Reactive Ones Research Articles

Reproductive endocrine variation in female olive flounder with different stress coping styles during the breeding season

The hypothalamic–pituitary–inter-renal (HPI) axis activity is related to the stress coping styles of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. But the relationship between hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis activity and stress coping styles remains unknown. Here, we combine physiological measurements with ovarian development to examine the reproduction differences between proactive and reactive flounders. The GSI was significantly higher in the proactive fish than the reactive type during the breeding season. In April, all the proactive fish under investigation had ovaries at mid-vitellogenic stage while reactive fish had ovaries at pre-vitellogenic stage, but both the proactive fish and the reactive ones had ovaries at post-vitellogenic stage in May. In HPG axis, the plasma E2 levels and the mRNA levels of fshβ, fshr and lhcgr was higher in the proactive flounder than the reactive ones in April yet there was no difference between them in May. In HPI axis, the concentration of cortisol was lower in the proactive fish than the reactive ones in April, yet the results indicate no difference in May. Surprisingly, the transcript gr in ovary displays no differences between the proactive and the reactive fish and mr shows significant up-regulation for the proactive fish in April and the results indicated no difference again in May. Overall, these data suggested that the proactive individuals matured earlier than the reactive ones, the activity of HPI axis was lower, and the activity of HPG axis was higher in the proactive fish than the reactive ones during the breeding season.

Invasive alien species as an environmental stressor and its effects on coping style in a native competitor, the Eurasian red squirrel

Free-living animals cope with environmental stressors through physiological and behavioural responses. According to the unidimensional model, these responses are integrated within a coping style: proactive individuals (bold, active-explorative and social) have a lower hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity than reactive ones (shy, less active-explorative, less social). These associations may change when individuals are exposed to human-induced rapid environmental change (HIREC), such as the introduction of invasive alien species (IAS). Here, we studied Eurasian red squirrels to investigate the relationship between personality traits and one integrated measure of HPA axis activity, both in areas uncolonized (natural populations) and colonized by an IAS, the Eastern grey squirrel (invaded populations). We expected an association between physiological and behavioural responses, and that activity, exploration and social tendency would covary, forming a behavioural syndrome in natural populations, while competition with the IAS was predicted to disrupt these associations. We used faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs) as an integrated measure of adrenocortical activity, and measured the levels of four personality traits (exploration, activity, activity-exploration and social tendency) with an open field test and a mirror image stimulation test. We found no correlation between FGMs and personality traits, neither in natural nor invaded populations. However, we found correlations among personality traits in areas without interspecific competition, indicating a behavioural syndrome, which was disrupted in invaded populations. This is one of the few studies showing that an IAS, acting as an environmental stressor, alters a native species' behavioural syndrome, but does not influence its coping style.

Policies of Disaster Management in Japan for Preparation for Nankai Megathrust Earthquake

If the Nankai Megathrust Earthquake should occur, it is clear that the disaster would become a national catastrophe. To avoid the decline of Japan caused by such earthquake first of all the proactive measures, improvement of prevention, and the reactive ones, strengthening of recovery, have to be taken by means of Disaster Resilience. Looking back on the history of Japan, we can easily understand that Japan is a lucky country, because it has never experienced the disturbances of war or huge disaster leading to a collapse of the country. However, it has become obvious that if the Nankai Megathrust Earthquake should occur, it would trigger the decline of Japan. Therefore, the Ministry of Disaster Management should be established to prevent a disaster as national catastrophe and collapse of the country. For this reason the main objectives and responses of the Ministry of Disaster Management are clarified in this paper. Especially in the phases of initial response and life rebuilding making use of the experiences of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake and recognizing that the Tokai Earthquake cannot be predicted, the issuance of the emergency information of the Nankai Megathrust Earthquake and its problems are discussed and summarized.

The study of reactive and active modes of educational communication in the process of solving educational tasks by students in a virtual reality environment

Introduction. The introduction of virtual technologies into the vocational training system makes it urgent to solve the task of adjusting communication in a situation where the student is in a virtual reality environment, while the teacher is in the real world. The research purpose is to study the role of two types of educational communication (reactive and active ones) with a student solving an educational task in a virtual reality environment, taking into account the gaming experience and the dominant type of student's perception. Materials and methods. During the laboratory experiment with the use of virtual reality headsets, the skill of hand-eye coordination was worked out on a sample of undergraduate teacher-training students (N=36). The author's questionnaire was used to assess the gaming experience, the dominant type of student's perception was assessed using the VARK Questionnaire (Version 7.8) by N. Fleming and S. Mills. The reliability of the data obtained was assessed using the chi-square test and the Student's t-test. Research results. There are no statistically significant differences between the groups of reactive and active communication in all indicators, with the exception of the experience of getting acquainted with virtual reality. The number of questions regarding the methods and sequence of performing game actions in the reactive group was the greatest (2.28), the same indicator in the group with active communication was insignificant (0.40). In the group with reactive communication, the subjects asked twice as many questions as in the group with active communication (4.78 and 2.44, respectively). Conclusions. The results confirm the hypothesis that the reactive and active modes of educational communication play different roles in the interaction between the teacher and the student. The dominant type of student's perception does not affect the process of organizing educational communication in a virtual reality environment. It is useful to take into account the results obtained at the stage of support of students' educational activities in a virtual reality environment in the context of providing active and reactive assistance by the teacher.

Application of Association Rule Mining in Preventing Cyberattacks

Abstract Designing a security solution should rely on having a good knowledge of the protected assets and better develop active responses rather than focus on reactive ones. We argue and prove that malicious activities such as vulnerabilities exploitation and (D)DoS on Web applications can be detected during their respective initial phases. While they may seem distinct, both attack scenarios are observable through abnormal access patterns. Following on this remark, we first analyze Web access logs using association rule mining techniques and identify these malicious traces. This new description of the historical data is then correlated with Web site structure information and mapped over trie data structures. The resulted trie is then used for every new incoming request and we thus identify whether the access pattern is legitimate or not. The results we obtained using this proactive approach show that the potential attacker is denied the required information for orchestrating successful assaults.

Perception and adaptation of agroforestry farmers in Upper Citarum Watershed to climate change

Agroforestry is a form of an agricultural system that is adaptive to climate change. Based on the institutional form, the farming system developed under the social forestry program is agroforestry. This form of agroforestry is the essential capital for farmers to establish in their cultivated lands further. This study aim to determine agroforestry farmers’ perceptions in the Upper Citarum Watershed on climate change and the adaptation activities. The sample farmers are a sub-set of farmer households sample in the socio-economic survey conducted by ICASEPS – ACIAR in the collaborative research in 2019. The reliability of the data on variables that reflect farmers’ perceptions of adverse shocks experienced, which directly or indirectly related to climate changes, is tested with Cronbach’s Alpha. Data analysis is performed by cross-tabulation, while multiple regressions are used to determine the effect of social forestry cultivated areas on farmers’ income. The results show that more than 55 percent of farmers participating in social forestry say that since the last ten years climate patterns are increasingly unpredictable. The most negative impacts of climate change impacts are indirect effects which are pests and diseases. Popular adaptation are reactive ones, namely increasing the use of pesticides and more intensive use of inorganic fertilizers. Farmers adaptation which are more synergistic with mitigation such as organic farming or cultivation of perennial crops are still relatively low. The increase in the arable land area due to social forestry has significantly increased farmer’s household income. Referring to this phenomenon, conducive policies to increase farmer participation in these adaptation actions are needed.

Prevalence and Clinicopathologic Features of Lip Lesions based on Biopsy

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to describe the clinicopathologic features of lip lesions for early diagnosis and suitable treatment of patients. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study on158 patients with lip lesions whose information was recorded in the Department of Pathology of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital from 2008-2012. Then the data were analyzed bySPSS software ver. 16, Chi- Square and Fisher’s Exact Test. In this study p-value was considered significant (P<0.05). Results: This study was performed on 158 cases (77 male and 81 female) with age ranged of 4-93 years. From those, 44 had malignant and 114 had benign lesions. The most common malignancy in this study was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinomas (BCC), respectively. In benign lesions reactive ones, benign tumors and inflammatory lesions were more common, respectively. Conclusion: The most common lip lesions were generally benign tumors, involving the lower lip. In addition, the incidence of malignant lesions was directly related to aging. For this purpose, in any elderly person with a lip lesion, specially squamous cell carcinoma, must first be ruled out.

Effects of O2 Addition on the Discharge Parameters and Production of Reactive Species of a Transferred Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet

The therapeutic effects of atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) have been associated with the presence of reactive species, mainly the reactive oxygen and nitrogen ones, generated in this kind of plasmas. Due to that, many studies attempting to enhance the production of reactive species in APPJs have been performed. The employment of gas admixtures, usually mixing a noble gas with oxygen (O2) or water vapor, is one of the most common methods to achieve such goal. This work presents a study of how the addition of small amounts of O2 affects the electrical parameters and the production of reactive species in a transferred APPJ produced at the tip of a long and flexible plastic tube. The study was carried out employing helium (He) as the working gas and applying a high voltage (HV) in the form of amplitude-modulated sine waveform (burst mode). With this configuration it was possible to verify that the O2 addition reduces the discharge power and effective current, as a result of late ignition and shorter discharge duration. It was also found that the addition of O2 to a certain content in the gas admixture makes the light emission from oxygen atoms increase, indicating an increment in oxygen related reactive species in the plasma jet. However, at the same time the light emitted from hydroxyl (OH) and nitric oxide (NO) exhibits the opposite behavior, i.e., decrease, indicating a reduction of such species in the APPJ. For these reasons, the addition of O2 to the working gas seems to be useful for increasing the effectiveness of the plasma treatment only when the target modification effect is directly dependent on the content of atomic oxygen.

A facile crosslinking strategy endows the traditional additive flame retardant with enormous flame retardancy improvement

With great chemical and physical properties, epoxy resins (EPs) are used almost everywhere in life and engineering, but poor flame-retardant performance hinders them for a wider use. Traditional flame retardants (the most commonly used and researched) usually have dispersion and migration problems (additive ones) or are difficult to synthesize (reactive ones). Herein, a facile crosslinking strategy is used to make traditional additive flame retardants exhibit much better properties. Firstly, a nitrogen/phosphorus containing additive flame retardant with nitrile groups is designed, successfully synthesized, and directly mixed with EP matrix, the secondary crosslinking reaction of nitrile groups inner the flame retardants will occur in cured EP thermosets which was driven by a facile thermal treatment procedure. Then the properties of the flame retardant mixed and crosslinked EP composites are measured by limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, thermogravimetric analyses (TG), UL-94 vertical burning tests, dynamic mechanical analysis and cone calorimeter test, the results show that the crosslink of the additive flame retardant greatly improved the flame-retardant properties, and with 20 wt% loading content of the crosslinked flame retardant, the LOI value reach 46.2% and the peak heat release rate decreases for 77.4% compared with neat EP, furthermore the heat resistance and dynamic mechanical property of the crosslinked samples also get promoted compared with the physical mixed ones.

Motywy internacjonalizacji polskich przedsiębiorstw produkcyjnych

W części teoretycznej artykułu – na podstawie krytycznej analizy literatury przedmiotu – przedstawiono istotę i podstawowe klasyfikacje motywów internacjonalizacji (umiędzynarodowienia) działalności przedsiębiorstwa. Zwrócono uwagę na pogląd, zgodnie z którym przedsiębiorstwo poprzez internacjonalizację dąży do osiągnięcia określonego nadrzędnego celu w postaci zwiększenia sprzedaży i zysku oraz wartości firmy. Wspomnieć trzeba, że w praktyce zazwyczaj mamy do czynienia z wielością celów (np. zdobycie nowych rynków lub utrzymanie bądź zbudowanie pozycji konkurencyjnej). Jednocześnie wskazano na istnienie różnorodnych klasyfikacji motywów szczegółowych, wśród których można wymienić podział na bodźce wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne oraz aktywne i reaktywne. Bez względu na przyjętą klasyfikację można przyjąć, że poszczególne motywy stanowią ważny element kształtowania strategii rozwoju i budowania przewagi konkurencyjnej przedsiębiorstwa w międzynarodowym otoczeniu. O ile zagadnienie motywów internacjonalizacji przedsiębiorstwa jest wyczerpująco opisane w aspekcie teoretycznym w literaturze przedmiotu z zakresu zarządzania międzynarodowego, to niewiele jest aktualnych i kompleksowych opracowań przedstawiających rolę i znaczenie poszczególnych motywów w procesie internacjonalizacji polskich przedsiębiorstw na podstawie badań empirycznych. Powyższa luka badawcza zostaje wypełniona w części empirycznej artykułu. Przedstawiono w niej wyniki własnych badań, mających na celu identyfikację i charakterystykę motywów internacjonalizacji polskich przedsiębiorstw produkcyjnych. W badaniach wykorzystano metodę ankiety pocztowej. W wyniku badań stwierdzono dominujące znaczenie motywów rynkowych i instytucjonalno-systemowych w procesie internacjonalizacji ankietowanych przedsiębiorstw. W dalszej kolejności znalazły się motywy zasobowe i kosztowe. Zidentyfikowane motywy internacjonalizacji mają charakter komplementarny, istnieją pomiędzy nimi sprzężenia zwrotne wzmacniające skłonność do umiędzynarodowienia działalności przedsiębiorstwa.

Implication of Dietary Iron-Chelating Bioactive Compounds in Molecular Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Ageing.

One of the prevailing perceptions regarding the ageing of cells and organisms is the intracellular gradual accumulation of oxidatively damaged macromolecules, leading to the decline of cell and organ function (free radical theory of ageing). This chemically undefined material known as “lipofuscin,” “ceroid,” or “age pigment” is mainly formed through unregulated and nonspecific oxidative modifications of cellular macromolecules that are induced by highly reactive free radicals. A necessary precondition for reactive free radical generation and lipofuscin formation is the intracellular availability of ferrous iron (Fe2+) (“labile iron”), catalyzing the conversion of weak oxidants such as peroxides, to extremely reactive ones like hydroxyl (HO•) or alcoxyl (RO•) radicals. If the oxidized materials remain unrepaired for extended periods of time, they can be further oxidized to generate ultimate over-oxidized products that are unable to be repaired, degraded, or exocytosed by the relevant cellular systems. Additionally, over-oxidized materials might inactivate cellular protection and repair mechanisms, thus allowing for futile cycles of increasingly rapid lipofuscin accumulation. In this review paper, we present evidence that the modulation of the labile iron pool distribution by nutritional or pharmacological means represents a hitherto unappreciated target for hampering lipofuscin accumulation and cellular ageing.

Experimental investigation on the evolution characteristics of anthracite-N and semi-coke reactivity under various O2/H2O pre-oxidation atmospheres

O2/H2O pre-oxidation could be regarded as a promising approach for clean and high efficiency utilization of high rank coals. A typical anthracite was employed for experimental clarification on anthracite-N evolution characteristics during O2/H2O pre-oxidation. The correlation among reaction atmosphere, nitrogen stripping efficiency and anthracite-N desorption characteristic was evaluated. The emission characteristics of nitrogen containing gaseous species and combustion reactivity of each pre-oxidized semi-coke were identified by utilizing XPS, TPD, Raman and TGA. Both O2 and H2O could synergistically accelerate the crack of large aromatic structures into small and reactive ones, leading to the migration of abundant nitrogen atoms initially located inside the aromatic structures to the edge during the O2/H2O pre-oxidation process. The decomposition of condensed aromatic systems would strengthen the reactivity of semi-coke particles. Nevertheless, excessive H2O (> 10 vol%) would generate massive •H which could penetrate into the matrix of anthracite particles, reducing the total amount of active structures on semi-coke surface. The results in this research indicated that an optimal reaction atmosphere (10 vol% O2 and 10 vol% H2O) was suggested for the anthracite O2/H2O pre-oxidation to realize the most effective regulation on anthracite-N emission pathway in the processes of both O2/H2O pre-oxidation and semi-coke combustion

Tuning the H-Atom Transfer Reactivity of Iron(IV)-Oxo Complexes as Probed by Infrared Photodissociation Spectroscopy.

Reactivities of non‐heme iron(IV)‐oxo complexes are mostly controlled by the ligands. Complexes with tetradentate ligands such as [(TPA)FeO]2+ (TPA=tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine) belong to the most reactive ones. Here, we show a fine‐tuning of the reactivity of [(TPA)FeO]2+ by an additional ligand X (X=CH3CN, CF3SO3 −, ArI, and ArIO; ArI=2‐(tBuSO2)C6H4I) attached in solution and reveal a thus far unknown role of the ArIO oxidant. The HAT reactivity of [(TPA)FeO(X)]+/2+ decreases in the order of X: ArIO > MeCN > ArI ≈ TfO−. Hence, ArIO is not just a mere oxidant of the iron(II) complex, but it can also increase the reactivity of the iron(IV)‐oxo complex as a labile ligand. The detected HAT reactivities of the [(TPA)FeO(X)]+/2+ complexes correlate with the Fe=O and FeO−H stretching vibrations of the reactants and the respective products as determined by infrared photodissociation spectroscopy. Hence, the most reactive [(TPA)FeO(ArIO)]2+ adduct in the series has the weakest Fe=O bond and forms the strongest FeO−H bond in the HAT reaction.

Tuning the H‐Atom Transfer Reactivity of Iron(IV)‐Oxo Complexes as Probed by Infrared Photodissociation Spectroscopy

AbstractReactivities of non‐heme iron(IV)‐oxo complexes are mostly controlled by the ligands. Complexes with tetradentate ligands such as [(TPA)FeO]2+ (TPA=tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine) belong to the most reactive ones. Here, we show a fine‐tuning of the reactivity of [(TPA)FeO]2+ by an additional ligand X (X=CH3CN, CF3SO3−, ArI, and ArIO; ArI=2‐(tBuSO2)C6H4I) attached in solution and reveal a thus far unknown role of the ArIO oxidant. The HAT reactivity of [(TPA)FeO(X)]+/2+ decreases in the order of X: ArIO > MeCN > ArI ≈ TfO−. Hence, ArIO is not just a mere oxidant of the iron(II) complex, but it can also increase the reactivity of the iron(IV)‐oxo complex as a labile ligand. The detected HAT reactivities of the [(TPA)FeO(X)]+/2+ complexes correlate with the Fe=O and FeO−H stretching vibrations of the reactants and the respective products as determined by infrared photodissociation spectroscopy. Hence, the most reactive [(TPA)FeO(ArIO)]2+ adduct in the series has the weakest Fe=O bond and forms the strongest FeO−H bond in the HAT reaction.

Tunable Artificial Enzyme-Cofactor Complex for Selective Hydrolysis of Acetals.

Enzymes frequently use unimpressive functional groups such as weak carboxylic acids for efficient, highly selective catalysis including hydrolysis of acetals and even amides. Much stronger acids generally have to be used for such purposes in synthetic systems. We report here a method to position an acidic group near the acetal oxygen of 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3-dioxolane bound by an artificial enzyme. The hydrolytic activity of the resulting artificial enzyme-cofactor complex was tuned by the number and depth of the active site as well as the hydrophobicity and acidity of the cofactor. The selectivity of the complex was controlled by the size and shape of the active site and enabled less reactive acetals to be hydrolyzed over more reactive ones.

A micro-service-based machinery monitoring solution towards realizing the Industry 4.0 vision in a real environment

Abstract This work presents a modular Smart Maintenance Platform (SMP), which offers a toolbox of condition monitoring tools for the day-to-day inspection of the machinery equipment in a real industrial environment. SMP complements the manual inspection performed by the maintenance engineers with advanced data-analytics solutions that utilize both reactive and proactive techniques based on state-of-the-art machine learning proposals. Appropriate data acquisition mechanisms are built to acquire the sensorial data and transform them to suitable forms for data processing. Higher-level monitoring policies are enabled, through the fusion of multiple monitoring tasks increasing the precision of the results. The generated results are persisted for the continuous enhancement of the solution through the retraining of the proactive approach or the re-configuration of the reactive ones. The generated results are visualized in a user-friendly format, to help the maintenance engineers to assess the severity of the situation and to intervene in the machinery equipment if deemed necessary.

PH-Controlled Nanoparticle Catalysts for Highly Selective Tandem Henry Reaction from Mixtures.

Nature has a remarkable ability to perform selective transformation of complex biological mixtures into desired products using enzymatic catalysts. We report the preparation of nanoparticle catalysts through molecular imprinting within cross-linked micelles. These catalysts were highly selective for their targeted substrates and could selectively hydrolyze less reactive acetals over more reactive ones even under basic conditions. Their catalytic activity and selectivity were tunable through rational postmodification of the active site. These properties enabled the nanoparticle catalysts to produce the desired β-nitro alcohol from a four-component acetal mixture in a tandem deprotection/Henry reaction that required incompatible acidic and basic catalysts in the two steps.

Strategies for microgrid operation under real-world conditions

Microgrids are an increasingly relevant technology for integrating renewable energy sources into electricity systems. Based on a microgrid implementation in California, we investigate microgrid operation under real-world conditions. These conditions have not yet been considered in combination and encompass energy charges, demand charges, export limits, as well as uncertainty about future electricity demand and generation in the microgrid. Under these conditions, we evaluate the performance of two frequently applied groups of strategies for microgrid operation. The first group is composed of proactive strategies that optimize decisions based on forecasts of future electricity generation and demand. The second group includes reactive strategies that make operational decisions based exclusively on the current state of the microgrid. We evaluate the performance of the strategies under varying operational parameters, forecast accuracies, and microgrid configurations—well beyond our Californian showcase. Our results confirm the expectation that proactive strategies outperform reactive ones in the majority of settings. Yet, reactive strategies can perform better under short control intervals or under moderate prediction errors of PV generation or demand. Furthermore, the interplay between real-world conditions and operational strategies reveals several additional insights for research on microgrid operation. First, we find that demand charges and export limits decisively affect microgrid performance. Second, the impact of forecast errors is highly non-linear and non-monotonous. Third, escalating negative interactions between forecast errors and demand charges make proactive strategies benefit from longer control intervals. This result is contrary to existing best practice, which promotes short control intervals to minimize the impact of uncertainty.

The COVID-19 reset: lessons from the pandemic on Burnout and the Practice of Surgery.

BackgroundBurnout among physicians is an increasing concern, and surgeons are not immune to this threat. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused dramatic changes to surgeon workflow, often leading to redeployment to other clinical areas, slowdown and shutdown of elective surgery practices, and an uncertain future of surgical practice in the post-pandemic setting. Paradoxically, for many surgeons who had to prepare for but not immediately care for a major surge, the crisis did allow for reflective opportunities and a resetting of priorities that could serve to mitigate chronic patterns contributory to Burnout.MethodsSAGES Reimagining the Practice of Surgery task force convened a webinar to discuss lessons learned from the COVID pandemic that may address burnout.ResultsBurnout is multifactorial and may vary in cause among different generation/experience groups. Those that report burnout symptoms often complain of lacking purpose or meaning in their work. Although many mechanisms to address Burnout are from a defensive standpoint—including coping mechanisms, problem solving, and identification of a physician having wellness difficulties—offensive mechanisms such as pursuing purpose and meaning and finding joy in one's work can serve as reset points that promote thriving and fulfillment. Understanding what motivates physicians will help physician leaders to develop and sustain effective teams. Reinvigorating the surgical workforce around themes of meaning and joy in the service rendered via our surgical skills may diminish Burnout through generative and aspirational strategies, as opposed to merely reactive ones. Fostering an educational environment free of discriminatory or demeaning behavior may produce a new workforce conducive to enhanced and resilient wellbeing at the start of careers.ConclusionSurgeon wellness and self-care must be considered an important factor in the future of all healthcare delivery systems, a need reaffirmed by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Unraveling synergistic effects on pyrolysis reactivity and indene formation in co-pyrolysis of toluene and acetylene

Synergistic effect is one of the most important interactions between different fuel components and is very influential on combustion characteristics such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and soot emissions, pyrolysis/oxidation reactivity and so on. In order to explore the potential synergistic effects between aromatics and open-chained fuels, pure toluene pyrolysis, pure acetylene pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of toluene and acetylene were investigated in a flow reactor using synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry at 1057–1340 K and 1 atm. Mole fractions of fuels and key products including both stable and reactive ones were evaluated. The experimental results indicate that in the co-pyrolysis of toluene and acetylene, the decomposition of both fuels is greatly stimulated and the formation of indene is significantly improved compared to the pyrolysis of pure toluene and pure acetylene. As a result, remarkable synergistic effects can be observed on pyrolysis reactivity and indene formation. A kinetic model for co-pyrolysis of toluene and acetylene was updated from our previous toluene model and was validated against the new data. The modeling analysis reveals that the unimolecular decomposition reaction of toluene producing benzyl radical and H atom is the chain-initiation reaction in both pure toluene pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of toluene and acetylene. In the pure toluene pyrolysis, the self-combination reaction forming bibenzyl dominates the consumption of benzyl radical and results in strong chain termination. In the co-pyrolysis of toluene and acetylene, instead of the chain-termination reaction, a circulating reaction sequence initiating from the reaction between benzyl radical and acetylene continuously converts toluene and acetylene to indene and H2, which can explain the observed synergistic effects on pyrolysis reactivity and indene formation in the co-pyrolysis of toluene and acetylene.