Historical Reality Research Articles

Transformations of ‘traditional everyday life’ in the paradigm of modern transgressive culture

One of the most apparent specific parameters of the modern socio-cultural situation is its obvious transgressive nature. In modern humanitarian science, within the framework of the concept of "transgression" it is customary to mean the objectively existing desire of individuals, human communities and society to overcome certain norms, values and attitudes that have been once established and institutionalized and had time to become traditional. There are whole spheres of human activity whose existence, and especially their development, is simply impossible without a high degree of transgression. First of all, they include science and the arts. Although the study of cultural transgression has a long and fruitful history (including the work of such recognized authorities as Hegel, Bataille, Foucault, etc.), in the new historical realities, the problem also acquires new semantic solutions. First of all, we attribute to such innovations the acutely actualized problem of the "points of intersection" of transgressive culture and human everyday life. Such "intersections" provide many examples of a positive impact on our lives. However, the concomitant negative potential is very high here and over time it turns out to be an increasingly obvious factor of modernity.

Convergence of Literature and History: 'The Bridge on the Drina' in the Context of Historiographic Metafiction

While the boundary between the disciplines of literature and history has come into question due to the problematization of their ontological natures, their textuality and similar narrative technics stand out as two main elements among the other intersections. As the criticisms of objectivity directed at history have echoed in literary studies, literary works where historical facts and fiction cluster have taken it one step further and rendered it possible to discuss the matter more broadly with cultural aspects. In The Bridge on the Drina, it is seen that the main arch of the narration proceeds along the historical realities, and yet Ivo Andrić’s sole aim is not to put forward a classic historical novel. In fact, rather than foregrounding the realities in question and erasing the fictive elements, he presents a kind of alternative history by palpably bringing together the historical and the fictional. Hence, the aim of this study is to argue that in The Bridge on the Drina, the boundary between history and literature gets blurred and their conventional characteristics get problematised. Presenting views from both historical and literary studies, the primary theoretical frame will be based on the notion of historiographic metafiction.

LITERATURA GAY E A ABORDAGEM DOS ESTUDOS CULTURAIS

This Communication intends to analyze literature through the approach of cultural studies as a current of literature criticism. In this sense, it is considered pertinent to discuss that the concept of culture implies thinking beyond the product created by a minority, since exercising cultural criticism implies understanding how a given society works (CEVASCO, 2005). On the other hand, defenders of other currents of literary criticism accuse it of being militant, of having no method, however, they are wrong when they say there is no method, as we can draw up a panel of cartographies for this and thus have a method, a path to study of gay literature, for example. To this end, the research carried out followed a qualitative approach and a bibliographical type, as it involves an investigation carried out by consulting books and periodicals, both printed and available on the internet in digital libraries and blogs. Among the authors read Cevasco (2005), Matterlat and Neveu (2006), Bhabha (2014), Silva (2010), Hall (2014) and others. Therefore, literary critics who accuse cultural studies scholars need to step back and realize that as societies change and new historical realities are constructed, gays move from invisibility to social visibility, as does the literature that deals with them.

Sociology and Metaphysics of Technique by N.A. Berdyaev. To commemorate the 150th Anniversary of the Russian Thinker

The article examines the social philosophy of technique by N.A. Berdyaev, which he positions as Christian-personalistic-socialistic. Its main provisions are reconstructed, “metaphysical” and “sociological” aspects are identified. It is shown, firstly, that Berdyaev refers to metaphysics of technique as a criticism of the modern idea of man considering himself to be “homo faber” or a “tool-making animal”, which arose as a result of him violating the eternal order of values and idolizing technique. Secondly – that, according to Berdyaev, technique creates an ontologically “new reality”, which, in turn, determines the specifics of the modern “technical and economic” era. Thirdly, that a correct from a Christian standpoint, spiritualized attitude of man towards technique is a necessary and essential element of Berdyaev’s apocalyptic eschatology. Sociology of technique is interpreted by the Russian thinker as social philosophy and philosophy of history. In their light, on the one hand, the cultural and real-historical prerequisites for the emergence of the “technical” era are revealed — Berdyaev considers humanism and capitalism to be such, respectively — on the other hand, ways are proposed to overcome its essential flaws in the light of the personalistic-socialistic ideal of society. At the beginning of the article and at the conclusion the author emphasizes the relevance of Berdyaev’s philosophical ideas in the context of recent historical realities.

Central Asia in Russian descriptions of the 18<sup>th</sup> century: On an anonymous note from the non-church calendar of the Enlightenment Era

There is a lot of interest in travelogue in the research environment today. Russian oriental travelogues, associated with the Central Asian region, have not been studied sufficiently before, besides a certain number of substantive works primarily of a historiographical nature. A special body of problems here is related to the origins of the Russian Central Asian travelogue formation as a genre structure. One of the texts, related to the “origins of the genre” and taken for consideration in this article, is a note by an anonymous author-compiler entitled “News of Bukharia”, published in the “Monthly Historical and Geographical Dictionary for 1779” (St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences). The article is a kind of commentary on this note. We characterize the journal in which it was presented – the printed secular calendar of the 18th century, it differs from the religious ones. The article determines historical, cultural, landscape and geographical realities, reflected in it, and identifies the ideological position of the compiler in the context of the eastern imperial policy of those years. We cautiously assume that when writing the text, the author could use materials on Central Asia from Western sources. There is no literary element as such in the described note. This is not a travelogue in the exact meaning of the term, but a concise informative essay on a regional topic, in which, however, there is no strategy for an objective scientific narrative (“pure curiosity”). We can clearly see the journalistic (state) ideologems of its era, combining the economic aspirations of Russia and its geopolitical attitudes (it is significant that in the note the reader he does not even find any ethnographic images of Central Asian people, their portraits, morals and everyday habits). At the same time, the text of the “News of Bukharia” includes separate general literary components– strict composition, laconism of speech style and logical sequence. The text is important as an early stage in the formation of a scientific and artistic Central Asia modus, as a phenomenon of “documentary literature”, not “fictional literature”.

Image of the Samarkand city in the artistic worldview of the historical novel by O. Yoqubov “Treasures of Ulugbek”

INTRODUCTION. The purpose of the research is to study the urban text in the reflection of the artistic worldview of the historical novel by Odil Yoqubov “Treasures of Ulugbek”, which allows to consider the work based on the analysis of the place and action of events.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research material is the historical novel by O. Yoqubov “Treasures of Ulugbek”. The descriptive method, chronotopic, motivic and geopoetic approaches are used.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. It is determined that the historical existence of the city of Samarkand in the work of art defined the behavior of the characters: the image of the city acts as a secondary character, becomes a direct participant in cultural and historical events.CONCLUSION. The analysis of the artistic worldview of the historical novel by O. Yoqubov “Treasures of Ulugbek” shows that the atmosphere of everyday life of Samarkand residents of the 15th century includes cultural, historical, chronological, aesthetic aspects, with the help of which the direct connection in the image of a person, his feelings, and the surrounding reality is recreated. It is proved that the toponym Samarkand is a kind of artistic chronotype that allows to represent the unity of national and regional culture, to realize through the past historical urban reality and to assert that the image of the city of Samarkand is the basis of the artistic thinking of the novel author O. Yoqubov.

Cinematic Orientalism: East-West Perception in Netflix's 'Swimmers'

This article analyzes the movie "The Swimmers" using ideological and frame-by-frame film analysis methods. The themes, characters, and locations in the film are evaluated in the context of the critique of orientalism and self-orientalism, analyzing how ideological themes are processed and reinforced. The film associates concepts of faith and hope with Christianity, presenting Christian characters as saviors. While telling the story of Syrian refugees, the film chooses Christian and European-looking heroes, portraying Muslims negatively. Emphasizing the superiority of Western culture, the film depicts the Eastern world as backward and helpless. Countries such as Türkiye are coded as dark and uncanny, while European countries are idealized. The positive portrayal of Greece praises European efforts towards refugees but creates a negative image of the Turkish Coast Guard. The orientalist and self-orientalist elements of the film are attempts to present an attractive narrative for Western audiences. The Muslim screenwriter's distortion of Eastern historical realities under Western producers' influence represents self-orientalism. This approach reflects an endeavor to present Eastern culture in line with Western perspectives to gain Western approval, reinforcing prejudices rather than fostering understanding of cultural and political differences.

SOLOVETSKY MONASTERY IN THE CULTURE OF RUSSIA AND THE POEM OF M.V. LOMONOSOV

The article analyzes M.V. Lomonosov`s heroic poem, which is about Peter the Great’s visit to the Solovetsky Monastery. The founders of the Solovetsky Monastery are Saints Zosima, Savvaty and Herman, who settled on a deserted island in the first third of the XV century. Over time, the monastery not only grew, but became one of the most revered in Russia. It is visited by thousands of pilgrims; kings and boyars make rich donations. The first of the Russian tsars to visit the Solovetsky Monastery was Peter the Great (1694). This visit will be described by M.V. Lomonosov in his poem. To create the image of an ideal ruler, the poet uses historical realities based on the Kholmogory and Solovetsky chronicles. However, there is also a free interpretation of historical facts that contributes to the creation of a heroic image to glorify the Russian state. The “historical inaccuracies” made by the author are identified and indicated: the feat of Peter during a storm on the White Sea, the history of the construction of the walls of the monastery, the “Solovetsky sitting” of the monks who refused to accept the reforms of Patriarch Nikon.

The Books You Inhabit: María Teresa León’s Copy of Marinero en tierra

This article examines the visual and material aspects present in a book that, due to a series of interventions, becomes a unique work. In the 1930s Rafael Alberti (1902‑1999) illustrated a copy of the first edition of Marinero en tierra (1925) as a gift for María Teresa León (1903‑1988). She made her own marks in the book during her lifetime, converting it into her own space. This intimate space is transformed into a cultural crucible where creative complicities and historical realities, such as the Spanish Civil War, exile, and refuge, are summarized. The volume, by the will of the gift giver and the gift receiver, is no longer another printed copy of an important book, but is instead a living work with new and different connotations. Through this article, one reflects upon the book as an object and the value of drawings in books.

Continuities and Discontinuities in Romanian Music

The Romanian music has many histories. From composer George Enescu to Dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu, the Romanian music reflected multiple faces of becoming and corresponding, streaming from a varied cultural diversity and gravitating towards the central European canons. The process of creating the Romanian music shaped a dynamic and fluid image of the place and people it represents, balancing its pendulum between the western aspiration and the eastern inspiration. Moreover, it has not just one history, but many ones because the Romanian music is not a monolithic tradition, but a fusion of various customs and influences that fluctuated their presence more or less obvious along this time of becoming. Seen in a long run framed between the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, folk music reveals as the constant component of each ideological narrative that emerged from both nationalism and socialism. This span of time is vital to understand the complex and mercurial nature of the popular or the folk that has a relation to music and song not because it describes a historical reality, but because it has been used historically. Keywords: Romanian music, Nationalism, Socialism, Leninism, folk music, progressive music

The Historical Realities of Illustrative Images of African Youths with Deadly Dangerous Voluntary Crossing of the Saharan Desert Through the Mediterranean Deep Sea to European Clandestine Destinations 2000-2021

The Historical Realities of Illustrative Images of African Youths with Deadly Dangerous Voluntary Crossing of the Saharan Desert Through the Mediterranean Deep Sea to European Clandestine Destinations 2000-2021

The formation of criminal liability for the crime of aggression in international law at the end of the XIX - first half of the XX century

The subject of this study is an act of aggression as a crime, according to the provisions of international criminal and international humanitarian law. The article examines in detail the prerequisites for the formation of legal, in particular, international legal responsibility for the commission of acts of aggression. The author believes that the end of the XIX century became the starting point for the development of legal responsibility for the conduct of aggressive wars, as well as the nature of their conduct. Special attention is paid to the fact that the provisions enshrined in the Charter and the Verdict of the Nuremberg Tribunal have become imperative norms of international law in terms of fixing international crimes, as well as the principles of responsibility for their commission. It is separately noted that the verdict of the Tribunal became an act of increased strength of the people against the commission of crimes of aggression. The research methodology includes the use of such methods of legal science as historical, formal legal, systemic, as well as methods of analysis and dialectics. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that the work is a comprehensive detailed study of the process of establishing international criminal responsibility for the crime of aggression in the period from the end of the XIX century to the first half of the XX century. The author analyzes the historical and legal aspects of this process, considering various international documents, agreements and events of that time. The special contribution of the author of the study is expressed in the fact that based on an extensive analysis, the author, through the prism of legal doctrines, international norms and historical reality of the time period under consideration, draws conclusions about what factors influenced the development of understanding of the crime of aggression and why the legal status of criminal responsibility in this area began to form at that time.

QIRÂAH FÎ KHIȚÂB AL-MAR'AH: A STUDY OF GENDER ISSUES IN THE BOOK DAWÂIR AL-KHAWF

This article examines gender issues in the thoughts of Naṣr Ḥāmid Abu Zayd as stated in his book entitled Dawâir Al-Khawf Qirâah Fî Khițâb Al-Mar'ah. Naṣr Ḥāmid was originally a follower of Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun, who later turned into a liberal intellectual figure from Egypt who was known for his controversial and controversial thoughts. This study uses a literature study which refers to several main books of his works and is added to secondary sources in the form of several writings resulting from research on the thoughts of Naṣr Ḥāmid Abu Zayd. The results of this research show that Naṣr Ḥāmid criticizes the interpretations that have developed over time, especially regarding qiwâmah, inheritance, talak, polygyny and women's private parts (hijab). According to him, women are part of the substance that is rooted in human social existence in certain historical realities. These conditions of social relations determine the position of men and women equally in the social, cultural and intellectual framework. Both are equal as complete human beings. This thinking places him at the level of progressive thought and attracts many groups, which is sometimes in harmony with the ideas of early Egyptian Muslim feminists, namely Muhammad Abduh.

U.S.K., S.T. “UKRAINE”, FC “KARPATY”, FC “RUH”: THE NAMES OF THE UKRAINIAN TEAMS IN THE 130-YEAR HISTORY OF LVIV FOOTBALL

The article examines the names of Lviv football teams over the 130-year history of football development in the city of Lviv. The subject of the analysis is the motivational base and peculiarities of creating the names of football clubs in Lviv. Sources of factual material – sports periodicals, archival materials, works of sports historians and information received from football experts. In the early days of Lviv football, Ukrainian teams chose names with a national and cultural component in their meaning, taking care to identify Ukrainian teams among clubs of other nations. In the 1920s and 1930s, teams had names with onyms and appellatives that indicated associations with the historical, geographical, and cultural realities of Great Ukraine to demonstrate the unity of the nation and Ukrainian ethnic lands. Some of the nominations contained connotations important to Ukrainians in Galicia, which indicates a careful selection of representative names for Ukrainian clubs in Lviv. In the Soviet period, the colonial influence on the naming system of Lviv football teams was manifested in the unification of club names in accordance with the established canon of naming and in the tendency to reflect Soviet realities and ideological symbols in the names. After the restoration of Ukrainian independence, the percentage of teams that chose to name lexemes with an ethnocultural component in the meaning increased noticeably. Individual clubs have retained the names of the totalitarian period. The consequence of the influence of the commercial factor on the naming of wives is an increase in the number of nominations that come from the names of sponsors of football teams. So, the names of Lviv football clubs arose as a result of onimization and transonymization as the main methods of lexical-semantic word formation. Football naming was influenced by various factors – national, totalitarian and commercial, the mixing of which was recorded at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries. Key words: names of Lviv football teams, motivation of names, onimization, transonymization.

Justin, Tatian and the Forging of a Christian Voice

Abstract This article considers the construction of the speaking subject in Justin’s First Apology and Tatian’s To the Greeks, two interlocking texts (often associated with the problematic genre of Christian apologetics). Bracketing questions of biographical reality, it explores the fictionalising techniques Justin and Tatian adopt to magnify their own authority, co-opt well-known narrative models (including martyrologies and imitatio Christi) in the service of their own self-fashioning. I take their autobiographies as stylised self-dramatisations, rather than guides to historical realities. There are strong parallels with the kind of self-modelling that we see in the works of pagan sophists of the era, notably Dio Chrysostom. Reading these two authors in this way blurs the sharp distinctions they seek to draw between Christian and pagan. It also requires a reading of their texts, in line with recent scholarship, as generically complex, sophisticated and absorbent, and open to the opportunistic appropriation of elements characteristic of pagan literature of the era. Foucault has argued that the voice of early Christianity was characterised by its confessional quality, which was new, confident and distinctive; this article argues, by contrast, that Justin and Tatian at any rate were intellectual bricoleurs and experimentalists, and had much more in common with their pagan peers.

Italo-Soviet Architectural Exchanges and Postmodernism under Late Socialism

A global movement, architectural postmodernism cannot be reduced simply to the cultural logic of late capitalism, nor should its analysis be restricted, as in recent revisionist histories, to the geo- graphical confines of the Eastern Bloc. By revealing that the ideas, design strategies and images that make up postmodern architecture did not belong squarely to either side of the Cold War geopolitical divide, this paper argues that a full understanding of the movement requires an inquiry going beyond the scope of a single ideological context. The emergence of architectural postmodernism is to be located in the interstitial space between the 'capitalist West' and the 'socialist East'. Yet familiar narratives of knowledge transfer from the former to the latter are reductive and fail to capture historical reality in all its complexity and ambiguity. For instance, Aldo Rossi's work was known and may have been consciously replicated by Soviet architects. Less acknowledged is the fact that, in the Italian context, the rise of architectural postmodernism went hand in hand with the consolidation of a 'tradition of study of Soviet architecture'. Rossi was just one among many Italian architects —  such as Paolo Portoghesi, Carlo Aymonino or Vittorio Gregotti —  who, undertaking a critique of modernism, drew crucial inspiration from Soviet architecture, particularly Socialist Realist theory and practice.

Fascism in the public sphere of post-fascist Italy

ABSTRACT Over the entire post-war period up to the present day, the endurance of fascism has remained a significant subject of Italian politics. The neo-fascist party, Movimento Sociale Italiano (M.S.I.), was born immediately after the Second World War. Furthermore, the transition to the Republic coexisted with structural continuity with the dictatorship: many elements of the fascist state, such as the administrative institutions, the central bureaucracy and the economic ruling class, were maintained. Alongside concrete (both political and institutional) continuities, we can also observe diverse continuities that marked cultures, languages, and political discourses. The shadow of fascism has often invaded the public sphere in ways that condition the political debate and cultural imaginary. Firstly, for all the democratic and progressive parties and movements Mussolini’s dictatorship has been a constant negative reference point from which they openly distance themselves. Secondly, the spectre of fascism has always been evoked in the political debate with respect to the present and to warn against the return of authoritarianism in new forms. Thirdly, many periodicals, novels, films, comics, and television programmes have trivialized the historical experience of Italian fascism, representing it, through recurrent narrative clichés, as a sort of phenomenon only partially corresponding to historical reality.

Становление и развитие системы здравоохранения коренных малочисленных народов Дальнего Востока как фактор этнодемографии (1920–1980-е гг.)

The article examines the formation and development of health care for the indigenous minorities of the Far East during the Soviet reforms. From the standpoint of theoretical and methodological developments of social history, the demographic situation and accessibility of medical services for small ethnic groups of the region during the pre-Soviet and studied periods are considered. An analysis of medicalization as a factor of ethnodemography is presented. Based on statistical data, the inconsistency of the thesis of the “extinction, threat of disappearance of indigenous minorities” with historical reality is revealed. In connection with the President of the Russian Federation’s assignment to the Federal Agency for Ethnic Affairs to develop a Concept for the Development of Indigenous Minorities of the North, Siberia, and the Far East for the period up to 2036, the need to abandon the traditionally established understanding of their “otherness” is justified. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that ethnic minorities living in the region are integrated into the demographic structure of the Russian population and, in several key characteristics, differ little from the rest.

Ham Sok Hon: Bridging Spirituality and Politics

Ham Sok Hon: Bridging Spirituality and Politics

Facilitating Birth for Women Who Have Experienced Genital Cutting

Female genital cutting (FGC) is a traditional practice in parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Due to increasing migration from these areas to Canada and elsewhere, the care of women who have undergone FGC has become both a national and a global concern. It is widely regarded as a public health and human rights issue affecting at least 140 million women worldwide. In Canada, pregnant women who experienced FGC may face more physical and emotional challenges than their nonpregnant counterparts. Their need to access optimal perinatal care is critical, as FGC, particularly that with more extensive cutting (infibulation), is widely considered to be an indirect cause of maternal/ newborn morbidity. The purposes of this article are (1) to provide a deeper insight into challenges confronting affected women seeking maternity care in Canada and their providers and (2) to recommend the appropriateness of the Canadian midwifery model in providing optimal care for women who have experienced FGC. The goal is to support Canadian health care providers in gaining a greater understanding of the historical, cultural, and physical realities of FGC so that they are able to provide maternity care that meets Canadian standards while being sensitive to cultural values and beliefs. This article has been peer reviewed.