Historical Reality Research Articles

Этногенез и регионогенез в становлении исторической Кабардино-Балкарии

On the path towards a comprehensive historical understanding of the diverse Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, it is crucial to develop an unbiased and compelling scholarly interpretation of the region's origins. The interplay between ethnogenesis and the genesis of the region itself holds great signifi-cance in this endeavor. This article aims to present the primary findings of a study on the ethnopolit-ical history of the Central Caucasus during antiquity and the Middle Ages, with the goal of offering a holistic understanding of Kabardino-Balkaria's genesis as a historical entity. The analysis reveals the lack of a universally accepted consensus within the scientific community regarding any major aspect of the ethnic and ethnopolitical history of the Central Caucasus. Nonetheless, the literature examined does not dispute the autochthonous nature of the Adyghe and Karachay-Balkarian ethnic communities, which encompass the Kabardians and Balkars respectively, acknowledging their deep-rootedness in the region of the Central and North-Western Caucasus. An overly individualistic ap-proach to their historical roots would narrow our perspective on the complexity of historical reality. Conversely, a spatial approach allows us to identify not only cultural elements associated with each ethnic group, but also the interactions, interconnections, and cultural exchanges between them. The formation of Kabarda and Balkaria is not merely the result of the ethnohistorical development of their immediate ancestors, but rather a consequence of the political processes that unfolded in the Central Caucasus, marked by shifts in political dominance. The events occurring towards the end of the 14th century facilitated the emergence of Kabarda and Balkaria as independent ethno-socio-territorial entities, unfolding simultaneously in the flat-foothill and mountainous zones of the Cen-tral Caucasus. The natural and geographical conditions of the territories occupied by Kabardian and Balkar societies laid the foundation for a close and enduring economic, socio-political, and cultural connection. This gave rise to a distinct spatial-temporal entity - the historical Kabardino-Balkaria.

THE ORIGINS OF THE FORMATION OF A UNIFIED LITERARY AND CREATIVE ORGANIZATION IN THE TASSR (the 20s of the XX century)

This article is devoted to the process of formation and activities carried out by literary organizations that existed in the 20s of the XX century.
 
 The purpose of the study is to consider the trends of formation and some aspects of the activities carried out by literary and creative organizations in the 20s of the XX century in the territory of the Tatar ASSR. This period is characterized by creation of many literary organizations, as well as uniting writers and theater workers in associations, which becomes a prerequisite for the formation of a single literary organization.
 
 Materials and methods. The methodological foundation for examining the subject of research is made by the principles of historicism and historical reconstruction, as well as the descriptive-narrative method. Based on the results of analysis of archival documents and published sources, the article reflects: the history of creation and some aspects of the activities carried out by literary organizations of the TASSR in the context of socio-cultural policy in the 20s of the XX century. The research materials made it possible to supplement the existing source base and can be used when writing scientific papers and preserving the historical and cultural heritage of the region.
 
 Study results. The article presents information about the activities of some literary organizations of the 20s of the XX century. The analysis of their activities showed that literary organizations were very active in their desire to reinforce proletarian culture.
 
 Conclusions. The association of writers and artists is considered as a necessary trend in the conditions of a new ideological paradigm evolvement, as the foundation of their professional, cultural, political identification in the new historical realities. Writers’ organizations of the 20s of the XX century contributed to preservation of literary heritage and gave impetus to the development of fiction in the Soviet period. In the early 30s of the XX century, a movement aimed at creating a unified literary organization was set out and intensified.

S.K. "RUS'" UZHHOROD – TEAM "FLYING TEACHERS" AND OTHER UKRAINIAN CLUBS OF THE SILVER LAND: NAMES OF ZAKARPATTIAN [TRANSCARPATHIAN] FOOTBALL TEAMS

The article analyzes the names of Zakarpattian [Transcarpathian] football teams in different periods of the more than century-long history of the development of Ukrainian football in Zakarpattia [Transcarpathia]. The motivation of the collected names of Ukrainian football teams was clarified, and they were differentiated into homonymous and appellative names (common names). Naming trends during three periods of the history of the formation of Ukrainian football in Zakarpattia [Transcarpathia], caused by social and political, social and cultural factors, are traced. It was revealed that during the first third of the 20th century, when Zakarpattian [Transcarpathian] lands belonged to various foreign states, and the Ukrainians of Zakarpattia [Transcarpathia] sought to demonstrate their national identity in various ways, the names of football clubs reflected associations with the historical, geographical and cultural realities of Ukraine (the ancient name of the state was Rus'; anthroponym – Dukhnovych; toponyms – Korolevo nad Tysoyu, Strypa; oronym – Carpathians) and contained important ethno-cultural connotations. In the Soviet period (40–80s of the 20 th century), along with names with national and cultural semantics, nominations appeared in which colonial influences on the naming system were noticeable, which were manifested in the uniformity of the names of football teams and in the tendency to reflect in the names Soviet realities and communist values (names of all-Union sports associations – Dynamo, Spartak, Kolos, Avanhard, Burevisnyk; names of individuals by occupation – ceramicist, cooperator, furniture maker, motorist, woodworker, chemist, miner, metallurgist, builder, kolhospnyk; names of enterprise products – andesite, plastic; ideological names – red star, Bolshevik, spark). In the period after the restoration of Ukrainian independence, a noticeable increase in the number of football team names was recorded, reflecting the geographical realities of the ethnographic region of Zakarpattia [Transcarpathia] (toponyms – Mynai, Mukachevo, Perechyn, Seredne, Tyachiv, Khust; oronyms – Borzhava, Buzhora, Hoverla; hydronym – Tysa; relief names, flora and fauna – highlands, skala [mountain rock], spruce, berkut [eagle of prey]), but for more than thirty years in football nomenclature it was not possible to completely get rid of totalitarian influences.

Representation of Historical Events and Realities in the Space of Virtualized Global Strategy Game Universes

The article explores the possibilities and prospects of using an audio visualized (multimedia) text, which, according to the author, is the phenomenon of a computer game (in particular, the genre of global strategy) to represent the historical process in the form of its simulation. The study aims to identify the possibilities and limitations of demonstrating elements of world-system analysis in the space of the game universe of global historical strategies. The goals are: 1) to analyze key aspects of virtualized game simulation in the form of global strategy; 2) to systematize characteristic features of the combination of scientific and subjective factors in game simulation; 3) to identify the influence of the cultural factor on creating virtual worlds in games; 4) to conduct case-studies considering games through the prism of the theoretical framework of game simulation. The study employs the historical-genetic method and discourse analysis. Axiological and anthropological approaches are used to find sociocultural specificities of game simulations by investigating their value orientations and practices in the game and in the community of gamers. The study specifies features of variable modelling on the example of game universes of Civilization, Crusader Kings, Europa Universalis etc. The results of the study include the analysis of 1) history reconstruction in global game strategies from the point of view of philosophy of culture; 2) game mechanics reflecting their creators’ and gamers’ personal features; 3) creating cultural landscape in global simulation games. The author suggests that modern global strategies is not only a kind of virtual entertainment and cybertext, but also a means of reliving the historical narrative when mass consciousness can explore alternative history. This approach makes way for spreading historical knowledge via historical simulation.

Наследие татар Золотой Орды: научные мероприятия

The Marjani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences is a leading humanities research center in Tatarstan. It is one of the recognized and authoritative regional centers in Russia and an important link in international academic cooperation in the field of studying the history of the Tatars, Tatarstan, Eurasian history, and Turkic-Tatar civilization. Researchers from the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates of the Marjani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with colleagues from other research centers in the Russian Federation and abroad, not only investigate the historical realities of the past, including the Golden Horde state and Tatar Khanates but also develop common approaches to its history, which is essential in modern conditions. As part of this work, roundtable discussions and presentations were organized in Bashkortostan and the Samara Region in May-June 2023. All of these scientific events provide a significant impetus for the study of the legacy of the Tatars of the Golden Horde at the regional and international levels. An important outcome is the establishment of cooperation between historians and local historians from the Volga and Ural regions. Joint discussions of scientific issues have allowed not only to outline the prospects for further research, but also to establish new productive traditions in the relationships between professionals and history enthusiasts.

Перспективы и проблемы антиномической концептуализации метафор исторической реальности

The paper is concerned with the problem of antinomic conceptualization of such metaphors used in the inter-pretation of historical reality as mechanism, organism, context and text. The author explains in great detail that the metaphors of mechanism and organism have been used as antinomies for the interpretation of history since the Enlightenment, but, due to the fact that context and text as scientific terms have no contradictions, their representation as antonymous metaphors in the interpretation of historical reality is problematic. The arti-cle attempts to jointly use tropological and logical analysis in order to determine the antinomic logical function of such metaphors of historical reality interpretation as mechanism and organism, and, based on this, identifies possible prospects for antinomic conceptualization of context and text metaphors. It is stressed that the method of antinomic conceptualization of metaphors can be promising not only for identifying the antinomic function of metaphors, but also for developing new approaches to the historical reality interpretation by combinatorics of antinomic concepts.

The Issue and Resolution of Grassroots Cadres’ Shirking of Work during the Land Reform and Party Rectification in Lucheng from 1948–1949

Abstract Contrary to the existing academic consensus that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) shifted from strict purges to more lenient “education” in response to paralysis and other negative impacts on its cadre force during the land reform and party rectification, this paper posits that the process of addressing the pessimism, negativity, and work-shirking of cadres was not as simple as “education,” but rather a relatively difficult journey, with historical realities proving to be far richer and more complex. In face of the severe problem of cadre work-shirking during land reform and party rectification, the CCP gradually formed a clear understanding of the situation. While acknowledging mistakes, clarifying responsibilities, and striving to win back the cadres, the party also endeavored to eliminate ideological confusion, delineate right from wrong, and deal decisively with opportunists. For grassroots cadres, this also represented a transformative improvement adapted to revolution and societal development and changes. The resolution of the problem of cadre work-shirking highlights the wisdom and courage of the CCP as it confronted the negative impacts produced by miscalculations during land reform. It also illustrates the party’s internal aspirations and practical needs to vigorously develop production and achieve a smooth transition from “war” to “peace.”

RUSSIAN HISTORICAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL REALIA NOMINATIONS: FORMATION PATTERNS AND METHODS OF TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH

The article discusses formation patterns of the nominations of historical and socio-political realities that reflect life in Russia from the first half of the 20th century to the present times. It also touches upon the ways of translation of these lexical units into English. The choice of the research topic is due to the fact that, on the one hand, it makes it possible to trace the evolution of a certain linguistic layer against the backdrop of profound changes Russian society has undergone over the past century, on the other hand, it broadens the mind of both Russian and English-speaking audiences regarding key events that influenced the national identity formation of the Russian world.

Characteristics of Storytelling in Epic Cinema

The core of epic film lies in telling a good story on the screen, in order to achieve this purpose, epic films are taken from history and claimed to be faithful to history, but these are not historical reality, and can only be called image reality. Based on this effect, the core of the story to be told in epic film is hidden behind the screen, and it is for the audience to mobilise their own deep psychological structure to reconstruct this again after watching the film, and the charm and vitality of this story is thus reflected.

Russia and South Ossetia United Civilizational Platform: Socio-Political and Cross-Cultural Interaction

The article is devoted to the topical after the collapse of the USSR problem of regional integration of sovereign countries for the joint solution of geopolitical, socioeconomic, general cultural and other tasks. The article analyzes the situation associated with the ambiguity of international legal criteria for the recognition of newly formed states and the inconsistency in the interpretation of the right of peoples to equality and self-determination. The historical justification is given and the legal basis for the entry of the Republic of South Ossetia into the Russian Federation as a new subject is described. It is shown that the reunification of two Ossetias, North and South, which created a new historical reality in the life of the Ossetian ethnic group, became the basis for the decision of the leadership of South Ossetia to join Russia by holding a referendum. The circumstances of the postponement of the referendum for an indefinite period are substantiated. The author concluded that the integration of Russia and South Ossetia will lead mainly to positive consequences for both states.

Исторические реалии в ранней русской агиографии

В статье анализируются Жития Феодосия Печерского и Авраамия Смоленского с точки зрения значимости содержащихся в них данных по русской истории — политической, церковной и истории повседневности. The article is based on the Life of Theodosius of the Caves and the Life of Abraham of Smolensk. Analyzed is the significance of the available political, religious, and everyday historical data.

What Does Singularity of the Holocaust Mean?

ABSTRACT This article examines the historical reality as well as the discourse on the singularity of the Holocaust in Germany. After an excursus on the Historikerstreit (Historians Dispute) in 1986, which resulted in a specific consensus on the interpretation of the Holocaust, the article describes the development of research since then, which led to a different result, namely to understand the Holocaust as a complex violent event with different groups of perpetrators and victims, which must be placed in the context of a European history of violence. The thesis of the singularity of the Holocaust not only no longer reflects this research development, but also blocks an appropriate culture of remembrance, which should be open and “multidirectional” (Michael Rothberg) without relativizing the specificity of the mass murder of European Jews.

Between the Borders of Life and Art: Roman Polanski’s Transgressive Negotiations

Roman Polanski’s films are noted for their subversive psychological style that explores themes of sexuality, desire, alienation, and violence. His narratives often reflect a dark sense of humour through which the director perceives the absurdity of the human condition in relation to his own cultural dislocations and artistic eccentricity. This article investigates how different connotations of transgression play a major role in defining Roman Polanski as a filmmaker. It specifically explores how the polysemy of transgression structures Polanski as an artist whose real and cinematic negotiations are often intertwined. Through the constant subversion of moral, cultural, and social discourses, his visual style and narrative ideology maintain a notorious affinity that disturbs the notion of reality and manipulates it with new narrative texts. It is the idea of transgression that changes the way Polanski’s auteur status is perceived, appreciated, and rejected for his actions and creations in the past and their repercussions in the present. Polanski’s works use historical, social, and personal realities to renegotiate his transgressive image in real life by incorporating his contested victim status and persecuted selfhood in narratives that manipulate both the past and present.

Исторические формы интерпретации модального типа целостности: ересь монархиан-модалистов и образ Святой Руси

The article considers two variants of interpretation of modal-type integralities. The first is represented by the heresy of the monarchists modalists and Savellians, which was widespread in the era of triadological disputes (the 3rd century). The denial by its representatives of the trinity of God and the recognition of the absolute identity of the natures of God, the Father and the Son, are considered not in the aspect of the history of triadological disputes but in the light of the interest of modern philosophy in the study of the modal type of integrity. The Sabellians make the definitions of God dependent on the ontological and anthropological conditions in which the experience of the epiphany and knowledge of God take place: God Himself determines His semantic aspects in each case, limiting Himself and setting the measure, form, and method of his manifestation in the world through revelation. The manifestations and definitions of God form a unity of a special type. Accordingly, statements about God necessarily turn out to be modal, since they speak of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit not as coexisting and consubstantial divine personalities, but as three modes (consistently realized forms) of the manifestation of God as One. Using the example of the image of Holy Russia, it is shown that the use of a modal approach in relation to phenomena endowed with the status of the sacred has become entrenched in Christian culture. They are produced by religious consciousness as initial spiritual wholes, which, however, are not directly given but are revealed under certain conditions in historical reality through their many forms (modes). Each of the forms carries the "nature" or essence of the original integrity; however, in their real existence, these forms (modes), having a single source, are still separate entities with different functions and goals, with their own history, spatial location, time frames, etc. At the same time, the original integrity, manifesting itself in each of its modes, is not their summative unity and cannot be "assembled" from them as from parts.

The law-making process in the Ukrainian lands of the ХVth-XVIIth centuries: institutions and procedures

Legal formation is one of the basic categories of both historical and legal science and legal science in general. The law-making process is a concentrated reflection of legal values, legal interests, legal mentality and mentality, ultimately the sense of right of society. His analysis is important for the reproduction of the historical and legal reality, particularly in the Ukrainian lands of the 15th-17th centuries, when legal practices and strategies were established and the legal canons of Ukrainian society were established. In this connection, the study of the organization of Diets and Diets and their functioning has significant cognitive potential. The purpose of this article is to highlight some features of the law-making process on Ukrainian lands in the relevant period, which manifested itself in the phenomenon of seymikation – participation in Sejms and sejmiks. The appearance of noble self-government bodies was a consequence of the spread of the crown system of administrative-territorial and judicial system to the territory of Ukraine. As a result of the administrative reform carried out on the eve of the Union of Lublin and the division of lands into voivodeships and counties, Ukrainian lands became part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as part of 8 voivodeships, with all the rights of the ancient crown voivodships and at the same time with «their own rights». Such «own right» was primarily the Lithuanian Statute of 1566 (Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) or the so-called Volyn statute. It was he who introduced the two-tier system of state organization: the general Sejm – the place of state representation of regional elites at the national level, and the poviat sejmiks – representative bodies of the nobility. Participation in seyms became the main mechanism for the participation of the nobility in the political and legal life of the state. Despite all the specifics of sejmik (vassal-clan dependencies, tycoon lobby, etc.), it can be argued that it, as well as the institutions of the Sejm and sejmiks, ensuring the involvement of a significant nobility and communication between the lord and the nobility, was an effective way of organizing, in particular, rightful life, the main component of which is law-making. Key words: legal formation, Sejm, sejmiks, sejmіkаtion, Lithuanian statute, nobility, crown law, selfgovernment, law.

Local Features of Ballads in Northeast Siberia: Plots of ‘The Mother-in-Law Held Captive by Her Son-in-Law’ and ‘Prince Volkonsky and the Gatekeeper’

This article aims to clarify the characteristics of the ballad genre among other works in Northeast Siberia (in Yakutia and a separate settlement in the Magadan region). It examines the local features of ballad song variants recorded from long-time residents of Northeast Yakutia. The source materials used are texts published in the collections “Folklore of Russian Ustye” (1986) and “Russian Epic Poetry of Siberia and the Far East” (1991). The article presents ballad songs of Russian settlers from the lower reaches of the Indigirka River and the Kolyma River basin. Recordings by D. I. Melikov and V. G. Bogoraz are also utilized. The study is conducted using descriptive and comparative methods, as well as some techniques of lexical-semantic analysis. The work continues the research related to specifying the repertoire, genre, and stylistic features that constitute the uniqueness of epic poetry in Northeast Yakutia recorded in the 19th-20th centuries. The specifics of their dissemination are characterized. The first recordings made in the 19th century are compared with ballad texts documented in the 20th century. Special attention is given to the ballad song “The Mother-in-Law Held Captive by Her Son-in-Law.” It is noted that this folklore specimen reflects certain historical realities related to the area where the song was circulated. It is reported that ballad texts were lost by the 1970s.

Exploring Folklore and Fantasy: Eudora Welty’s Interpretation of The Robber Bridegroom

Eudora Welty, a celebrated American novelist renowned for her deft literary touch, prominently positioned herself within literary tradition with her famous novella, The Robber Bridegroom, which was published in 1942. This work, uniquely situated within the cultural tapestry of Mississippi, integrates elements drawn from American mythology and historical figures of the American South, weaving them into the fascinating tale of the gentleman robber Jamie Lockhart. The present research paper embarks on an exploratory journey into the complex tapestry of The Robber Bridegroom, offering a multifaceted analysis that bridges the gap between folklore, fantasy, and reality. It investigates the peculiar confluence of wisdom, seriousness, mysterious wilderness, amusement, and disenchantment—ingredients often found in traditional fairy tales. This synthesis resonates with the timeless quality of myth and resonates with a contemporary audience. Central to this exploration is an analysis of Welty’s intricate character portrayals and her deft use of irony and humor. These literary devices, alongside her nuanced evocation of the setting, serve to underscore a profound reflection on the transient nature of human connections. Moreover, this paper delves into Welty’s portrayal of the Western civilization’s impact on the indigenous Natchez tribe, a theme that lends the story historical depth and sociocultural relevance. In examining the dualities that permeate the narrative, such as enlightenment and ignorance, civilization and wilderness, the study highlights Welty’s ability to transcend simple dichotomies, presenting a fairy tale-like narrative that also fosters critical inquiry into the development of writing skills and artistic expression. Furthermore, the paper provides insights into how Welty’s narrative functions as a metaphorical bridge, connecting historical realities with a broader human experience, thus reinvigorating classical motifs with modern sensibilities. The present research article reveals a rich and multifarious literary landscape that bears witness to Welty’s masterful command of her craft. The research contributes to a deeper understanding of her work, and by extension, the intricate web of cultural, historical, and personal relationships that define our collective human experience.

Family literacies as peacemaking: Representations in Children’s literature

This paper presents an analysis of the discursive contours of peacemaking within families as represented in children’s literature. We turned to the Jane Addams Children’s Book Award (JACBA), which recognizes literature that engages children in thinking about peace and social justice. We analyzed the 2015-2021 collection of twenty-six award winning books for younger children. We found at least ten pathways of peacemaking that families engage in through their multimodal literacy practices. Drawing on family-centric peacemaking episodes, we present analytically rich portraits of how peacemaking unfolds at textual, ideational, and interpersonal levels across time, space, and generations. We argue this analysis provides us insight into the historical, political, and social realities that inform students and families’ lives in early childhood literacy classrooms.

From England to Austria and Croatia: Transfer of Technology and Strokes of Fate

In The Waterfalls of Slunj (1963), Heimito von Doderer constructs an exceptionally diverse and character-rich novel which takes place in the decades around the year 1900 in Vienna and various other locations in the Habsburg Monarchy, including Croatia. The plot is set in motion by an English industrialist who decides to set up a plant to produce agricultural machinery in Austria. However, it does not honor its initial promise of a long-winded portrayal of economic, social and political circumstances; Doderer’s concern seems to demonstrate superordinate, fateful correlations pointing the characters’ “cluelessness and diffidence” regarding “the fate of others” (Schmidt-Dengler). Even though the novel focuses on private, everyday occurrences, numerous references to contemporary developments in the history of mentalities, the judicial and economic systems, as well as in engineering and technology suggest that the coordinates of its narrative universe are construed in accordance with the historical reality. In this respect, it discusses not only the conditions specific to the so-called ‘Austrian version of capitalism’, but also its repercussions for the imperial periphery and, by extension, for Croatia. However, through an uncritical portrayal of relationships of dominance in line with those actually present in the Habsburg Monarchy, the author delineates the “Other” according to preconceived cultural stereotypes. Consequently, the novel can be read as a retrospectively oriented utopia, in which the positive representation of the Habsburg Empire and the omission of political history point to Doderer’s discontent with his own and Austria’s Nazi past.

Функція держави з охорони права власності: адмністртивно-правовий аспект

The article is devoted to the problem of theoretical substantiation of the function regarding the protection of property rights and the definition of the administrative and legal basis for its implementation. Theoretical studies in this area are the key to making balanced practical decisions. Special attention is paid to the historical and philosophical and legal foundations of the formation of the state's function regarding the protection of property rights, the determination of the role of legislative support of this function at various historical stages of the formation of our state, the role of the state in the field of property in view of the historical realities of the past. It was established that with the declaration of Ukraine's independence there was a need to carry out radical structural changes in the sphere of property rights protection. The new economic conditions demanded the abandonment of the priority protection of the state form of property, the creation of public-law regulators that would effectively oppose encroachments on the right to own, use and dispose of property. The proper definition of the function of the state in the protection of property rights is proposed and the administrative and legal aspect of its implementation is reflected. The peculiarities of the regulatory and legal consolidation of this function in Ukraine and foreign countries are given. The concept of administrative-legal protection of property rights is defined and it is stated that the state has an obligation to create a system of legal methods and means for maintaining the regime of property rights protection. It was determined that the complex of administrative-legal orders regarding the performance of legally significant actions and legal prohibitions in the sphere of property determine the essence of the administrative-legal regime of protection in the sphere of property. Separate ways of protecting the rights and legitimate interests of citizens in the field of property are characterized. The priority tasks of the Ukrainian state within the framework of improving the administrative and legal support for the implementation of the function regarding the protection of property rights have been clarified.