Principle Of Reason Research Articles

Bolstering the Keystone: Kant on the Incomprehensibility of Freedom

Abstract In this paper, I give an explanation and defense of Kant’s claim that we cannot comprehend how freedom is possible. I argue that this is a significant point that has been underappreciated in the secondary literature. My conclusion has a variety of implications both for Kant scholars and for those interested in Kantian ideas more generally. Most notably, if Kant is right that there are principled reasons why freedom is beyond our comprehension, then this would release his ethical views from an undesirable explanatory burden. It would be a boon for Kantians if they could ground their lofty claims about the unique, elevated status of rational agency without committing to an implausible view of libertarian freedom. I also suggest that there are certain debates concerning moral motivation and transcendental idealism that might have to change in response to Kant’s claims about the incomprehensibility of freedom.

Penerapan Prinsip Good Corporate Governance pada Kinerja Berbasis Balanced Scorecard di LPD Kabupaten Badung

Good corporate governance (GCG) is a system to regulate the structure and mechanism so that it can drive the efficiency and performance of the company. This study aims to determine the effect of GCG on the performance of the balanced scorecard based on the LPD in Badung. Proxies used are GCG principles consisting of transparency, accountability, responsibility, independence and fairness. Sampl are 72 LPD in Badung. primary data with questionnaires are used and analyzed by multiple regression. The results indicate that the application of the principle of responsibility has a significant effect, while the principles of transparency, accountability, independence, and reasonableness do not have a significant effect on performance based on the Balanced Scorecard.
 Keywords: Good Corporate Governance Principles; Performance Based Balanced Scorecard.

A review of proposed principles of causal non-monotonic reasoning

Within Non-monotonic Reasoning, numerous principles of causal reasoning have been proposed. Many of these principles have been viewed as desirable in formalisms that reason with causality, and have been widely adopted throughout the literature. We provide a critique of these principles, evaluate their suitability for characterising and formulating causal non-monotonic reasoning, and find that most are unsuitable. Further, we discuss a new approach to causal non-monotonic reasoning motivated by how humans typically reason with causality.

Bridging the Gap: The Value of Science in Coaching

Science is one of the greatest achievements of mankind. It has saved billions of lives, created astonishing technology, solved global problems, and helped raise the standard of living for all. But science is often misinterpreted and misapplied, and sometimes has a negative reputation in the coaching community. Part of the problem is that the definition of science varies for different people. We may use the word science to mean the facts that we know about the world – the force of gravity, the mass of an object, the anatomy of the knee etc. These are clear, objective facts, and cannot be disputed. However, we may also use the term science to mean scientific thinking, clear thinking, or critical thinking. This is where we might not know the exact facts about something, but we can use the principles of evidence, logic, rationality and reason to make a strong inference about it. We can then test, analyse and evaluate, deciding on what has worked and why. This is evidence-based practice. Scientist Carl Sagan put it well when he said, “science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge.”

The Principle of Double Effect and Just War Theory

The paper explores the relationship between the Principle of Double Effect (PDE) and Just War Theory (JWT), with emphasis on their relationship in the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas. Both PDE and JWT are of Medieval origin (the former with St. Thomas Aquinas and the latter with St. Augustine), and are classical exponents of medieval moral philosophy. The main connection between them is, however, that they can both be viewed as theories about permissible violence and harm, that is theories about when it is morally permissible to harm and possibly kill another human being. The final point of the paper is that PDE is an important element within JWT, or rather that when just war theorists manage to justify a certain types of violence they do so by extensive use of PDE. This only applies to one part of JWT, jus in bello, which concerns the actual morality of fighting, not the right to war itself. If these assumptions can be reasonably fleshed out, and if it is possible to show that PDE is of crucial importance to certain elements of jus in bello, such as methods for justifying civilian casualties, that would entail that our own moral examinations of warfare differ precisely because we either accept or don???t accept PDE as a viable and reasonable principle in normative ethics.

Long-Term (3 Years) Outcomes of Ranolazine Therapy for Refractory Angina Pectoris (from the Ranolazine Refractory Registry)

Ranolazine is approved for patients with chronic stable angina but has not been formally studied in patients with refractory angina pectoris (RAP). Patients with RAP have limited therapeutic options and significant limitations in their quality of life. The Ranolazine Refractory Angina Registry was designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of ranolazine in RAP patients in order to expand treatment options for this challenging patient population. Using an extensive prospective database, we enrolled 158 consecutive patients evaluated in a dedicated RAP clinic. Angina class, medications, major adverse cardiac events including death, myocardial infarction, and revascularization were obtained at 12, 24, and 36 months. At 3 years, 95 (60%) patients remained on ranolazine. A ≥2 class improvement in angina was seen in 48% (38 of 80 patients with known Canadian Cardiovascular Society class) of those who remained on ranolazine. Discontinuation due to side effects, ineffectiveness, cost, and progression of disease were the principle reasons for discontinuation, but primarily occurred within the first year. In conclusion, ranolazine is an effective antianginal therapy at 3-year follow-up in patients with RAP and may reduce cardiac readmission.

A study to assess the use oftranexamic acid intraoperative & post cesarean section to reduce blood loss

The connection between cesarean bleeding is comprehended both during and after C. section. The post-partum bleeding remains the principle reason of maternal complications. This investigation was directed to assess the impact and wellbeing of tranexamic acid to de crease cesarean blood loss (LSCS) and any reactions. Normal 100 women planned cesarean were analyzed somewhere in the range of 37 and 40 weeks. They were partitioned into two groups. The main group 50 individuals received 1 gm IV of tranexamic acid before 15 min of caesarean and the control set of 50 individuals didn't get tranexamic acid. The patient age, tallness, weight, gestational age in the two gatherings were comparative, measurably same. Haemoglobin fell marginally after labour in the two gatherings, however no measurable distinction between the two gatherings was watched. There were no thrombosis events in the investigation. Tranexamic acid drops the blood loss from the minute the placenta was conveyed to 2 hours after labour (P <0.001) and from the finish of the LSCS to 2 hours after labour (P <0.001). Tranexamic acid assumes a powerful job in diminishing blood loss during LSCS without making an unfavourable response. Hence, it tends to be utilized viably to diminish maternal bleeding during LSCS.

Nonoperative treatment of traumatic spinal injuries in Tanzania: who is not undergoing surgery and why?

Study designRetrospective, cohort study of a prospectively collected database.ObjectivesIn a cohort of patients with traumatic spine injury (TSI) in Tanzania who did not undergo surgery, we sought to: (1) describe this nonoperative population, (2) compare outcomes to operative patients, and (3) determine predictors of nonoperative treatment.SettingTertiary referral hospital.MethodsAll patients admitted for TSI over a 33-month period were reviewed. Variables included demographics, fracture morphology, neurologic exam, indication for surgery, length of hospitalization, and mortality. Regression analyses were used to report outcomes and predictors of nonoperative treatment.Results270 patients met inclusion criteria, of which 145 were managed nonoperatively. Demographics between groups were similar. The nonoperative group was young (mean = 35.5 years) and primarily male (n = 125, 86%). Nonoperative patients had 7.39 times the odds of death (p = 0.003). Patients with AO type A0/1/2/3 fractures (p < 0.001), ASIA E exams (p = 0.016), cervical spine injuries (p = 0.005), and central cord syndrome (p = 0.016) were more commonly managed nonoperatively. One hundred and twenty-four patients (86%) had indications for but did not undergo surgery. After multivariate analysis, the only predictor of nonoperative management was sustaining a cervical injury (p < 0.001).ConclusionsEighty-six percent of nonoperative TSI patients had an indication for surgery. Nonoperative management was associated with an increased risk of mortality. Cervical injury was the single independent risk factor for not undergoing surgery. The principle reason for nonoperative management was cost of implants. While a causal relationship between nonoperative management and inferior outcomes cannot be made, efforts should be made to provide surgery when indicated, regardless of a patient’s ability to pay.

Rejection of the name Borreliella and all proposed species comb. nov. placed therein.

Rejection (nomen rejiciendum) of the name Borreliella and all new combinations therein is being requested on grounds of risk to human health and patient safety (Principle 1, subprinciple 2 and Rule 56a) and violation to aim for stability of names, to avoid useless creation of names (Principle 1, subprinciple 1 and 3) and that names should not be changed without sufficient reason (Principle 9 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes).

COVID-19 Testing: The Threat of False-Negative Results

COVID-19 Testing: The Threat of False-Negative Results

The Disciplinary Conception of Enlightenment in Kant’s Critical Philosophy

ABSTRACTKant does not completely work out his philosophical conception of enlightenment. The definition of enlightenment that he offers in his well-known essay on the topic does not seem to completely match the definition that he puts forward later in his essay on the pantheism controversy and in the third Critique. It remains unclear how the two definitions relate to each other and whether and how they rest on the same principle. The lack of clarity in Kant's conception of enlightenment is left mostly unaddressed in the secondary literature on the topic. This paper suggests that Kant's philosophical conception of enlightenment rests on the discipline of pure reason. The self-disciplinary principle of reason, which is laid out in the Doctrine of Method of the first Critique, underlies both of Kant's definitions of enlightenment, although he himself does not clearly demonstrate how it does so.

ON SOME LEIBNIZIAN ARGUMENTS FOR THE PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON

Abstract Leibniz often refers to the Principle of Sufficient Reason as something like a first principle. In some texts, however, he attempts to give positive arguments in its favor. I examine two such arguments and find them wanting. The first argument has two defects. First, it is question-begging; and, second, when the question-begging step is excised, the principle that one can derive is highly counterintuitive. The second argument is valid, but it has the defect of reaching only a nearly trivial conclusion.

Effect on Quality of Cement Mortar by I nclusion of Nano Particle of Zinc Oxide

Now days, there are so many new nano-technologies and methodologies are developed on the field of construction. These days, there is a swiftly rising concern especially using Nano-particles in Portland Pozzolana cement (PPC) concrete to improve the overall properties. The upper layer area of Nano-particles gives more chemical reaction at the subject to gives improved properties and capacities. Complete experiment the mixture of PPC- mortar with Nano-particles, ZnO with diameter of 50-60 nm of compressive-strength are investigated. ZnO have good physical and chemical properties such as dissolve in most of acids, reducing void ratio, availability in different crystalline forms gives enhanced mix of mortar. The principle reason for this investigation prepare a blended mortar with improved mechanical properties. The impacts of nano particles on the qualities such as compressive strength of mortar were experimentally investigated. The blended cement consists of Portland Pozzolana cement (PPC) and nano zinc oxide (NZnO) particles are used. The blended cement given in this investigation consists of Por PPC-cement and NZnO particles. The cement is moderately replaced with NZnO of 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 % by PPC cement. The mixture of cement, sand and water was prepared by the ratio of 1:2 and 1:3 of cement-sand by weight with water – binder ratio of 0.35. The strength of cement mortar will be measured after 7, 14 and 28 days. By adding NZnO, we can get good strength values of concrete more than usual strength values we got approximately 18%, of more strength by replacing 1.5% of cement by weight and also there is minimum usage of water with using super plasticizer.

ПРИНЦИПИ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ АДВОКАТА ЯК УЧАСНИКА АДМІНІСТРАТИВНОГО СУДОЧИНСТВА

Розглянуто принципи діяльності адвоката як суб’єкта адміністративного судочинства, визначено їх зміст, а також здійснено їх класифікацію за такими критеріями, як джерело законодавчого визначення, предмет регулювання, сфера поширення. Дослідження проведено з використанням методів аналізу, синтезу та порівняння. Зроблено висновок, що під принципами адвокатської діяльності слід розуміти основні засади, ідеї, положення, які виступають основою (базисом) формування, організації та функціонування інституту адвокатури та адвоката як окремого учасника адміністративного судочинства. Правове визначення та перелік принципів діяльності адвоката в адміністративному судочинстві потребують нормативного закріплення.

Genesis of the Concerto for Orchestra

The main goal of this article is to classify the origins of the concerto for orchestra and thus to determine its genesis. The methodologies applied include the analytical (study of literature), the functional (concerto for orchestra in the context of musical culture), and the historical (transformation of the genre due to the evolution of orchestral thinking) approaches. A mainstream tendency for synthesis of different styles within the disappearance of the very concept of ‘normal––un-normal’ regarding the orchestra should be mentioned as the first factor which caused the birth of the concerto for orchestra. No matter how important the changes in the orchestra’s functions and structure along with the fusion of different origins for the genesis of the concerto for orchestra were, it is true that it was not a single factor which influenced the genre transformations of the concerto. Search for new sounds and techniques to embody them, popularity of the chamber orchestra, strengthening and diversifying of the ‘inside-the-orchestra solo’, growth of theatricality in symphonic music, transformation of longstanding genres and amplification of the colorfulness in the orchestra are the principle reasons for the appearance of the concerto for orchestra in 1925. The review of Hindemith’s, Petrassi’s, Bartok, Tippett’s and Lutoslawski’s concertos demonstrates two different approaches to the synthesis. The conclusion of this article is that the rethinking of the ‘old’ genres within a tendency to synthesize different styles and to merge dissimilar music schools, folklore and ‘classical’ music in tandem with transformations that stroked the integrity of the orchestra as a whole, paved the way for the birth of the concerto for orchestra. The concerto for orchestra became one of the iconic genres of twentieth-century music and embodied ‘a positive vision of a world in a kind of harmony’ in a number of works.

Pengaruh Prinsip-Prinsip Good Governance pada Kinerja Keuangan LPD di Kabupaten Karangasem

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the principles of good governance on LPD financial performance in Karangasem Regency. The location of the study was conducted at the LPD in Karangasem Regency. The sampling method is purposive sampling technique. Samples obtained were as many as 90 LPD. Financial performance is measured using LPD financial statements from 2016-2018. Good governance principles are measured using statements in the questionnaire distributed to the sample LPD. Technical analysis uses multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the test results obtained that the principles of good governance, namely transparency, accountability, responsibility, independence, and reasonableness have a positive effect on LPD financial performance in Karangasem Regency.&#x0D; Keywords: Good Governance; Financial Performance; Village Credit Institutions.

Service Requirements of Liver Transplant Anesthesia Teams: Society for the Advancement of Transplant Anesthesia Recommendations.

There are disparities in liver transplant anesthesia team (LTAT) care across the United States. However, no policies address essential resources for liver transplant anesthesia services similar to other specialists. In response, the Society for the Advancement of Transplant Anesthesia appointed a task force to develop national recommendations. The Conditions of Transplant Center Participation were adapted to anesthesia team care and used to develop Delphi statements. A Delphi panel was put together by enlisting 21 experts from the fields of liver transplant anesthesiology and surgery, hepatology, critical care, and transplant nursing. Each panelist rated their agreement with and the importance of 17 statements. Strong support for the necessity and importance of 13 final items were as follows: resources, including preprocedure anesthesia assessment, advanced monitoring, immediate availability of consultants, and the presence of a documented expert in liver transplant anesthesia credentialed at the site of practice; call coverage, including schedules to assure uninterrupted coverage and methods to communicate availability; and characteristics of the team, including membership criteria, credentials at the site of practice, and identification of who supervises patient care. Unstructured comments identified competing time obligations for anesthesia and transplant services as the principle reason that the remaining recommendations to attend integrative patient selection and quality review committees were reduced to a suggestion rather than being a requirement. This has important consequences because deficits in team integration cause higher failure rates in service quality, timeliness, and efficiency. Solutions are needed that remove the time-related financial constraints of competing service requirements for anesthesiologists. In conclusion, using a modified Delphi technique, 13 recommendations for the structure of LTATs were agreed upon by a multidisciplinary group of experts.

Indefinite extensibility and the principle of sufficient reason

The principle of sufficient reason threatens modal collapse. Some have suggested that by appealing to the indefinite extensibility of contingent truth, the threat is neutralized. This paper argues that this is not so. If the indefinite extensibility of contingent truth is developed in an analogous fashion to the most promising models of the indefinite extensibility of the concept set, plausible principles permit the derivation of modal collapse.

A Kantian Interpretation of Kelsen’s Basic Norm

AbstractThis paper proposes a reading of Kelsen’s basic norm based on Kant’s regulative ideas. I begin by exposing Kant’s conception of the principles of reason. Then I criticize an interpretation of the basic norm along the same lines made by Stanley Paulson. Thirdly I analyze two theses from Hermann Cohen that influenced Kelsen greatly and reinforce my stance on the basic norm. Lastly, I explain how the Kelsenian tenet that the basic norm is the transcendental grounding of the normativity of law can be comprehended based on the role the ideas of reason play in the systematization of knowledge.

15 years of anti-corruption in Romania: augmentation, aberration and acceleration

ABSTRACT Romania’s criminal prosecution of corruption is a controversial topic. While advocates praise the National Anticorruption Directorate (DNA) for its increasing results, critics voice concerns over the abusive and excessive manner how the fight against corruption is conducted. Is Romania’s anti-corruption battle an impressive success or rather a worrisome excess? The article aims to resolve this controversy by assessing anti-corruption activity conceptually and empirically. First, an evaluation scheme of anti-corruption activity – the anti-corruption evaluation chain – is developed, which distinguishes between three stages: 1. Input (capacity), 2. Process (fairness, reasonableness) and 3. Output (results). Second, each dimension is measured empirically by relying on a new set of quantitative indicators and qualitative empirical evidence (e.g. analysis of ECHR judgments, interviews with magistrates). The findings indicate that Romania’s fight against corruption has resulted in the augmentation of capacity (e.g. human and financial resources), the acceleration of results (e.g. increasing number of indicted, prosecuted and convicted persons) and aberration from the principles of fair trial and reasonableness, i.e. proportionality. Overall, Romania’s criminal prosecution of corruption has derailed into an over-zealous struggle for a ‘noble cause’ which itself has violated individual rights, the principles of fairness and proportionality, procedural integrity and the rule of law.