Abstract
Food costs are the highest costs in milk production so they need to be minimized. In large dairy farms, the total share of food in the cost structure ranges from 50-60%, while in small farms it is above 60%. By producing one's own voluminous food, the sustainable needs of animals and lower milk production can be met, while higher milk production requires the use of concentrated nutrients produced on one's own farm (corn, cereals). The purchase of ready-mixed feeds should be avoided because it is economically unjustified. Poorer quality and inadequate quantities (more or less than technological needs) in the diet of dairy cows have a direct effect on the amount of milk produced, and thus on income. The production of own fodder and its use greatly reduces the cost of milk because the internal factors of the farm's business determine the success of the business more than the selling price. The cost of food in the total cost of milk production participates from 44.50% in small farms that have a grazing system in the feeding, to 56.71% in Holstein cows in 2021. The share of concentrate in the total cost of feeding is from 55.80% in Holstein cows in 2020 to 71.23% in small farms with a grazing system in the feeding. The costs of production of corn silage in the feeding ratio in 2020. yaer amounted 0.0514 BAM / kg, and in the feeding ratio in 2021. Year 0.0433 BAM / kg. The price of concentrate in the feeding ratio in 2020. Year was 0.55 BAM / kg, and in 2021. Year 0.72 BAM / kg (1 BAM = 0,511 €) (1 BAM = 0, 59 $) The coefficient of economy is from 1.4920 in farms with up to 10 Simmental cows, to 1.8214 in larger Holstein cow farms.
Highlights
There are significant changes in the prices of animal feed on the domestic and on the foreign market, there has been a significant increase in the price of animal feed
Feeding: 365 days Herd rebuilding: own heifers Milk quality: % milk fat 4.0 % protein 3.6 Quality class: E Number of excreted head /cows: 0.17 On the mentioned farms, the coefficient of economy was calculated as the ratio of the value of production and the realized total costs. 2020
Feeding: 210 days winter meal, 155 days summer meal Herd rebuilding: own heifers Milk quality: % milk fat 4.0 % protein 3.6 Quality class: E Number of excreted head /cows: 0.17 On the mentioned farms, the coefficient of economy was calculated as the ratio of the value of production and the realized total costs. 2020
Summary
There are significant changes in the prices of animal feed on the domestic and on the foreign market, there has been a significant increase in the price of animal feed. In the case of breeding cows that have been used for several years, the cost price is charged only one part of the value of the breeding herd in the form of depreciation, which is included in the cost price as a group of costs It can be seen from the above that the basic material for milk production is the food from which the product is created during the production process [2]. The cost of milk depends on the amount of production per cow, the number of cows in the herd, the price of animal feed, other production costs, and the technical equipment of the farm and the application of technological solutions [6]. When it comes to the production and technological potential of Holstein cow, some target result in our conditions is about 8,500 liters of milk
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