Realistic Design Research Articles

Movement as a creative language, between functional and technological aspects in internal spaces

Movement is present by nature in all creatures of the Creator, phenomenon or latent within cells, and even the fixed elements change with the passage of time and provide a sense of movement when exposed to factors and influences such as wind or rain, so the movement is a divine gift if it is best used by the designer, it provides an integrated design that carries the characteristics of permanence and flexibility. And sustainability, it is considered the design language of adaptation that enables the designer to reach a realistic design that is functional, aesthetically and technologically aware. Interior design is nothing but an imagination of a set of different and changing scenarios that solve the problems of space to provide the right environment for users. Problem : - The lack of clarity of the correct concept of the movement's design thought and philosophy due to the relative scarcity of reference sources that directly address the movement as a design language, in addition to the lack of clarity of the full impact of its impact on interior design. - Limiting the internal designer to exploiting the movement from the functional and technological aspects and neglecting its aesthetic and psychological impact on the user. Goal: - Shedding light on the correct concept of the movement's thought and philosophy, its value and its relationship to the inner space. - Highlighting the characteristics and value of movement and the importance of its use as a basic factor in designing the internal space from all functional, aesthetic and technological aspects, in addition to its impact on the user. Methodology: The research follows the descriptive method and the analytical method. results: 1- Movement in interior design has two basic types: the moral mental movement and the objective physical movement in the visual field in addition to the movement of linear elements, surfaces, volumes, colors and lighting. The movement is perceived in design through understanding the factors that cause this perception, which are contrast, diversity and unity. And proportion, toning, light and color. 2- Movement in interior design has many philosophical values ​​such as merging, collision, extension, expansion, disassembly ... and others, and those values ​​control movement resulting from linear elements, shapes, surfaces, light and color within the space. 3- Any vacuum that represents an integrated kinematic system that combines formation, functionality and technology.

A Study on the Improvement Plan of Performance-based Design of Officetels of Residential Structure

This study aims to identify the effect of the occupant density, application of the evacuation delay time, and the degree of opening of the fire doors in the household, parameters that are used in the performance-based design of the officetels of a residential structure, on the evaluation of evacuation safety and to suggest realistic alternatives. To this end, a preliminary survey was conducted on the number and ratio of residential officetels among the performance-based design targets in Gwangju Metropolitan City, which were implemented up to December 2020. Following this, two representative examples were selected, and for each type, an occupant density of 9.3 m<sup>2</sup>/person and 18.6 m<sup>2</sup>/person and an evacuation delay time of W1 and W2 were applied. In addition, for the degree of opening of the fire doors, full opening, 1/4 opening, and leakage gap were applied. With these conditions, the evaluation of evacuation safety was performed for 32 cases. Results of the evaluation showed that evacuation safety was secured in all cases for an occupant density of 18.6 m<sup>2</sup>/person, an evacuation delay time of W2, and the application of a leakage gap to the opening of the fire door. Therefore, using the above mentioned three parameters for the performance-based design of officetels of residential structures, we have proposed a more realistic design method in this study.

Research on the Influence of 3D Animation Technology on Interior Design Projects

With its realistic design effects, 3D animation technology has been widely used in the fields of interior design and environmental construction. Although the application of three-dimensional technology greatly facilitates the design of houses, there is great room for development. This article will describe in detail the related concepts of 3D animation technology, with interior design projects as the main entry point, and explore the impact of this technology on national architectural design in many ways, and help readers to understand the relationship between 3D animation technology and interior design projects. The application connection will lay a solid foundation for more technical researchers to devote themselves to it in the future.

Impact of Kerr optical frequency comb linewidth on the performance of NRZ-OOK modulated fiber optical communication system

Optical frequency combs (OFCs) generated in microresonators can substitute for widely employed power-hungry laser arrays, ensuring spectral and energy efficiency in wavelength-division multiplexed passive optical networks (WDM-PONs). Here, we propose a realistic design of a WDM-PON based on a silica microresonator generating an OFC in the dissipative Kerr soliton regime and present a corresponding theoretical study, paying particular attention to the impact of the comb linewidth on the characteristics of the communication system. Using intensive numerical simulation, data transmission performance in an eight-channel 100 GHz spaced WDM-PON is investigated for OFC carrier linewidths of 100 kHz, 1 MHz, 10 MHz, and 100 MHz. We show that microresonator-based OFCs with linewidths of up to 100 MHz can be used for a non-return-to-zero on-off keying modulated data transmission system and give an acceptable bit error rate (BER). Results show that the narrower the linewidth, the lower the BER is. The data transmission results show that error-free data transmission is possible with a BER of 4.4 × 10−12 for 100 kHz OFC carrier linewidth, providing 80 Gbps of total data rate on eight OFC generated carriers.

Design of Quadrilateral Learning with RME Approach for Junior High School Students

The purpose of this study is to provide alternative learning options, with a realistic mathematics education learning design or RME on quadrilaterl material for Junior High School students. This writing uses instructional design to develop a learning model. Learning development is done by analyzing needs and learners. Performance objectives and learning outcomes are discussed in detail and adapted to instructional objectives. The results of this study indicate that a quadrilateral learning design by applying the RME approach is recommended for educators in conducting quadrilateral learning. This happens because learning is based on real life or situations that can be imagined by students which are in accordance with RME characteristics, so that they can help students understand quadrilaterals.

Realist evaluation of a pilot intervention implementing interprofessional and interinstitutional processes for transitional care

ABSTRACT In 2016, in Switzerland, we implemented transitional interprofessional and interinstitutional shared decision-making processes (IIPs) between a short-stay inpatient care unit (SSU) and primary care professionals. Between 2018 and 2019, we evaluated this intervention using a realist design to answer the following questions: for whom, with whom, in which context and how have IIPs been implemented? Our initial theory was tested via interviews with patients, primary care professionals and staff from the SSU. Results showed that a patient’s stay at the SSU, with actors committed to facilitating IIPs, reinforced the perceived appropriateness and implementation of those IIPs. However, this appropriateness varied according to different contextual elements, such as the complexity of needs, preexisting collaborative practices and the purpose of the inpatient stay. Since IIPs occurred in a context of fragmented practices, proactive and sustained efforts are required of the actors implementing them and the organizations supporting them.

IR challenges and the machine detector interface at FCC-ee

The FCC-ee, with its unprecedented luminosity goal and high energy reach, creates challenges and requires solutions to many issues in order to produce a realistic design for the complex machine detector interface. The interaction region design for the FCC-ee adopts the crab-waist collision scheme and proposes an elegant local chromaticity correction system. An asymmetric layout of nearby dipoles suppresses the critical energy of synchrotron radiation incoming to the detector at the interaction point to a maximum value of 100 keV. The main challenge of the FCC-ee machine detector interface design is to combine the many conflicting accelerator and 2 T detector constraints, aiming for the optimal trade-off choices that simultaneously allow for a best machine performance in terms of integrated luminosity and data taking efficiency. Much of the success of the FCC-ee will be related to the interaction region design, as a result of the ingredients coming from areas of accelerator physics, mechanical engineering and detector optimization.

Ultrawide shifting of the laser pulse wavelength in a multicore tellurite fiber with two zero-dispersion wavelengths

The generation of Raman solitons in the mid-IR range in a multicore fiber with two zero-dispersion wavelengths is studied analytically and numerically. The estimate for the maximum shift of the Raman soliton wavelength depending on the parameters of the media dispersion, the frequency-dependent losses, and the nonlinearity decreasing is obtained, which is in good agreement with the results of numerical simulation. A realistic design of a 10-core fiber made of a pair of compatible glasses is proposed for the Raman shift of the wavelength of soliton pulses propagating in an out-of-phase mode. The nonlinear dynamics of a laser pulse, specified at the wavelength of $2.3\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$, energy of 1.5 nJ, and duration of 100 fs, during propagation in a fiber with this design, is studied numerically. The generation of Raman solitons in the mid-IR range at wavelengths exceeding $4\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$, as well as dispersion waves in the $5\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ range, emitted by a soliton when approaching the second zero-dispersion wavelength, is demonstrated.

Latent value in humiliation: A design thinking tool to enhance empathy in creative ideation

ABSTRACT Design thinking emphasizes that in addition to being creative, design solutions should be empathetic. Yet, research suggests there may be a tension between these goals, where focusing on empathy comes at a cost to creativity, sometimes by inducing fixation. We investigated this phenomenon through a quasi-experimental design with novice designers, contrasting two structured ideation techniques in which participants (N = 47) generated bad ideas prior to proposing beneficial ideas. Specifically, they used the wrong theory protocol (WTP) to generate harmful and humiliating ideas, and a variant in which they instead generated silly and impossible ideas (SIP). We used qualitative analysis to characterize their bad and beneficial ideas. Across two realistic design challenges, we found students’ initial bad design work was shaped by the technique they used, and that those who generated humiliating ideas were more likely to generate empathetic beneficial ideas afterward. No systematic differences were found in the breadth of solution ideas, suggesting this technique does not come at a cost to creativity. As a quick and easy-to-use technique, generating humiliating ideas prior to generating beneficial ideas holds promise as a means to reach design solutions that are both empathetic and creative.

Effect of Time-Real Marine Environment Exposure on the Mechanical Behavior of FRP Composites

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites coupons were exposed to real sea environment to assess the influence on the mechanical behavior of composite materials used in the construction of marine structures. Real-life sea environment conditions were opted for instead of the more common simulated and laboratory versions of seawater in the attempt to obtain more realistic structural modeling environmental input design parameters for marine structures. Exposure was performed over prolonged time span instead of the usual accelerated tests. Epoxy and polyester resins, reinforced with glass fibers in three fiber layout configurations, were used to manufacture standardized tensile testing coupons. Mass changes due to seawater absorption, microorganism growth, changes in tensile strength (standard tensile tests), and surface morphology of the coupons were evaluated after 6- and 12-month long periods of submersion in the sea in the Rijeka bay, Croatia. All specimens showed mass increase due to water absorption and growth of attached algae and sea microorganisms. Various levels of reduction in tensile strength, depending on the fiber layout configurations, were observed. Significant changes in the matrix material structure were noticed, effectively producing “voids”. Based on these results, sustainability of FRP composites in marine environment is addressed and discussed.

A Damage‐Controlled Behavior Factor (EC8) for Seismic Design of Steel Irregular Space MRFs

AbstractA main aspect to consider in seismic design of building structures according to EC8 is the selection of the behavior factor, q, which is directly related to the energy dissipation capacity of the structure. The prescribed values of q (1) are referred only to one limit state; (2) depend on the structural system and on the ductility class; (3) are constant; and (4) are not directly related to structural and non‐structural demands. Based on the literature, the inelastic seismic response of irregular building structures cannot be always estimated with safety by utilizing the methods of current seismic design codes. In this work, a preliminary performance‐based seismic design method which incorporates deformation‐controlled q factors, to better control the structural and non‐structural damage, is developed for space steel moment resisting frames irregular in plan view and in elevation within the framework of hybrid force/displacement (HFD) seismic design method. A large seismic response databank is generated on the basis of 88 space irregular MRFs, subjected to 42 pairs of ordinary ground motions, to develop the necessary empirical equations employed by the HFD. A realistic design example serves to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method over the seismic design procedure of EC8.

Achieving a realistic design for a superconducting gantry with large momentum acceptance for proton therapy

Purpose:A systematic design procedure for a superconducting gantry is presented. To increase the momentum acceptance of the gantry beamline, alternating-gradient combined-function magnets were used to suppress dispersion. Methods:The main difficulties and challenges occurring in the design procedure, such as the difference between low- and high-order optics and the difference in beam behavior between simplified optics models and realistic magnetic fields, were analyzed. On the basic of these analyses, a step-by-step iterative design approach was proposed. In these steps, a genetic algorithm (GA) was used for multi-objective optimization, and graphics processing unit (GPU) acceleration was adopted for realistic model simulation. Results:The results of the design demonstrated that momentum acceptance of −7%∼5% was achieved for particle tracking in realistic magnetic fields. Conclusions:Using a GA, multi-objective optics fitting up to the fifth order became feasible. The optimization procedure was also more intelligent compared with the traditional one, which depends on experience and manual intervention. The use of GPU acceleration in magnetic field calculation and particle tracking dramatically reduced the overall optimization time. Finally, design optimization for a large momentum acceptance gantry beamline with realistic magnetic fields was achieved.

Predicting airflow in naturally ventilated double-skin facades: theoretical analysis and modelling

Naturally ventilated double skin façade (NVDSF) utilizes solar radiation to introduce natural ventilation through a double-skin façade cavity with vents. It is an easy-to-implement green technology that can be widely applied to new or existing buildings. However, its implementation in buildings is still limited as the coupled radiation and natural convection pose challenges in predicting ventilation performance. Moreover, the diversity of real-life applications raises a great need for a universally applicable method that can account for realistic design factors. Hence, an in-depth theoretical analysis model is required to facilitate the application of NVDSFs in buildings. This study proposes two new analytical models for NVDSFs that can directly predict ventilation rates with simple inputs. Numerical simulations are also conducted to validate the developed analytical models. It demonstrated that the experimentally validated numerical model can offer accurate predictions of natural convection and radiation for the case that involved complicated environmental, structural, and material factors. Most importantly, the realistic scenarios, NVDSFs with exterior vent louvers are studied both analytically and numerically. Different optical properties from two glazing materials, regular glass and low-e glass, are also tested with the proposed analytical models. Through validation, the discrepancies of the predictions by the proposed analytical models are −5% to −9% for ‘no-louver’ NVDSF for two different glazing materials (i.e., regular and low-e glass), and 13%–27% for NVDSFs with adjustable louver angles 45°–150°.

Violating Kirchhoff’s Law of Thermal Radiation in Semitransparent Structures

Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation imposes a constraint on photon-based energy harvesting processes since part of the incident energy flux is inevitably emitted back to the source. By breaking the reciprocity of the system, it is possible to overcome this restriction and improve the efficiency of energy harvesting. Here, we design and analyze a semitransparent emitter that fully absorbs normally incident energy from a given direction with zero backward and unity forward emissivity. The nearly ideal performance with wavelength-scale thickness is achieved due to the magneto-optical effect and the guided-mode resonance engineered in the emitter structure. We derive the general requirements for the nonreciprocal emitter using the temporal coupled mode theory and the symmetry considerations. Finally, we provide a realistic emitter design based on a photonic crystal slab consisting of a magnetic Weyl semimetal and silicon.

Sensitivity analysis of a new model to predict the survival probability of artificial rock blocks upon dynamic impact

Rockfall fragmentation is a very complex phenomenon that is still poorly understood and modelled. Being able to adequately model fragmentation of impacting blocks, including change of shape, size, and energy after breakage, is essential to be able to predict realistic trajectories and design effective mitigation measures. In order to develop an accurate predictive model for rockfall fragmentation, it is necessary to better understand the fragmentation process and its likely outcomes. A novel model was recently proposed by the authors which can predict the survival probability (SP) of brittle spheres upon impact from the statistical distribution of material parameters, obtained by standard quasi-static tests (Brazilian tests and unconfined compression tests). The survival probability is described as a Weibull function whose two parameters (shape parameter-m-and scale parameter - critical kinetic energy) are predicted by the model. The model is based on theoretically-derived (from Hertzian contact theory) conversion factors used to transform the critical work required to fail disc samples in quasi-static indirect tension into the critical kinetic energy to cause failure of spheres at impact in vertical drop tests. This paper presents a sensitivity analysis on the parameters which influence the prediction of the critical kinetic energy.

Variation of Apparent Cohesion and Friction Angle Under Polyaxial Stress Conditions in Concrete

Amongst many mechanical properties, cohesion (c) and angle of internal friction (φp) are probably the most widely used rock and rock-like material strength design parameters. However, unlike Mohr-Coulomb (MC) failure criterion that assumes cohesion and friction angle are intrinsic material properties and are not affected by the applied stress level, the Hoek-Brown (HB) criterion predicts a continuous change of apparent cohesion and friction angle if the induced normal stress on the fracture plane changes. That is, at low values of normal stresses, the instantaneous angle of friction will be relatively large, whereas cohesion will be a small value. As the applied normal stress value on the fracture plane increases (moving ‘up’ the non-linear Hoek-Brown strength envelope), the angle of friction reduces, and the cohesion increases. This is an important result from the HB failure model and allows a more realistic estimate of shear strength to be made at low values of normal stress, preventing potential over-design problems. Nevertheless, the HB model neglects the effect of the intermediate principal stress on material properties. Limited studies on the variation of apparent cohesion and friction angle under polyaxial stresses in concrete are available in the literature. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the effect of true triaxial stresses on concrete cohesion and friction angle using a polyaxial strength criterion developed by Mogi. The results of concrete show that the intermediate principal stress has a pronounced effect on cohesion degradation and the mobilization of internal friction angle as the ratio of the intermediate to the minor principal stress changes. The results are expected to provide a framework for a more realistic design of underground concrete structures at depth.

Reduced-Order Models for CAD: Shrinking Electromagnetics into a Simple Circuit

A new model order reduction strategy based on the reduced-basis method is carried out in this work. Starting off from time-harmonic Maxwell's equations, a new representation of the original Maxwell system is developed. First, a reduced basis approximation allows for a reduced-order representation of electrodynamics in the frequency band of interest. As a result, the Kurokawa series representation for electromagnetics turns pretty much into a finite sum of dominant eigenresonances, which stand upon global eigenmodes of the Maxwell system. This gives rise to a linear dynamical system in electromagnetics and, after a proper arrangement, provides extremely useful physical information from which an electrical engineer can get actionable design insights. In this work, we use computational electromagnetics as an actual design tool and several realistic design applications will be considered during the presentation.

A new imaging technology based on Compton X-ray scattering.

A feasible implementation of a novel X-ray detector for highly energetic X-ray photons with a large solid angle coverage, optimal for the detection of Compton X-ray scattered photons, is described. The device consists of a 20 cm-thick sensitive volume filled with xenon at atmospheric pressure. When the Compton-scattered photons interact with the xenon, the released photoelectrons create clouds of secondary ionization, which are imaged using the electroluminescence produced in a custom-made multi-hole acrylic structure. Photon-by-photon counting can be achieved by processing the resulting image, taken in a continuous readout mode. Based on Geant4 simulations, by considering a realistic detector design and response, it is shown that photon rates up to at least 1011 photons s-1 on-sample (5 µm water-equivalent cell) can be processed, limited by the spatial diffusion of the photoelectrons in the gas. Illustratively, if making use of the Rose criterion and assuming the dose partitioning theorem, it is shown how such a detector would allow obtaining 3D images of 5 µm-size unstained cells in their native environment in about 24 h, with a resolution of36 nm.

Experimental Studies on Progressive Collapse Behavior of RC Frame Structures: Advances and Future Needs

In the recent two decades, the progressive collapse of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures attracted unprecedented research interests in the structural engineering community. Experiments are regarded as an essential method in this field since actual cases can barely provide sufficient and effective data to support rigorous research. In this paper, prevailing experimental assumptions and configurations among over 100 series of experiments are quantitatively revealed by a bibliometric collection based on systematic search in an academic database. Since numerous experiments have been reported on the progressive collapse of RC frame structures, this paper subsequently presents a state-of-the-art review summarizing both experimental consensuses and controversies constituted by three main aspects: (a) static mechanisms, (b) dynamic behavior, and (c) threat-dependent research. The significance of secondary mechanisms, existing problems of dynamic effects, and potential flaws of the threat-independent assumption are discussed in detail with experimental findings. Future needs are emphasized on research targets, correlations between experiments and design, dynamic effects, threat-dependent issues, and retrofitting. These recommendations might help researchers or designers realize a more reliable and realistic progressive collapse design of RC frame structures in the future.

Tensile Strength of Compacted Clays during Desiccation under Elevated Temperatures

Abstract The tensile strength of unsaturated soils is a critical factor controlling the initiation and propagation of desiccation cracks, which can threaten the structural integrity of natural and man-made earthen structures and slopes. Several engineering applications involve unsaturated soils subjected to elevated temperatures (e.g., earthen structure-atmospheric interaction under prolonged droughts, nuclear water disposal, energy piles, ground source heat pumps). Although the temperature dependency of desiccation cracking is demonstrated in the literature, critical gaps remain regarding the characterization of the tensile strength under elevated temperatures. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of elevated temperature on the tensile strength of unsaturated clays during desiccation. To accomplish this objective, a novel testing setup that can be used to directly determine soil tensile strength during desiccation was placed in an oven to measure the tensile strength of two compacted clayey soils of medium to high plasticity under different temperatures ranging from 20°C to 60°C. The clays are compacted at 95 % of their respective maximum dry unit weights over a range of water contents from dry to wet of optimum to investigate the influence of initial water content on tensile strength. The results demonstrated that the tensile strength decreased with increasing temperature. At the optimum water content, a tensile strength reduction of 36 % and 27 % in the highly plastic clay and the medium plastic clay, respectively, was observed when the temperature increased from 20°C to 60°C. Additionally, for the partially saturated condition, the initial water content affected the tensile strength significantly. Temperature-induced changes in key factors contributing to the tensile strength of unsaturated clays are discussed to provide further insight into tensile strength of clays at elevated temperatures. The findings of this study can contribute toward a more realistic analysis and design of earthen structures subjected to elevated temperatures.