Raw Milk Products Research Articles

Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA in sheep and goat milk and dairy products by droplet digital PCR in south Italy

Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that is responsible for Q fever, a common zoonosis which is present virtually worldwide. This microorganism infects a wide range of wild and domestic mammals, but the main reservoirs are cattle, goats and sheep, which also represent sources of human infection. A potential route of transmission of this pathogen to humans is the consumption of C. burnetii-contaminated raw milk or dairy products derived from contaminated raw milk, although the role of these foods as possible infection sources is controversial. The aims of this study were (i) to apply two ddPCR based assays targeting the C. burnetii IS1111 and icd genes for the detection and quantification of C. burnetii DNA, and (ii) to evaluate the occurrence of C. burnetii DNA in raw milk and raw milk products from sheep and goats in Apulia and Basilicata regions of Southern Italy.Of 413 milk and cheese samples tested, 78 were positive for the presence of C. burnetii DNA (18.9%), specifically, 68 of 285 milk samples (23.9%) and 10 of 128 cheese samples (7.8%) The presence of both IS1111 and icd genes was detected in only 2 (2.6%) of the 78 positive samples, while the remaining 76 (97.4%) were positive only for IS1111. C. burnetii DNA was specifically detected by the ddPCR method, whereas no cross-amplification was observed with the DNA of other foodborne bacterial pathogens. The sensitivity of the ddPCR method was determined as 0.35 and 0.56 copies/μL for IS1111 and icd genes, respectively.The findings of this study demonstrate the presence of C. burnetii DNA in a significant proportion of raw milk and dairy products. Although there is no conclusive epidemiological evidence that C. burnetii infection occurs via food, the presence of this organism in raw milk and dairy products made of raw milk should be considered a potential hazard. ddPCR is a useful tool to investigate the quality and safety of food products due to its sensitivity and precision, and could be applied to routine testing.

Method for tick-borne encephalitis virus detection in raw milk products

The transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) through food is rare, but can occur through the consumption of raw milk products from animals infected by tick bites. In 2020, France faced a TBEV outbreak linked to the consumption of unpasteurized goat cheese. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize a molecular method for the detection of TBEV in raw milk products based on the recent international standard PR ISO/DIS 16140-4. The TBEV recovery rates varied with the inoculation level and settings. The LOD50 and LOD95 of TBEV were 6.40 × 103 genome copies per g or per mL and 2.84 × 104 genome copies per g or per mL, respectively. The percentages of RT-qPCR inhibitions were lower than 75% and the murine norovirus (MNV-1), used as process control, was detected in all samples with a recovery rate higher than 1%, as recommended in ISO 15216. We conclude that the described method is appropriate to detect TBEV in raw milk products for routine diagnosis, and to assess potential health risks.

Insights into the assessment of highly pathogenic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in raw milk and raw milk cheeses by High Throughput Real-time PCR

Current methods for screening Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 and non-O157 serogroups in raw milk products typically rely on the molecular detection of stx, eae, and serogroup-specific wzx or wzy genes. As these genetic markers can also be carried by non-EHEC strains, a number of ‘false positive’ results are obtained during the screening step. The suitability of new EHEC markers (espK, espV, ureD, Z2098, and CRISPRO26:H11) were tested as candidates for a more accurate screening of EHEC in dairy products. High-throughput PCR analysis of 1451 DNA extracts from milk and raw milk cheeses positive for both stx and eae demonstrated that addition of these new markers in the detection scheme resulted in a higher selectivity with a systematic reduction of the number of presumptive positive samples that require further O-group testing and confirmation by strain isolation. This reduction is more important (26% to 52%, depending on the animal production species) in the absence of prior IMS treatment of the enriched culture for the Top7 EHEC serotypes. However, even with prior treatment of the enriched cultures by IMS, the reduction rate varied between 5% and >25%. Analysis of eae-subtype, stx-subtypes indicated strong differences in the STEC (Shiga toxin producing E. coli) flora between animal species (goat, sheep, and cow). This study also pointed toward the possible presence of EHEC O80 (a new emerging EHEC serogroup in Europe) in cow's raw milk cheeses, which warrants further investigations.

Isolation of Brucella melitensis from Lumbar Vertebrae in Patient with Initial Misdiagnosis: A Rare Case with Spinal Epidural Abscess, Spinal Stenosis, and Brain Lesion

Introduction: Brucellar spondylodiscitis is among the most typical forms of osteoarticular involvement that still challenges clinicians and scientists for early diagnosis. Case Presentation: We describe the isolation of Brucella melitensis from vertebrae in a man with spondylodiscitis who had osteoarthritis as an underlying condition. The patient showed negative results on blood samples' serological, molecular, and culture tests and had low-back pain, restricted lumbar movements, headache, poor appetite, and fatigue for the past nine months. He had a history of regular ingestion of raw cow milk and milk products for a long time. First, he was misdiagnosed as lumbar disc herniation and then underwent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and myorelaxants treatment. The lack of fast diagnosis and appropriate treatment led to severe complications of the disease. Three months after the first magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the findings of the second MRI without intravenous contrast showed right lateral recess and canal stenosis at L4 - L5 with narrowing the thecal sac at the disc space. Abnormal enhancement of the endplates at L4 - L5 with relating epidural space-enhancing tissue in the setting of spondylodiscitis and the associated epidural abscess was seen behind L4. Moreover, extensive high signal abnormalities in paraspinal tissues at L3, L4, L5, S1, S2, and S3 were notable. The diagnosis was approved by isolating B. melitensis biovar 1 from the culture of the vertebrate body. The Brucella isolate was characterized by Bruce-ladder PCR, AMOS PCR, and classical biotyping. The patient was treated successfully with surgical intervention and triple-antibiotic, including oral doxycycline 100 mg/12 h plus oral rifampin 300 mg/12 h for three months and intramuscular streptomycin 1 g daily for the first two weeks. The patient’s general condition and low-back pain were remarkably improved in the follow-up. Conclusions: Patient histories and a series of different diagnostic procedures such as MRI, serology, molecular, and cultural tests are essential to make a rapid and accurate diagnosis of brucellar spondylodiscitis, thereby reducing the delay for brucellar spondylodiscitis treatment.

The Effect of Consumption of Animal Milk Compared to Infant Formula for Non-Breastfed/Mixed-Fed Infants 6–11 Months of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Many infants do not receive breastmilk for the recommended 2-year duration. Instead, alternative milk beverages are often used, including infant formula and raw animal milk products. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the effect of animal milk consumption, compared to infant formula, on health outcomes in non-breastfed or mixed-fed infants aged 6–11 months. We searched multiple databases and followed Cochrane guidelines for conducting the review. The primary outcomes were anemia, gastrointestinal blood loss, weight-for-age, length-for-age, and weight-for-length. Nine studies were included: four randomized controlled trials (RCT) and five cohort studies. All studies, except one, were conducted in high income countries. There was a low certainty of evidence that cow’s milk increased the risk of anemia compared to formula milk (Cohort studies RR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.15, 4.43, RCTs: RR: 4.03, 95% CI: 1.68, 9.65) and gastrointestinal blood loss (Cohort study RR: 1.52, 95% CI: 0.73, 3.16, RCTs: RR: 3.14, 95% CI: 0.98, 10.04). Additionally, there was low certainty evidence that animal milk consumption may not have a differential effect on weight and length-for-age compared to formula milk. Overall, the evidence was of low certainty and no solid conclusions can be drawn from this data. Further studies are needed from low- and middle-income countries to assess optimal milk type in non-breastfed infants aged 6–11 months.

Antioxidant Activity of Milk and Dairy Products.

Simple SummaryConsumption of food products that are rich in natural antioxidants improves the antioxidant status of an organism through protection against oxidative stress and damage. Milk and dairy products (yogurt and cheese) accounting for approximately 25–30% of the average human diet are undoubtedly a rich source of compounds exhibiting antioxidant properties. The aim of the study was to present a review of literature data on the antioxidant potential of raw milk and dairy products (milk, fermented products, and cheese) and the possibility to modify its level at the milk production and processing stage. The antioxidant capacity of milk and dairy products is mainly related to the presence of sulfur amino acids, whey proteins (especially β-lactoglobulin), vitamins A, E, and C, or β-carotene. The processes of fermentation or cheese maturation are associated with the release of bioactive peptides, which are responsible for the level of the antioxidant status of the product. The use of probiotic strains significantly enhances the antioxidant status. The antioxidant status of milk and dairy products can be modified with the use of natural additives in animal nutrition or at the stage of milk processing. Herbal mixtures, seeds, fruits, and waste from the fruit and vegetable industry are used most commonly. It is worth emphasizing that regular consumption of natural dairy antioxidants minimizes the risk of development of civilization diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, cancer, or diabetes). It also slows down the aging process in the organism.The aim of the study was to present a review of literature data on the antioxidant potential of raw milk and dairy products (milk, fermented products, and cheese) and the possibility to modify its level at the milk production and processing stage. Based on the available reports, it can be concluded that the consumption of products that are a rich source of bioactive components improves the antioxidant status of the organism and reduces the risk of development of many civilization diseases. Milk and dairy products are undoubtedly rich sources of antioxidant compounds. Various methods, in particular, ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH assays, are used for the measurement of the overall antioxidant activity of milk and dairy products. Research indicates differences in the total antioxidant capacity of milk between animal species, which result from the differences in the chemical compositions of their milk. The content of antioxidant components in milk and the antioxidant potential can be modified through animal nutrition (e.g., supplementation of animal diets with various natural additives (herbal mixtures, waste from fruit and vegetable processing)). The antioxidant potential of dairy products is associated with the quality of the raw material as well as the bacterial cultures and natural plant additives used. Antioxidant peptides released during milk fermentation increase the antioxidant capacity of dairy products, and the use of probiotic strains contributes its enhancement. Investigations have shown that the antioxidant activity of dairy products can be enhanced by the addition of plant raw materials or their extracts in the production process. Natural plant additives should therefore be widely used in animal nutrition or as functional additives to dairy products.

Hygienic Production and Post-Harvest Handling Practices of Raw Camel Milk in Degahbour District of Jarar Zone, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess hygienic production and postharvest handling practices of raw camel milk in Degahbour district. The survey studies were based on a total of 120 (2 production systems * 2 rural kebele * 30 households) milk producers, which were selected from Degahbur district using stratified sampling technique. Data from the selected producers were collected using questionnaire survey and field observation. The results showed that the majority of the sampled household heads in pastoral (93.3%) and agro-pastoral (76.6%) production systems were illiterate. Moreover, none of the respondents in the study area had training on hygienic milk production and postharvest handling practices. The study result also indicated that none of the respondents in the study area washed the udder of milking camel before milking. Moreover, only 6.6% of pastoralists and 25% of agro-pastoralists wash their hands before milking. Equipment made of wooden materials are mainly used for milking, whereas, plastic jerry-cans were most commonly used for storage. About 45% of the pastoralists and 81.6% of the agro-pastoralists were cleaning milk vessels regularly; however, majority of the respondents both production systems were using water from non-tap sources for hygienic practices. Bosciaminimifolia, Acacia ethaica and Blanitesgalabra were the most commonly used plant species for smoking in the study area. Therefore, hygienic production and postharvest handling practices should be followed to improve the quality and suitability of camel milk for its intended use in the study area.

A Case of Coincidentally Diagnosed Brucellosis in a Patient with COVID-19

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a serious health problem that started in China in December 2019 and spread worldwide as a pandemic. Due to the fact that COVID-19 is a pandemic, it can be associated with many diseases. In particular, high rates of co-infection with other respiratory pathogens, including influenza virus, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, have been described. Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis caused by Brucella spp. that can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or ingestion of unpasteurized milk or milk products. Brucellosis is endemic in our country, and is still increasing in people who are engaged in animal husbandry and consuming raw milk or milk products. Clinical findings are of brucellosis similar to COVID-19 infection and diagnosis is difficult. In this presentation, a case diagnosed with brucellosis while being followed up in the intensive care unit due to COVID-19.

Characterization of multi-resistant Shigella species isolated from raw cow milk and milk products.

This study was organized to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic and disinfectant resistance phenotypes and genotypes as well as plasmid profiles of Shigella species isolated from raw cow milk and milk products in Egypt. Genotypic analysis was performed to determine the presence of β-lactamase encoding genes (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA-1 and blaSHV), tet(A) and qacE∆. Forty-two (7%) Shigella isolates (S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, and S. sonnei) were recovered, with S. dysenteriae as the predominant type. Antibiotic sensitivity tests showed that 71.4% of Shigella isolates were resistant to three or more antibiotic classes (multidrug-resistant). High resistance rates were observed against tetracyclines (100%), ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate (90.5%, each) and cefaclor (66.7%), while no resistance was detected against imipenem, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and azithromycin. Disinfectant susceptibility test of Shigella isolates revealed resistance to phenolic compound (vanillic acid), while 85.7% of the Shigella isolates were resistant to benzalkonium chloride. Uniplex PCR analysis declared the existence of β-lactamase encoding genes (blaTEM in all isolates and blaCTX-M in 28.6% of isolates) and, tet(A) in all isolates and 85.7% of the isolates were positive for qacE∆1, while all isolates were negative for blaOXA-1 and blaSHV. All Shigella extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producers (12, 100%) were positive for the blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and qacE∆1 genes. Furthermore, plasmid profiling revealed seven distinct plasmid patterns (P1–P7), ranging from 1.26 to 33.61 kb, among all the Shigella strains; S. dysenteriae exhibited the greatest variance. The co-transfer of β-lactamase genes (blaTEM and blaCTX-M) and qacE∆1 genes was observed by conjugation from all ESBL producers to a recipient strain. These findings indicate the emergence of Shigella species in Egypt that exhibited multi-resistance to either antibiotics (particularly ESBL producer strains) or disinfectants. Thus, the resistance of Shigella species should regularly be monitored and appropriate measures should be taken to manage this problem.

Relevant safety aspects of raw milk for dairy foods processing.

The concern with food safety in the milk chain begins with the quality of the raw milk. Due to the health hazard that this food can carry when contaminated, the focus of studies has turned to microbiological and chemical contaminants that may be present in raw milk. There is an essential concern about conventional pathogens (Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp.) and emerging pathogens (Arcobacter butzleri, Yersinia enterocolitica, Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori, and Cronobacter sakazakii) found in raw milk and dairy products. In addition, a growing public health issue has been raised regarding antimicrobial-resistant pathogens and commensal strains found in milk and dairy products. The antibiotic residues in milk can also damage health, such as allergies, and cause technological problems in dairy products processing. This health issue extends to other chemical contaminants such as heavy metals, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, melamine, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, plasticizers, and additives in milk and dairy products. Other chemical substances formed by microorganisms are also of high importance, such as biogenic amines and mycotoxins. Therefore, this chapter aimed to revise and discuss relevant biological and chemical risks to ensure the safety and quality of raw milk and dairy products.

Determination of Esbl-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Raw Water Buffalo Milk and Dairy Products by Conventional Multiplex and Real-Time Pcr

Determination of Esbl-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Raw Water Buffalo Milk and Dairy Products by Conventional Multiplex and Real-Time Pcr

Application of Liquid Chromatography-high Resolution Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry in the Detection of Raw Milk and Dairy Products

Milk and dairy products are more and more popular with consumers due to their various nutrients, and their quality and safety issues have always been concerned. At present, the quality of milk and dairy products has become the core competitiveness of enterprises' future consumption and promotion, among which food additives and illegal additives, agricultural and veterinary drug residues, plasticizer and other exogenous risk substances are the focus of social attention. Therefore, it is of great practical significance and application value to establish the screening and analysis methods of exogenous risk substances in milk and dairy products. However, the ingredients of milk and dairy products are complex, and the exogenous risk substances are mostly small molecules, with low content and not easy to detect. Therefore, the instrument is required to have a very high selectivity and a super-high quality precision. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a high-resolution mass spectrometry, which can easily and quickly complete the rapid screening and identification of target compounds and unknown compounds, reduce the probability of "false positive" occurrence, and can analyze hundreds of compounds in a testing process, which can realize the accurate quantification and screening of veterinary drugs in milk. This paper mainly expounds the application of high-resolution mass spectrometry in exogenous risk material screening and adulterated substance analysis in milk and dairy products, and briefly analyzes its application prospects.

Prevalence of Salmonella Species in Milk and Dairy Products in Major Milk Shade of Oromia, Ethiopia

Background: Foods of animal origin are major vehicles of Salmonella infections and a serious public health problem with increasing concern in the world, particularly for developing countries. More recently review studies on the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in dairy products demonstrate, it has been a median of 6% in raw milk and dairy products. However, almost all prior works in this area are limited to biochemical confirmation of suspected Salmonella spp. isolates from dairy a product that has high uncertainty to confirm. Due to this almost all report of the prevalence of Salmonella spp . in dairy products as well as raw milk was highly varied. Besides, almost all prior report in the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in dairy product in Ethiopia takes no consideration of the dairy value chain to identify major point of contamination of the product. To overcome the shortcomings of previous studies molecular techniques as well as milk and dairy value chain in the country were used to confirm the prevalence of Salmonella spp . in each value chain. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on milk and dairy products in Welmera, Bishoftu, Asella, and Fiche milk shades of the Oromia region of Ethiopia from December to March 2020 to determine the prevalence and of Salmonella spp. A total of 480 samples of dairy products (192 raw milk from producers and collector, 192 pasteurized milk from processer and retailer, and 96 cottage cheese from producer and retailer value chain) were collected using simple random techniques from producers, collectors, processors, and retailer value chains. The samples were tested for Salmonella using Iso 6579-1: 2008 methods. The risk factor for contamination of these dairy products across the dairy value-chain was done using pre-tested questionnaires. Results: Among 480 samples 71 samples were confirmed for Salmonella spp. using latex agglutination test and molecularly by confirming the presence highly conserved region of the invA gene. The overall prevalence of 14.79% (71/480) 21.35% raw milk, 12.5% pasteurized milk, and 6.5% cottage cheeses were recorded from the total tested samples. Among dairy products in the study area; raw milk was the highest Salmonella prevalence followed by Pasteurized milk. In the dairy value chain, the highest prevalence of 62.5% was observed in raw milk from Bishoftu fo1lowed by 54.17% of pasteurized milk in Fiche. The prevalence of Salmonella among the study area was 9.6% (8/120), in Welmera, 33.6% (28/120), in Bishoftu, 16.8% (14/120) in Asella, and 25.2% (21/120) in Fiche. Conclusions: The result of this study indicates the safety of milk and other dairy product in the region were substandard of East African standard. Therefore, strict hygienic approaches and quality control measures should be applied to improve the safety of the products. Awareness creation should be required for producers, retailers, processors, and consumers regarding the quality and safety of milk and other dairy products. Keywords: Prevalence, Salmonella spp , Dairy product DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/13-1-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2022

Genetic Characterization and Antimicrobial-Resistant Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Different Food Sources.

This study determined the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in food of animal origin, investigated its antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and antimicrobial-resistant genes encoding resistance to methicillin (mecA), penicillin (blaZ), and vancomycin (vanA). Two hundred and sixty food samples, including raw retail milk, meat, and meat products, were obtained from local retail shops in Mansoura city, Egypt. The overall prevalence of S. aureus in the total examined food samples was 32.69% (85/260). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was identified in 11.15% (29/260) of the tested food samples. S. aureus indicated a high resistance to nalidixic acid, penicillin, ampicillin, cefuroxime, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and azithromycin. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) rate was 89.4% of the total S. aureus isolates, and MARindex ranges from 0.05-0.64. Genotypically, mecA and blaZ genes were identified in a percentage of 34.11% and 82.35%, respectively, while no isolates harbored the vanA gene. The presence of MAR S. aureus particularly, MRSA in food samples, is of great concern and represents a possible threat to the community. Therefore, the study's findings highlight the importance of establishing vigilant food safety practices for food handlers to inhibit the transmission of S. aureus through the food chain to reduce public health risks.

Analysis of Ukraine's milk and dairy products market

To date, Ukraine's dairy and milk-processing industry has a number of problems that hinder its effective development. Producers of milk and dairy products are trying to move away from Soviet-era standards and adopt new European technologies. To date, the dairy industry is one of the leading sectors of the economy, which provides the population with food and is a component of food security of the state, which makes this work urgent. The article analyzes the state of the dairy products market in Ukraine for the period from 2016 to 2020. The paper presents the dynamics and forecast of the values of the main economic indicators of the Ukrainian market of milk and dairy products for the next year, formulates recommendations to improve the activities of actors of the market of milk and dairy products in Ukraine. The results are obtained on the basis of structural, dynamic and matrix analysis of the market. Considered the main problems of the dairy industry, including: reducing the number of dairy processing plants, reducing the number of cattle, the low level of technological equipment in production and lack of modern equipment for storage and processing of raw materials. As a consequence, such trends have led to a significant increase in the cost of production of raw milk and an expected increase in the price of finished products, which, in turn, has led to a reduction in demand for dairy products. Using SWOT- and PEST-analysis the properties of the milk and dairy products market of Ukraine as a whole, its subjects and their interaction have been studied and presented in a systematic form. Proposals to improve the state of the market of milk and dairy products in Ukraine are formulated. The proposals are grouped into the following areas: economic activity, technology and resources and state support. The combination of state support measures, entrepreneurial efforts, and reliance on international experience will preserve food security in Ukraine and provide the population with high-quality dairy products in the required quantity, reduce imports, and introduce advanced resource-saving technologies. There is a potential opportunity for Ukrainian producers to reach new international markets, but on condition that product quality indicators are met.

Alimentary Infections by Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus.

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes serious the neurological disease, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). TBEV can be transmitted to humans by ticks as well as by the alimentary route, which is mediated through the consumption of raw milk products from infected ruminants such as sheep, goats, and cows. The alimentary route of TBEV was recognized in the early 1950s and many important experimental studies were performed shortly thereafter. Nowadays, alimentary TBEV infections are recognized as a relevant factor contributing to the overall increase in TBE incidences in Europe. This review aims to summarize the history and current extent of alimentary TBEV infections across Europe, to analyze experimental data on virus secretion in milk, and to review possible alimentary infection preventive measures.

ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF PROFITABLE USE DAIRY GENETIC RESOURCES IN UKRAINE

The current situation in the dairy sector of Ukraine has become threatening to the economic security of the state. During the years of independence there was a significant reduction in the number of dairy herds (from 8.5 million to 1.7 million), the production structure of dairy cattle changed from mainly large-scale production (where 74% of cows were kept in agricultural enterprises in 1990) to small-scale one (when now 75% of cows are kept in households). Due to the systematic reduction of the dairy herd and the reduction of its own full-fledged fodder base because of the reorientation of the agricultural sector to more marginal crops, the gross production of raw milk and its receipt for industrial processing is reduced. On average, milk production in Ukraine decreases annually by 1.5%.
 The purpose of the article is to form scientific and methodological approaches to the profitable use of genetic resources of dairy farming in Ukraine in modern conditions. Research methods: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, classification), content analysis of scientific sources and legal documents, statistical, economic and mathematical.
 Research results. The situation in the industry is currently showing signs of a systemic crisis, when negative phenomena have spread to all levels of economic activity. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the industry to identify factors and reserves to increase the profitability of the use of genetic resources of dairy farming, which is proposed to be carried out in stages: 1) economic assessment of the effectiveness of the dairy industry at the macro level of economic activity (in the country, region); 2) at the meso level (by breed of genetic resources of livestock); 3) at the micro level (in economic entities (agricultural enterprise, peasant (farmer) economy, personal economy)).
 The use of genetic resources of dairy farming can be considered profitable when all the above parameters of efficiency are achieved at the macro-, meso- and micro-levels of economic activity. This comprehensive approach makes it possible to draw conclusions about the achievement of individual targets (production, economic, social, environmental, etc.) and the prerequisites for ensuring the sustainability of the dairy industry as a whole.
 Ensuring the sustainability of the industry as a production system requires a focus on key areas: management system, breeding work, technology of maintenance and feeding. The introduction of the achievements of modern selection science is especially noticeable in the system of measures to ensure profitable livestock farming. It is the parameters that describe the stable properties of the animal, characterize the genetically determined resource potential, which has a decisive influence on the implementation of all other types of resources involved in production (land, labor, intelligence, capital) and the degree of their payback. Therefore, an important area of state support for the profitability of the use of genetic resources of dairy farming should be the financial support of the national breeding system.
 Growth of milk production in a short time can be achieved in the largesale sector by increasing the number of dairy cows of specialized breeds with high genetic productivity potential, which is positive in terms of modern intensive technologies, economic efficiency, attractive investment.
 Conclusions. Ensuring the sustainable development of the industry in condition of livestock reduction requires a comprehensive analysis of its current state, which must be conducted at all levels of economic activity to identify factors and reserves to increase the profitability of the use of genetic resources of dairy cattle. The criteria for the effectiveness of the development of the dairy industry is the achievement of both individual parameters (production, economic, social, environmental, etc.) and its stability as a whole.
 In the system of measures to ensure the profitable use of genetic resources of dairy farming is important to implement the achievements of modern breeding science. This parameters that describe the stable properties of the animal, characterize the genetically determined resource potential, which has a decisive influence on the implementation of all other types of resources involved in production (land, labor, intelligence, capital) and the degree of their payback. Therefore, an important area of state support for the profitability of the use of genetic resources of dairy farming should be the financial support of the national selection system.

CURRENT TRENDS OF DAIRY MARKET DEVELOPMENT

The conducted research testifies to the significant influence of modern events on the dairy market development both in Ukraine and in the whole world. In the dairy industry of Ukraine, there is a significant crisis deepening: there is a tendency to reduce the number of cows and, consequently, reduce the raw milk production. Key indicators of the dairy industry continue to decline.
 The article covers the main modern market’s tendencies of dairy products development. The most important among them are: a significant increase in the weighted average price of raw materials for the dairy industry – raw milk; reduction of dairy products sales in general in small packages; increase in butter and hard cheeses consumption and gradual decrease in drinking milk consumption, fermented products, dairy drinks, as well as soft cheeses (cottage cheese); changing the range of desserts from drinking versions to versions of spoons, flavors, types of additives and forms of packaging; the use of cereal ingredients, crispy, muesli, which will play the role of a healthy snack; increasing consumption of healthy foods that increase resistance to disease; acquisition of lactose-free products’ new value; development of alternative plant-based products; growth of services via the Internet; increasing the role of "clean" label; introduction of new products and tastes that are especially appreciated by consumers; growing interest in long-ripening cheeses; sales growth in the "free from" segment; development of the natural yogurt market; special attention to the preferences of the elderly; the desire for more complex, interactive and green packaging of dairy products with additional features.
 Despite the deepening crisis in the dairy industry, the widespread introduction of various marketing tools, the introduction of innovations with an emphasis on organic dairy products, whose market is growing every year, will not only keep sales at the previous level, but while taking advantage of new dairy products’ consumer needs and new opportunities, redistribute income and expand the economic activity of dairy enterprises. And the adoption of Law № 6155 is a significant factor in improving the economic situation of food producers, establishing a fair distribution of value added in the producer-processor-consumer chain, ensuring food security and taking into account changes that comply with EU directives.

Economy coefficient and costs of raw milk production depending on the price of animal feed

Food costs are the highest costs in milk production so they need to be minimized. In large dairy farms, the total share of food in the cost structure ranges from 50-60%, while in small farms it is above 60%. By producing one's own voluminous food, the sustainable needs of animals and lower milk production can be met, while higher milk production requires the use of concentrated nutrients produced on one's own farm (corn, cereals). The purchase of ready-mixed feeds should be avoided because it is economically unjustified. Poorer quality and inadequate quantities (more or less than technological needs) in the diet of dairy cows have a direct effect on the amount of milk produced, and thus on income. The production of own fodder and its use greatly reduces the cost of milk because the internal factors of the farm's business determine the success of the business more than the selling price. The cost of food in the total cost of milk production participates from 44.50% in small farms that have a grazing system in the feeding, to 56.71% in Holstein cows in 2021. The share of concentrate in the total cost of feeding is from 55.80% in Holstein cows in 2020 to 71.23% in small farms with a grazing system in the feeding. The costs of production of corn silage in the feeding ratio in 2020. yaer amounted 0.0514 BAM / kg, and in the feeding ratio in 2021. Year 0.0433 BAM / kg. The price of concentrate in the feeding ratio in 2020. Year was 0.55 BAM / kg, and in 2021. Year 0.72 BAM / kg (1 BAM = 0,511 €) (1 BAM = 0, 59 $) The coefficient of economy is from 1.4920 in farms with up to 10 Simmental cows, to 1.8214 in larger Holstein cow farms.

Economy coefficient and costs of raw milk production depending on the price of animal feed

Economy coefficient and costs of raw milk production depending on the price of animal feed