the accuracy of reasoning and study the principles of correct reasoning and conclusion. Logic is also called "the calculus of computer science" because logic plays an important role in the field of computer science. Not only that, the role of calculus. (mathematics) is equally important for the sciences in the fields of science, economics and also in everyday life. In this study is to provide rules for making decisions on the problem of the number of imported goods entering Indonesia. The method used by the author to complete the research This is using the truth table of the problems to be solved, calculus of propositions, problems to be solved, Studying things from research in general and various methods of solving, the writer also looks for written sources. The definition of a proposition or statement is a declarative sentence that has exactly one truth value. namely: "True" (T) or u "False" (F). Proposition calculus is a method for calculating using propositions / sentences. In proposition calculus reviewed is the value of a declarative sentence (TRUE / FALSE). Logical operations contain a collection of operations that include negation, conjunction disjunction, implication, and bi implication.

PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEM: ITS EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE AND JOB SATISFACTION


 
 Performance appraisal is a fundamental action for any association that searches for the development and to make the greatest benefit in this regularly expanding focused condition. The principle reason for this performance appraisal is to compute the power of performance appraisal approach towards the workers and furthermore to think about the connection between performance execution and performance examination. To get to worker's execution, performance appraisal is another approach which is usually utilized on associations to get out progressive updates in representative execution. The basic instrument of a significant performance appraisal framework arbitrary, while the present procedure of performance comprises of tolerating the essentials and the fundamental advances that set the association. As we realize that performance appraisal is a mistaken, human process thus it is an extreme errand to effectively incorporate. At the point when performance appraisal framework was first actualized the procedure was non straightforward. Means representatives were not told about their execution. There was no deliberate work out and the total procedure was appraisal holds self-evaluation by the representative also. Along these lines when the framework has enhanced from non-straight forwardness to straightforwardness.
 
 
 
 

Why Leibniz should have agreed with Berkeley about abstract ideas

ABSTRACT Leibniz claims that Berkeley “wrongly or at least pointlessly rejects abstract ideas”. What he fails to realize, however, is that some of his own core views commit him to essentially the same stance. His belief that this is the best (and thus most harmonious) possible world, which itself stems from his Principle of Sufficient Reason, leads him to infer that mind and body must perfectly represent or ‘express’ one another. In the case of abstract thoughts he admits that this can happen only in virtue of thinking of some image that, being essentially a mental copy of a brain state, expresses (and is expressed by) that state. But here he faces a problem. In order for a thought to be genuinely abstract, its representational content must differ from that of any mental image, since the latter can represent only something particular. In that case, however, an exact correspondence between the accompanying mental image and the brain state would not suffice to establish a perfect harmony between mind and body. Even on Leibniz’s own principles, then, it appears that Berkeley was right to dismiss abstract ideas.

Palliative Sedation, Compassionate Extubation, and the Principle of Double Effect: An Ethical Analysis.

Palliative sedation is a well-recognized and commonly used medical practice at the end of life for patients who are experiencing refractory symptoms that cannot be controlled by other means of medical management. Given concerns about potentially hastening death by suppressing patients' respiratory drive, traditionally this medical practice has been considered ethically justifiable via application of the ethical doctrine known as the Principle of Double Effect. And even though most recent evidence suggests that palliative sedation is a safe and effective practice that does not hasten death when the sedative medications are properly titrated, the Principle of Double Effect is still commonly utilized to justify the practice of palliative sedation and any risk-however small-it may entail of hastening the death of patients. One less common clinical scenario where the Principle of Double Effect may still be appropriate ethical justification for palliative sedation is when the practice of palliative sedation is pursued concurrently with the active withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment-particularly the practice of compassionate extubation. This case study then describes an unconventional case of palliative sedation with concurrent compassionate extubation where Principle of Double Effect reasoning was effectively employed to ethically justify continuing to palliatively sedate a patient during compassionate extubation.

Christian Wolff über motivierende Gründe und handlungsrelevante Irrtümer

Abstract In this paper, I discuss Christian Wolff’s conception of motivating and normative reasons. My aim is to show that in the discussion of error cases, Wolff pursues a strategy that is strikingly similar to the strategy of contemporary defenders of nicht-psychologist accounts of motivating reasons. According to many nicht-psychologist views, motivating reasons are facts. My aim is to show that Wolff’s motivation in pursuing this strategy is very different. The point is that due to his commitment to the Principle of Sufficient Reason, Wolff has to show that error cases are compatible with the PSR. The issue is worth discussing because it is not yet sufficiently explored what motivating reasons are, according to Wolff, and how they relate, in substance, to normative reasons. Methodologically, my approach can be characterized as one of “mutual illumination”: I think it is possible to highlight some crucial ambiguities of Wolff’s conception against the backdrop of the contemporary conception of motivating reasons, but also to question the importance and role of the ontological question of what motivating reasons are in contemporary discussions against the backdrop of Wolff’s position.

Kant and the Principle of Sufficient Reason

Kant and the Principle of Sufficient Reason

Policing the federation: the Supreme Court and judicial federalism in India

ABSTRACT This article assesses the role of the Indian Supreme Court in policing the Indian federation. Drawing from the literatures on courts and comparative federalism, it tests three assumptions to evaluate the performance of the Supreme Court in this regard: the political supremacy, the judicial safeguard and the judicial doctrine assumption. Based on a qualitative assessment of 40 judgements related to President's Rule, Centre–State disputes on legislative competence, asymmetric federalism and shared rule arrangements, we find mixed evidence for the political supremacy and judicial safeguard assumptions. The political supremacy assumption holds, but only in relation to cases affecting President's Rule. However, there is no discernible pattern across the other cases. Overall, the judicial doctrine assumption (linked to principles of legal reasoning, legal doctrine and original intent) seems to inform the Supreme Court's jurisprudence on centre–state issues most often. Given that the Indian constitution is comparatively centralized, judgements that rely on judicial doctrine have mostly favoured the centre, thus constraining the extent to which the Supreme Court has operated as a safeguard of federalism and State autonomy.

Bowel cancer screening workforce survey: developing the endoscopy workforce for 2025 and beyond

AimThe demand for bowel cancer screening (BCS) is expected to increase significantly within the next decade. Little is known about the intentions of the workforce required to meet this demand....

An Appraisal of Emerging Issues in the Law and Practice Relating to Bail, Bondspersons and Forfeiture of Recognizance in Nigeria.

Abstract A basic constitutional right of a suspect who is being held in the custody or is arraigned in court on criminal charges, is the right to be admitted to bail, pending the final determination of the case against him. This right is founded on the accusatorial criminal justice system, and the constitutional principle that an accused person is presumed innocent until his guilt is proven beyond reasonable doubt in a court of law. In exceptional circumstances, bail may even be granted also to a person who has been found guilty of a criminal offence, pending the determination of his subsisting or proposed appeal. Bail is granted to the accused person either unconditionally or subject to some conditions usually referred to as the terms of bail, which may include production of surety, sureties or bondspersons, among other conditions. The terms or conditions of bail are considered necessary for purposes of guaranteeing the availability of the accused person to face his trial, or until the final determination of the charge against him. Where an accused person who has been granted bail upon production of sureties or bondspersons, thereafter jumps bail, there is an obligation on the part of the surety/bondsperson to produce the accused person; else, the surety may be liable to show cause why the surety should not be made to forfeit the recognizance the surety entered into as a condition for admitting the accused person to bail. A lot of controversies and confusions has arisen from the practice and use of sureties/bondspersons, the abscondment of accused persons, the practice of revocation of bail and forfeiture of recognizance in Nigeria. This paper is aimed to explain as well as to examine the law and practice as they relate to grant of bail to suspects in custody and persons charged to court on commission of criminal offences, the use of recognizance, sureties or bondspersons, jumping of bail and the concept of forfeiture of recognizance in Nigeria. The aim of the authors herein is two-fold; to clarify the law and principles on these subjects, for the benefits of researchers, practitioners and stakeholders in criminal justice administration, to analyse the practical application of the law in these fields with a view to determining on the one hand, to what extant the practice in Nigeria is in tandem with extant law and principles of reasonableness, and on the other hand, the extent of conformity of the Nigerian law on same, to international best practices.

The cosmic roots of human nature and our culturally conditioned self-image

Human nature is rooted in the fact that we are living beings and rational beings. According to the comprehensive science that is based on the independent principle of biology, human nature is rooted in the cosmic life principle and in the universal principle of reason. Human beings have a Nature-given, real self-identity that is rooted in the fundamental cosmic life principle, the principle of reason and biological autonomy. Our autonomy, which we identify as our Self, is in its very basis intimately related with the life of the Universe, because our vital instinct is identical to the life principle of the Universe. At the same time, our self-image is usually shaped on the basis of the dominant culture of our society. A culture identifying ourselves with an alienated self-image leads us to become alienated from our original and natural identity given by the cosmic roots of our Self. At present, a dualistic worldview is still dominant in Western civilisation. It is this worldview which is the root cause of alienation. Understanding that this worldview is incomplete at the ontological level can free our mindset from the alienating worldview. It is encouraging that comprehensive postmodern science has already proven on exact mathematical grounds that we are existing in a Living Universe that is governed by the same life-principle which is accessible within us in the form of our intrinsic vital instinct. The cosmic creativity and vitality of the life principle can be realized by us when we listen to it. Our genuine human abilities can develop within favourable family contexts and under conducive social conditions. We show that long-term sustainable development requires a culture in which our socially imprinted self-image is in harmony with our original, natural Self. Remarkably, the results presented in this article offer exact scientific foundations which can be connected with traditional Chinese ideas like tian ren he yi (“Heaven and people in harmony”), “Heaven, Earth and I were produced together, and all things and I are one”, “The great virtue of Heaven and Earth is called ‘life-giving’”, “What Heaven imparts to man is called human nature”, and “Human nature is composed of qizhi (vital energy and raw stuff)”.

Combined backbone application on numerical simulations and a model experiment of a 20,000 TEU container ship

For the large-scale development and large opening characteristics of container ships, the characteristics of springing in waves has become more complex. It is thus urgent to find reasonable equivalent principles to solve the dilemma of simultaneously simulating vertical, horizontal and torsional vibrations in model tests. Meanwhile, to avoid the complexity and time-consuming nature of full three-dimensional modelling, a large-scale combined beam model is adopted to simulate three-dimensional coupled vibrations and the positions of the neutral axis and torsion centre. Combined with the finite element method, a 3D equivalent modelling method of the combined model is analysed in detail, and the stiffness influence of transverse bulkheads on the coupled vibrations mode is revealed. Furthermore, the elastic modal responses, vibration principles and waves load in the fluid-structure interaction vibrations are assessed and investigated by the three-dimensional linear hydroelastic mechanics method in the frequency- and time-domains. Then, the scheme and load measurement method in the model test in the wave basin are put forward, and the experimental data and numerical calculation results are compared and found to be consistent. The proposed the equivalent combined beam model is of great significance for model tests and numerical analyses of very large container ships.