Abstract
Simple SummaryConsumption of food products that are rich in natural antioxidants improves the antioxidant status of an organism through protection against oxidative stress and damage. Milk and dairy products (yogurt and cheese) accounting for approximately 25–30% of the average human diet are undoubtedly a rich source of compounds exhibiting antioxidant properties. The aim of the study was to present a review of literature data on the antioxidant potential of raw milk and dairy products (milk, fermented products, and cheese) and the possibility to modify its level at the milk production and processing stage. The antioxidant capacity of milk and dairy products is mainly related to the presence of sulfur amino acids, whey proteins (especially β-lactoglobulin), vitamins A, E, and C, or β-carotene. The processes of fermentation or cheese maturation are associated with the release of bioactive peptides, which are responsible for the level of the antioxidant status of the product. The use of probiotic strains significantly enhances the antioxidant status. The antioxidant status of milk and dairy products can be modified with the use of natural additives in animal nutrition or at the stage of milk processing. Herbal mixtures, seeds, fruits, and waste from the fruit and vegetable industry are used most commonly. It is worth emphasizing that regular consumption of natural dairy antioxidants minimizes the risk of development of civilization diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, cancer, or diabetes). It also slows down the aging process in the organism.The aim of the study was to present a review of literature data on the antioxidant potential of raw milk and dairy products (milk, fermented products, and cheese) and the possibility to modify its level at the milk production and processing stage. Based on the available reports, it can be concluded that the consumption of products that are a rich source of bioactive components improves the antioxidant status of the organism and reduces the risk of development of many civilization diseases. Milk and dairy products are undoubtedly rich sources of antioxidant compounds. Various methods, in particular, ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH assays, are used for the measurement of the overall antioxidant activity of milk and dairy products. Research indicates differences in the total antioxidant capacity of milk between animal species, which result from the differences in the chemical compositions of their milk. The content of antioxidant components in milk and the antioxidant potential can be modified through animal nutrition (e.g., supplementation of animal diets with various natural additives (herbal mixtures, waste from fruit and vegetable processing)). The antioxidant potential of dairy products is associated with the quality of the raw material as well as the bacterial cultures and natural plant additives used. Antioxidant peptides released during milk fermentation increase the antioxidant capacity of dairy products, and the use of probiotic strains contributes its enhancement. Investigations have shown that the antioxidant activity of dairy products can be enhanced by the addition of plant raw materials or their extracts in the production process. Natural plant additives should therefore be widely used in animal nutrition or as functional additives to dairy products.
Highlights
Large amounts of oxygen free radicals are produced in the human organism through natural physiological processes and contact with the external environment as well as an inappropriate diet
Methods based on the mechanism of the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reaction are recommended for the measurement of the deactivation of free radicals resulting from the donation of a hydrogen atom by the antioxidant
Examples of antioxidant activity of milk after supplementation of feed with natural plant additives are shown in Table 4. grazing significantly increases the content of antioxidant components in milk, increasing its antioxidant potential [93,98,105,133]
Summary
Large amounts of oxygen free radicals are produced in the human organism through natural physiological processes and contact with the external environment as well as an inappropriate diet. Metabolic disorders lead to disturbances in the balance between free radicals and antioxidant reactions, which results in the accumulation of an excessive amount of free radicals in cells Their excess in the organism associated with the imbalance between active oxygen species and antioxidant substances is referred to as oxidative stress. As part of the defense against changes caused by reactive oxygen species, organisms have developed many mechanisms of prevention of excessive generation of these molecules and modification thereof into inactive derivatives These mechanisms are based on both exogenous and endogenous compounds, which constitute a complex antioxidant system with nonenzymatic and enzymatic properties. These components are present in the protein (β-lactoglobulin (βLG), lactoferrin (LF)), fat (vitamins E, A, β-carotene), and water (vitamin C, microelements: Sn, Zn, Fe, Mn) fractions [9,18,19,20,21]
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