Real Part Of Dielectric Permittivity Research Articles

Critical Model Insight into Broadband Dielectric Properties of Neopentyl Glycol (NPG).

This report presents the low-frequency (LF), static, and dynamic dielectric properties of neopentyl glycol (NPG), an orientationally disordered crystal (ODIC)-forming material important for the barocaloric effect applications. High-resolution tests were carried out for 173K<T<440K, in liquid, ODIC, and solid crystal phases. The support of the innovative distortion-sensitive analysis revealed a set of novel characterizations important for NPG and any ODIC-forming material. First, the dielectric constant in the liquid and ODIC phase follows the Mossotti Catastrophe-like pattern, linked to the Clausius-Mossotti local field. It challenges the heuristic paradigm forbidding such behavior for dipolar liquid dielectrics. For DC electric conductivity, the prevalence of the 'critical and activated' scaling relation is evidenced. It indicates that commonly applied VFT scaling might have only an effective parameterization meaning. The discussion of dielectric behavior in the low-frequency (LF) domain is worth stressing. It is significant for applications but hardly discussed due to the cognitive gap, making an analysis puzzling. For the contribution to the real part of dielectric permittivity in the LF domain, associated with translational processes, exponential changes in the liquid phase and hyperbolic changes in the ODIC phase are evidenced. The novelty also constitutes tgδ temperature dependence, related to energy dissipation. The results presented also reveal the strong postfreezing/pre-melting-type effects on the solid crystal side of the strongly discontinuous ODIC-solid crystal transition. So far, such a phenomenon has been observed only for the liquid-solid crystal melting transition. The discussion of a possible universal picture of the behavior in the liquid phase of liquid crystalline materials and in the liquid and ODIC phases of NPG is particularly worth stressing.

Interfacial polarization-driven relaxation in CuO epitaxial thin films

In this manuscript, we examine the electrical behavior of pulse laser deposition grown epitaxial (111) oriented CuO thin films using impedance spectroscopy to understand the microscopic origin of their relaxor-like characteristics. Temperature (T) dependent variation of the real part of dielectric permittivity (ε′) shows a relaxor ferroelectric-like anomaly with Vogel–Fulcher relation fitting well with the observed dielectric behavior, and thus, pointing toward a relaxor ferroelectric nature of the CuO thin film. However, the loss tangent and frequency-dependent dielectric spectroscopy measurements suggest the need to further explore the different mechanisms to understand the origin of observed relaxor behavior. Deconvolution of the impedance spectra reveals that interfacial contributions dominate in the dielectric response. Moreover, deconvoluted capacitances are temperature-independent within the specified temperature range, thereby excluding the possibility of a ferroelectric transition suggested by ε′ vs T data. The DC bias measurement of dielectric permittivity and I–V measurements reveal the MW (Maxwell–Wagner) nature of the observed dielectric anomaly. The measurements also suggest interface-limited Schottky conduction as the predominant conduction mechanism in the CuO thin films. This work demonstrates that the apparent relaxor behavior observed in the CuO thin film is related to extrinsic, i.e., interfacial polarization effect, instead of the intrinsic ferroelectric nature of the material.

Spectral Characteristics of Polarization Radiation in the Water Window Range

The high-intensity and monochromatic radiation sources in the water window spectral range are desirable for many applications. One of the potential candidates of soft X-ray sources is polarization radiation produced by a charged particle passing through a thin foil. In the soft X-ray range near the absorption edges of a target material, the real part of dielectric permittivity can exceed unity, and the Tamm–Frank criterion is fulfilled. Thus, two types of radiation are produced: transition and Cherenkov radiation. In this report, we theoretically investigated the spectral characteristics of radiation produced in both cases when the Tamm–Frank criterion is met or not met. We showed the dependences of the spectrum as a function of thickness and the incidence angle. To describe the properties of polarization radiation and the complex dielectric permittivity, the polarization current approach and Henke’s model were used, respectively.

Selective Gas Sensing under a Mixed Gas Flow with a One-Dimensional Copper Coordination Polymer.

Structural changes of the coordination polymer associated with gas adsorption (gate opening-type adsorption) can be linked to bulk physical properties such as magnetism, electrical conductivity, and dielectric properties. To enable real-space sensing applications, it is imperative to have a system where the selective adsorption of mixed gases can be correlated with physical properties. In this report, we demonstrate that a crystalline sample of one-dimensional (1D) coordination polymer exhibits selective CO2 adsorption while simultaneously displaying dielectric switching behavior in a mixed N2/CO2 gas environment. In the crystal of {[Cu2(2-TPA)4(pz)]·CH3CN}n (1·CH3CN), where 2-TPA and pz are 2-thiophencarboxylate and pyrazine, respectively, paddle wheel-type units of [Cu2(2-TPA)4] are bridged by pz, forming a 1D chain structure. One of the two crystallographically independent 2-TPA units was interacted with the pz moiety of the adjacent 1D chain by π···π interactions, forming a two-dimensional (2D) layer parallel to the ab plane. Activated 1 shows selective CO2 adsorption by a gate opening-type adsorption mechanism, indicating that the CO2 adsorption process is accompanied by a structural change. The change in the real part of dielectric permittivity (ε') under the mixed N2/CO2 gas flow is a result of the selective CO2 adsorption, which was supported by the enthalpy changes (ΔH) associated with CO2 adsorption in two methods: CO2 adsorption isotherms and temperature-dependent measurements of ε' under a mixed N2/CO2 gas flow. The calculated ΔH values were found to be in good agreement across both methods. The CO2 ratio in the mixed N2/CO2 gas flow increased, and the switching ratio of ε' (Δε') also increased. Notably, Δε' exhibited a marked increase beyond the pressure required for gate opening adsorption.

Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectroscopy (IFMS-19). Concluding remarks

The BaTiO3 perovskite is widely used in the electronic technology due to its dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties and is a well-known base for obtaining a promising multifunctional material. In this paper we report the extensive studies on the Co-doped BaTiO3 ceramics for the wide range cobalt content. Full structural characterization of studied samples in a 20–450 K range was provided. The results of research on spectroscopic, dielectric, electronic, optical, magnetic and elastic properties are presented. The superior dielectric properties to those exhibited by the parent compound have been found. Namely, the reduction of dielectric losses and stability of the dielectric permittivity in the vicinity of the room temperature are reported. Additionally, our research revealed: broadening of the dielectric anomalies related to the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition, shifting the Curie point towards lower temperatures, displacive mechanism of Curie phase transition with order-disorder contributions; maximum value of the real part of dielectric permittivity of about 5000 at Curie point for 0.05 wt% of Co-doping, value of the activation energy ∼ 0.9 eV as the result of the migration of oxygen vacancies that are generated due to charge compensation, and the occurrence of magnetoelectric response. At last, the Co-doped BaTiO3 shows potential to use in non-linear optoelectronic devices, while no evidence of multiferroic properties, suggested in the literature, was found.

Tuning magneto-dielectric properties of Co2Z ferrites via Gd doping for high-frequency applications

Magneto–dielectric properties of Co2Z ferrite materials are tuned via Gd doping for applications in high-frequency antennas and filters in the present work. Ba3Co2Fe24−x Gd x O41 (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20) materials are successfully prepared by using solid-state method at 925 °C for 4 h with 2.5-wt% Bi2O3 sintering aids. The content of Gd3+ ion can affect micromorphology, grain size, bulk density, and magneto–dielectric properties of the ferrite. With Gd3+ ion content increasing, saturation magnetization (M s) first increases and then decreases. The maximum value of M s is 44.86 emu/g at x = 0.15. Additionally, sites occupied by Gd3+ ions can change magnetic anisotropy constant of the ferrite. Magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant (K 1) is derived from initial magnetization curve, and found to be related to spin–orbit coupling and intersublattice interactions between metal ions. The real part of magnetic permeability (μʹ) and real part of dielectric permittivity (εʹ) are measured in a frequency range of 10 MHz–1 GHz. When x = 0.15, material has excellent magneto–dielectric properties (μ′ ≈ 12.2 and ε′ ≈ 17.61), low magnetic loss (tan δμ ≈ 0.03 at 500 MHz), and dielectric loss (tan δε ≈ 0.04 at 500 MHz). The results show that Gd-doped Co2Z ferrite has broad application prospects in multilayer filters and high-frequency antennas.

Critical-like behavior of low-frequency dielectric properties in compressed liquid crystalline octyloxycyanobiphenyl (8OCB) and its nanocolloid with paraelectric BaTiO3

The report presents pressure-related broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) studies in liquid crystalline octyloxycyanobiphenyl (8OCB) and its nanocolloid with BaTiO3 paraelectric nanoparticles. It is focused on the low-frequency (LF) domain, and the impact of pretransitional fluctuations. Studies were carried out in isotropic liquid, nematic, Smectic A, and solid crystal phases. In each case, the critical-type behavior for the LF contribution to the real part of dielectric permittivity and DC electric conductivity is evidenced. Studies of dielectric constant, related to the static frequency domain, revealed in SmA mesophase the shift from the XY-type to the mean-field type criticality when adding nanoparticles. The ‘giant’ premelting effect, with the critical-like portrayal, in the solid crystal phase, is also evidenced. Studies are supplemented by the polarizing microscopy insight into all tested phases appearing on compressing in 8OCB, and the nanocolloid. Photos show prenematic fluctuations in the isotropic liquid phase, phase transitions, changes within nematic and smectic mesophases on compressing, and the impact of nanoparticles.

Effect of Sm and Fe co-doping on structural, dielectric and magnetic properties of YCrO3 perovskite

In this report, impact of co-doping of samarium (Sm3+) and iron (Fe3+) on structural, dielectric and magnetic properties of YCrO3 compound has been investigated. Here, YCrO3 and Y1-xSmxCr1-yFeyO3 (x = 0.3, y = 0.1) compounds are synthesized successfully through sol–gel auto combustion route. The synthesized samples are characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), impedance analyzer and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques. Rietveld refinement of XRD analysis reveals that both the compounds are crystallized in distorted orthorhombic structure belongs to Pnma space group. It is observed that with co-doping of both Sm3+ and Fe3+, lattice unit cell volume increases. SEM micrograph shows that the grains are slightly elongated as compared to the undoped sample. The temperature variation of real part of dielectric permittivity (εr) and tangent loss (tan δ) are analyzed over a frequency range 40 KHz − 500 KHz at a temperature range 300 K − 523 K. The temperature dependent dielectric permittivity reveals that both εr and tan δ decrease with co-doping. Moreover, both the compounds show relaxor like ferroelectric transition. Room temperature field dependent magnetization analysis shows that maximum magnetization value increases with co-doping. The result reveals that the enhanced properties with co-doping can be useful for practical device applications.

Sm-doped enhanced magnetic-dielectric properties of low-temperature fired Co2Z ferrite materials for high-frequency device applications

Co2Z ferrite with superior performance is a beneficial material for high filter devices and antenna substrates. In this work, Ba3Co2Fe24-xSmxO41 (x = 0.00–0.50 with a step of 0.10) materials were prepared using low temperature-fired process with 2.5 wt% of Bi2O3. The phase formation, microstructure, magnetic property, complex permittivity, and complex permeability were studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, and vector network analyzer. The materials remained in a single hexagonal phase, and the grain size increased with increase of Sm-doped content. Saturation magnetization of samples increased at first and then decreased. When x = 0.20 and 0.30, the value of 4πMS was 2910.4 G and 2861.7 G, respectively. The variation of saturation magnetization is mainly due to the occupancy of Sm3+ ions. When Sm3+ ion doped Fe3+ ion of Co2Z ferrite, Sm3+ ion first preferred to occupy 4eIV site due to its low electronegativity, and then occupied 12k and 4f sites at high doped content, affecting magnetic moment and magneto-crystalline anisotropy. Furthermore, low-temperature sintering improves magnetic-dielectric properties of Sm-doped materials in high-frequency range. The real part of magnetic permeability (μ′) reached a maximum value of 8.4 when x = 0.20 and the real part of dielectric permittivity (ε′) reached a maximum value of 14.1 when x = 0.30. The magnetic loss and dielectric loss remained low (tanδμ = 0.05–0.08 and tanδε = 0.005–0.04) and the off-cut frequency was nearly 1 GHz. The results indicated that these magnetic-dielectric materials have great potential for high-frequency antenna applications.

The impact of ionic contribution to dielectric permittivity in 11CB liquid crystal and its colloids with BaTiO3 nanoparticles

The report shows the temperature behavior of the real part of dielectric permittivity in the static (dielectric constant) and low-frequency (LF) domains in bulk samples of 11CB and its BaTiO3-based nanocolloids. The study covers the isotropic liquid (I), nematic (N), smectic A (SmA), and solid crystal (Cr) phases. For each phase, the dominance of pretransitional fluctuations, significantly moderated by nanoparticles, is shown. The authors consider separate focuses on the dielectric constant varepsilon left( {varvec{T}} right) evolution in the static domain, yielding mainly response from permanent dipole moment and its arrangement, and in the low-frequency (LF) domain Delta varepsilon^{prime } left( f right) = varepsilon^{prime } left( f right) - varepsilon (where varepsilon^{prime } left( {varvec{f}} right) is for the real part of dielectric permittivity in the LF domain), which is associated solely with ionic-related polarization mechanisms. All of these led to new experimental evidence concerning I–N, N–SmA, and SmA–solid transitions, focusing on the strength and extent of pretransitional effects, critical exponents, and phase transitions discontinuities. The strong evidence for pretransitional effects near the SmA–Cr transition is notable, particularly regarding Delta varepsilon^{user2{^{prime}}} left( {{varvec{f}},{varvec{T}}} right). Studies are supplemented by the discussion of DC electric conductivity—a parameter also related to the LF domain. Finally, the validity of the relation varepsilon^{prime } left( {varvec{f}} right) = {varvec{Af}}^{ - 3/2} + varepsilon (where f stands for frequency, and A is a constant parameter), often used for discussing dielectric spectra in LC compound and its nanocolloids in the LF domain, is examined.Graphical abstract

Enhanced dielectric properties, thermal stability and ammonia sensing performance of poly(diphenylamine)/zinc oxide nanocomposites via one step polymerization

AbstractThe structural, morphological, thermal, dielectric and electrical conductivity properties of poly(diphenylamine) (PDPA)/zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposites, synthesized by in‐situ chemical polymerization technique, were systematically evaluated and characterized. The ammonia (NH3) gas sensing characteristics of composites were evaluated as a function of ZnO nanoparticle concentration. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of composites showed the characteristic band of ZnO nanoparticles at 418 cm−1indicating an effective interaction between the polymer matrix and filler. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirm the increased crystallinity in the PDPA structure when ZnO is incorporated. The uniform distribution of nanoparticles within the polymer matrix is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies emphasize the shift in glass transition temperatures and enhanced thermal stability of composites relative to bare PDPA, which is further confirmed by the Coat‐Redfern method. Conductivity studies show a significant increase in magnitudes of real part of dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss tangent concerning filler content. The addition of 7 wt% ZnO nanoparticles to PDPA increases the room temperature AC conductivity from 1.058 × 10−5to 7.8 × 10−4 S/cm. Moreover, the room‐temperature NH3gas sensing property of PDPA/ZnO nanocomposites was accelerated by the addition of ZnO nanoparticles.

Complex Dielectric Permittivity Spectra of Rapeseed in the 20 MHz-3 GHz Frequency Range.

Rapeseed is one of the most important sources of vegetable oil worldwide. Knowledge of the dielectric properties of rapeseed may be beneficial for moisture content determination and the optimization of microwave treatment processes. The aim of this research was to examine the complex dielectric permittivity spectra of rapeseed of moisture content from 8.3% to 16.1%. The measurements were performed in the 20 MHz–3 GHz frequency range with the use of a vector network analyzer and a coaxial transmission-line cell. The real part of dielectric permittivity significantly depended on the water content of the seeds. The obtained spectra were modeled with the use of a three-pole Debye model with bulk electrical conductivity. Because the highest-frequency pole was found near the high-frequency measurement band limit, the spectra were additionally modeled with the use of an approximate ABC model with two in-band Debye poles. The determined model parameters were found to be highly dependent on the water content of the seeds. The relations between these parameters and water content were analyzed.

Facile Synthesis and Structural, Microstructural, and Dielectric Characteristics of SnO2-CeO2 Semiconducting Binary Nanocomposite

Polycrystalline (1-x)SnO2-xCeO2 nanocomposites, where x = 0, 0.05, and 0.10, were synthesized using conventional co-precipitation method without any traces of impurities. Structural characterization revealed that the composition with x = 0 exhibited single-phase tetragonal rutile symmetry, whereas for x = 0.05 and 0.10 compositions showed both tetragonal and cubic phase coexistence as confirmed by Rietveld refinement studies. HRTEM micrographs showed nanoscale formation of nanocomposites and also displayed fringes depicting d spacing (110) = 0.34 nm belonging to SnO2 crystal matrix and d spacing (111) = 0.31 nm for cubic CeO2 crystal lattice. Dielectric properties of host SnO2 nanoparticles were improved by CeO2 addition in the SnO2. The increment in the real part of dielectric permittivity was observed for CeO2 modification of SnO2 matrix.

Multitasking Performance of Fe3O4/BaTiO3/Epoxy Resin Hybrid Nanocomposites

In this study, hybrid nanocomposites consisting of Fe3O4/BaTiO3/epoxy resin were prepared with varying amounts of filer content. Structural and morphological characterization, conducted via X-Ray Diffraction patterns and Scanning Electron Microscopy images, revealed the successful fabrication of composites and fine dispersion of inclusions. Thermomechanical properties are studied via Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and static mechanical tests. Hybrid composites exhibit enhanced thermal stability and improved mechanical response. Indicatively, Young’s modulus, tensile strength and fracture toughness increase from 1.26 GPa, 22.25 MPa, and 3.03 kJ/m3 for the neat epoxy to 1.39 GPa, 45.73 MPa, and 41.08 kJ/m3 for the composites with 20 or 15 parts per hundred resin per mass (phr) of Fe3O4, respectively. Electrical behavior is investigated via Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy and ac conductivity measurements. The real part of dielectric permittivity reaches the value of 11.11 at 30 °C for the composite with 40 phr of Fe3O4. The ability to store and retrieve electric energy on the nanocomposites is examined with the following parameters: the filler content and the applied voltage under dc conditions. Retrieved energy reaches 79.23% of the stored one, for the system with 15 phr of Fe3O4. Magnetic response is studied via a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. Magnetic saturation, for the system with the highest magnetic filler content, obtains the value of 25.38 Am2/kg, while pure magnetic powder attains the value of 86.75 Am2/kg. Finally, the multifunctional performance of the nanocomposites is assessed regarding all the exerted stimuli and the optimum behavior is discussed.

Dielectric models for moisture determination of soils with variable organic matter content

An accurate calibration function relating soil dielectric permittivity to its volumetric water content is essential for reliable measurements of soil moisture with the use of dielectric sensors. In the operational frequency range of popular capacitance and impedance sensors, various soil properties may influence the relation between the soil moisture and dielectric permittivity, which may worsen the measurement accuracy of a sensor. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relations among the organic matter content, dry bulk density, volumetric water content and dielectric permittivity in the 10–500 MHz frequency range, which covers the frequency range of operation of common soil moisture dielectric sensors operating in the frequency domain. Samples of soil material of belonging to sand, sandy loam and silt loam texture classes with varied organic matter content were measured with the use of a coaxial-like open-ended seven-rod probe connected to a vector-network-analyzer. A new simplified dielectric model is presented in order to accurately describe the obtained spectra. Next, several models connecting the real part of dielectric permittivity and volumetric water content, taking account of the impact of bulk density, were examined. It was found that two linear segmented models fitted to the obtained data better in the case of soil materials of sandy loam and silt loam textures. The best segmented model exhibited RMSE of about 0.023 m3 m−3 in comparison to about 0.04 m3 m−3 in the case of a simple linear model without density correction.

Decrease in negative dielectric anisotropy and electric conductivity of 4-methoxybenzylidene-4'-butylaniline doped with fullerenes C60

Effect of fullerenes C60 on dielectric relaxation and electric conductivity of nematic liquid crystal 4-methoxybenzylidene-4'-butylaniline (MBBA) is investigated. It is shown that the inclusion of fullerenes into liquid crystal leads to decreasing of the clearing temperature and the order parameter. In this case, the longitudinal component of the real part of dielectric permittivity increases while the transverse component and the absolute value of dielectric anisotropy decrease. The capture of moving ions by fullerenes leads to a decrease of electric conductivity.

Relaxor ferroelectric phase transition and ac conduction in polycrystalline Gd0.55Ca0.45MnO3 at low temperature

The present investigation reports the dielectric phase transition studies in polycrystalline Gd0.55Ca0.45MnO3 along with ac conduction and structural property. Polycrystalline Gd0.55Ca0.45MnO3 has been synthesized by the solid-state synthesis route at 1350 °C which crystallized in the orthorhombic phase with centrosymmetric Pnma symmetry at room temperature. The complex dielectric and modulus properties of polycrystalline Gd0.55Ca0.45MnO3 has been explored in the frequency range of 500 Hz to 1 MHz at low temperatures having the range 6 K–200 K. The real part of dielectric permittivity shows the sharp increase up to 30 K–120 K temperature range and then decreases constantly which confirm the characteristic of relaxor ferroelectric material. The low-temperature dielectric study reveals that Gd0.55Ca0.45MnO3 possesses a high dielectric permittivity and low loss below 120 K. The frequency variation of ac conductivity shows the correlated barrier hopping in the temperature range of 10 K–60 K and 100 K–180 K and gives the signature of small polaron hopping at 60 K–100 K. Thermal variation of activation energy for Gd0.55Ca0.45MnO3 gives the activation energy of 0.0634(2) eV for higher frequency 1 MHz.

The anisotropic quasi-static permittivity of single-crystal β -Ga2O3 measured by terahertz spectroscopy

The quasi-static anisotropic permittivity parameters of electrically insulating beta gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) were determined by terahertz spectroscopy. Polarization-resolved frequency domain spectroscopy in the spectral range from 200 GHz to 1 THz was carried out on bulk crystals along different orientations. Principal directions for permittivity were determined along crystallographic axes c and b and reciprocal lattice direction a*. No significant frequency dispersion in the real part of dielectric permittivity was observed in the measured spectral range. Our results are in excellent agreement with recent radio frequency capacitance measurements as well as with extrapolations from recent infrared measurements of phonon mode and high-frequency contributions and close the knowledge gap for these parameters in the terahertz spectral range. Our results are important for applications of β-Ga2O3 in high-frequency electronic devices.

Effect of fullerenes C60 on dielectric relaxation, electric conductivity, and electro-optic properties of 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl

Effect of fullerenes C60 on dielectric relaxation, electric conductivity, and electro-optic properties of nematic liquid crystal 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl is investigated. It is shown that the inclusion of fullerenes into liquid crystal leads to decreasing of the clearing temperature and the order parameter. In this case, the transverse component of the real part of dielectric permittivity increases while the longitudinal component decreases. A maximum of dielectric absorption shifts to the low-frequency region. The capture of moving ions by fullerenes leads to a decrease of electric conductivity. The elastic constant, rotational viscosity and switching times decrease while the threshold voltage of Freedericksz effect increases.

Electrical properties of alkali-activated materials against Portland cement

A first attempt was made to study the electrical properties of pastes and mortars prepared from the most common alkali-activated materials against those of Portland cement (PC). The properties included electrical conduction, dielectric constant, the real part of dielectric permittivity and loss tangent factor. The frequencies measured ranged from 100 MHz to 3 GHz. The most common starting materials such as slag, fly ash (FA) and metakaolin (MK) were used and activated with sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solution to prepare geopolymer pastes and mortars. After curing, the specimens were tested under compression to determine the compressive strength. In addition, electrical properties were measured. The results showed that FA-based geopolymer and PC specimens exhibited similar electrical properties. MK- and slag-based geopolymer specimens also exhibited similar electrical properties but with lower conductivity compared with the other two types. The results also confirmed similar electrical properties of pastes compared to mortars.