Mixture Of Raw Materials Research Articles

PROSPECTS OF PREPARATION OF DISHES WITH PREVENTIVE PROPERTIES BY INTRODUCTION OF NON-TRADITIONAL RAW MATERIALS

The use of non-traditional and including wild raw materials for introduction into restaurant dishes is relevant because it improves the biological effect of dishes on the human body, improves taste, aroma and other properties. Nowadays the effect of biologically active substances of plant origin for the creation of dishes remains insufficiently studied. The purpose of this work is to search for non-traditional raw materials with a significant content of biologically active substances among the plants of the Carpathian region and to develop the technology of their introduction into restaurant dishes. The paper presents an analysis of the introduction of non-traditional raw materials into dishes and proposes innovative approaches to improve the technology of creating preventive dishes with the addition of wild raw materials of the Carpathian region. The properties of non-traditional raw materials of local origin are considered and the priority directions of its use in the development of dishes with health-improving properties for restaurants are proposed. Additional substantiation of introduction of non-traditional raw materials into restaurant dishes is carried out; changes in technology of production of restaurant dishes with use of the modern restaurant equipment are offered. The article proposes the use of technology for making a multi-component mixture of wild raw materials in the form of puree for introduction into restaurant dishes. The introduction of plant mixtures to prevent disease, create consumer immunity, draw attention to the updated range of dishes, the acquisition of new original flavors of dishes is an urgent task for modern restaurateurs. That is why an example of developing typical dishes from the collection of recipes for updating their range with health and preventive effect is shown.

Monitoring of the Effect of Grinding Raw Material Mixture and Soaking on the Formation of Monoclinic Phases of Alite

The article monitors the effect of length of grinding in the process of homogenization of raw material mixture and soaking on the number of monoclinic phases of alite M1 and M3 in the sample using the Rietveld method. The wet grinding process in the water environment in the planetary mill PULVERISETTE 6 was chosen for the preparation of raw material mixture. Based on previous research in this area, two firing temperatures 1450 and 1550 °C with soaking of 30, 60 and 90 minutes were selected. The results showed the monoclinic phase M1 is more readily formed during coarser grinding, during which large crystals of M1 are formed. On the contrary, the monoclinic phase M3 is formed at a higher firing temperature, at a larger amount nuclei and finer grinding. The results show that the grinding time has an important effect on the rate of formation of monoclinic phases.

ROTARY FURNACE LINING TO REDUCE THERMAL STRESS

The aim of the study is to reduce the thermal stresses of the lining in the areas adjacent to the flare sintering zone of rotary kilns intended for the production of cement clinker. It is proposed to use a lining made of parallel rows of alternating chamotte and chromium-magnesite refractory products to reduce thermal stresses in the areas adjacent to the flare sintering zone by up to 20%, increase the service life of the lining by 1.1-1.2 times as a result of equalizing thermal stresses in the areas of the sintering zone. Optimization of the initial raw material mixture, in turn, made it possible to reduce the temperature of clinker formation and led to fuel savings.

Characterizing oil mixture and surfactant mixture via hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLD) principle: An insight in consumer products development

Hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLD) concept describes interaction of surfactant, oil, and water in liquid formulations. Within the framework of HLD, this study investigated the behavior of microemulsion consisting of fragrance/essential oil mixtures and surfactants mixture commonly found in consumer products. Strong non-ideal mixing behavior was seen in oil mixtures of fragrance raw materials. A simple non-ideal relationship was proposed to account for the non-ideality of oil mixture of dissimilar properties. With 95% confidence, the error of the predicted optimum salinity (or phase inversion point) is between 0.70 and 1.68 g/100 mL NaCl in mixtures of complex commercial fragrance and octane. Mixing behavior was also evaluated in a ternary surfactants system consisting of sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB), and decyl glucoside (APG). Within a reasonable tolerance, the ideal mixing rule can be practically applied for such complex surfactant mixtures. Extension of HLD in mixture systems provides practical benefits in product development.

Glass-Crystalline Materials of a Cellular Structure, Formed by Vibration Foaming Technology

A method for producing cellular materials on a glass-crystalline matrix has been developed. The formation of a porous structure is ensured by the process of gas formation, combined with a vibration effect on the raw mass. The possibility of gaining the plastic strength of the raw mass, sufficient for fixing the cellular structure of the raw material without adding binders, has been established. The main component of the raw material mixture is a finely ground filler, obtained after grinding glass-crystalline frit of a specially selected composition. For its formation pre-compacted raw masses, containing natural silica and glass-forming additives, are heated. There was investigated the joint influence of the compositions formulation and the roasting parameters on the properties indicators of the glass composite.

Target properties optimization on capacitive-type humidity sensor: Ingredients hybrid and integrated passive devices fabrication

Optimized hygroscopic film preparation and high-precision manufacturing guarantee the humidity sensor expected properties on sensitivity, hysteresis, response/recovery speed, reliability, etc. This paper demonstrated a comprehensive prioritization scheme on the premise of industrial production. Raw materials mixtures such as pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA)/p-phenylenediamine (p-PDA), and PMDA/oxydianiline (ODA) were investigated to solve the issue of film surface collapse. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is adopted as an additive to enhance the film reliability (maximum of 0.15 % measurement error rate in 120 h continuous testing) as well as assistance in the film coating process. Rutile TiO2 with the average particle size of 0.33 μm was employed as doping elements to reduce the hysteresis to 0.95 % relative humidity (RH), increase the sensitivity to 0.94 pF/% RH, and limit the response/recovery time within 40 s. The film-growth quality and the consistency of production performance were assured by the integrated-passive-device (IPD) fabrication process.

The Effect of Class C Fly Ash on the Water Impermeability of Brick Body

The effect of fluidized fly ash (Tisová, ČEZ Group Czech Republic, class C according to ASTM C618) on the porosity (water absorption, bulk density, capillarity) and water impermeability of brick body used for the production of clay roofing tiles (Wienerberger, Czech Republic). The properties of plastic body (mixing water, drying shrinkage) are discussed too. The addition (10 %wt) of fluidized fly ash in the raw materials mixture for the production of clay roofing tiles generally reduces the sensitivity to the formation of reducing cores during firing thanks to higher porosity of dried green body (higher mixing water) - this is also related to the higher water absorption and capillarity of the fired body and hence to the impaired water impermeability when the fly ash is used.

Utilization of Fly Ash in the Synthesis of Refractory Forsterite-Spinel Ceramics

Forsterite refractory ceramics is utilized in the metallurgical and cement industries as a lining of metallurgical furnaces and rotary kilns for its high refractoriness up to 1850°C and refractoriness under load above 1600°C. Another significant property of forsterite is its coefficient of linear thermal expansion utilized in the electrotechnical industry for ceramic-metal joints. Addition of aluminium oxide into the raw material mixture results in creation of magnesium-alumina spinel (MgO·Al2O3) which improves sintering, thermal shock resistance and mechanical properties in comparison with pure forsterite ceramics. Inexpensive source of aluminium oxide is fly ash. Utilization of fly ash, secondary energetic product of coal-burning power plants, is important for the environment and sustainable development. This paper evaluated properties of fly ash-based forsterite-spinel ceramics in comparison with alumina-based forsterite-spinel ceramics. Forsterite-spinel ceramics was synthesized from olivine, calcined magnesite and fly ash/alumina powders. XRD analysis was used to determine mineralogical composition, thermal analyses were used to determine the behaviour during firing and scanning electron microscopy to determine the morphology of crystal phases. Refractoriness of pyrometric cones, refractoriness under load, thermal shock resistance, coefficient of linear thermal expansion, water absorption, porosity and modulus of rupture were also determined on fired test samples.

Research And Analysis on Anti-Cracking Performance and Hydration Heat of Shear Wall in Cold, Dry and Windy Area

Gansu Province is located in a cold, dry and windy area. The whole province is dry with little rain, large temperature difference between day and night, and long cold time. The quality of raw materials used for concrete is unstable, and cracks exist in all kinds of building concrete walls, which has a great impact on the quality and forming effect of buildings, and there are many types of concrete cracks. In order to improve the problem of concrete cracks, we need to start from the causes of concrete cracks. The most effective way to control and reduce concrete cracks is to correctly judge and analyze the causes of concrete cracks. Through the study of concrete: raw material properties, mixture properties, mechanical properties and other factors and the relationship between cracks. At the same time, two kinds of structural measures are added in the construction site, i.e. reinforcing mesh and concrete curing method, to study their influence on concrete cracks.

Integrated use of technogenic raw materials in cement technology

This work used a combination of modern physico-chemical research methods with standardized testing of technological and operational properties of raw materials, clinker, cement and compositions with its application.
 Results over of research of the silicate systems with rice husk and ash-fly as technogenic raw material for making of cement clinker are driven. The features of the chemical-mineralogical composition, phase transformations during burning and astringent properties of material at the use of 42,5-50,5 % industry wastes in composition initial raw material mixtures are shown.
 The object of the study were raw material mixtures for the production of Portland cement clinker based on the systems of chalk - clay - man-made raw materials and chalk - man-made raw materials.
 The possibility of replacing exhaustible and non-renewable natural raw materials with a complex of multi-tonnage wastes of agro-industry and heat energy, which meets the objectives of expanding the raw material base of cement production, resource conservation and environmental protection.
 Peculiarities of phase formation during firing of silicate systems of chalk-polymineral clay and chalk-technogenic raw materials taking into account changes in the quantitative ratio of components, in particular rice husk and ash-removal of thermal power plants are noted.

Li-Co\u2013Ni-Mn-(REE) veins of the Western Erzgebirge, Germany\u2014a potential source of battery raw materials

Situated in the western Erzgebirge metallogenetic province (Vogtland, Germany), the Eichigt prospect is associated with several quartz-Mn-Fe-oxyhydroxide veins that are exposed at surface. Bulk-rock geochemical assays of vein material yield high concentrations of Li (0.6–4.1 kg/t), Co (0.6–14.7 kg/t), and Ni (0.2–2.8 kg/t), as well as significant quantities of Mn, Cu, and light rare earth elements, a very unusual metal tenor closely resembling the mixture of raw materials needed for Li-ion battery production. This study reports on the results of a first detailed investigation of this rather unique polymetallic mineralization style, including detailed petrographic and mineralogical studies complemented by bulk rock geochemistry, electron microprobe analyses, and laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry. The mineralized material comprises an oxide assemblage of goethite hematite, hollandite, and lithiophorite that together cement angular fragments of vein quartz. Lithiophorite is the predominant host of Li (3.6–11.1 kg/t), Co (2.5–54.5 kg/t), and Ni (0.2–8.9 kg/t); Cu is contained in similar amounts in hollandite and lithiophorite whereas light rare earth elements (LREE) are mainly hosted in microcrystalline rhabdophane and florencite, which are finely intergrown with the Mn-Fe-oxyhydroxides. 40Ar/39Ar ages (~ 40–34 Ma) of coronadite group minerals coincide with tectonic activity related to the Cenozoic Eger Graben rifting. A low-temperature hydrothermal overprint of pre-existing base metal sulfide-quartz mineralization on fault structures that were reactivated during continental rifting is proposed as the most likely origin of the polymetallic oxyhydroxide mineralization at Eichigt. However, tectonically enhanced deep-reaching fracture-controlled supergene weathering cannot be completely ruled out as the origin of the mineralization.

Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Physical Properties of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 Prepared by Solid-State Reaction

Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) ceramic materials are widely used in electronic devices due to their stable operation at high temperatures, high tunability, low tangent loss, low DC leakage, and alterable curie temperatures. While pure BST materials are usually produced at high sintering temperatures (1250 °C), there are limited studies on the temperature and duration of the sintering process to produce pure BST, synthesised from micro or even nano-sized raw materials. This study aims to determine the effective sintering temperature for producing pure BST material using a mixture of raw materials with a mean particle size of 0.4 μm after milled for 58 hours. The BaCO3, SrCO3, and TiO2 materials as raw materials for Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 synthesis were milled for 58 hours to produce a homogeneous mixture with a mean particle size of 0.4 μm. Sintering was carried out in a temperature range of 500-1100 °C for 1 hour. This study investigates the impact of sintering temperature on the physical properties and the purity of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 powder using the x-ray diffraction method. The results showed that the Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 phase was formed at a sintering temperature of 700 °C. Pure BST material was formed at the sintering temperature of 1000 °C with a crystallite size of 41 nm. Whereas at a higher sintering temperature (1100 °C), the pure BST material formed produced a larger crystallite, sized at 43 nm with cubic structure. The synthesis temperature and duration recorded in this research are lower than recorded in the BST material preparation using the solid-state method. The results of this study indicate that the sintering temperature greatly affects the purity, crystal system and crystallite size of the Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 material produced. The sintering temperature of 1100 °C produces Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 material with the best physical properties because it has a cubic-shaped crystal system and the largest crystal size.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON METHANE OUTPUT FROM BOG SLUDGE AND CRUSHED REED RAW MATERIALS

The research summarizes information on biochemical processes of biogas production and the parameters that affect the results of its production. The research examines the result of obtaining biogas from bog sludge and a mixture of crushed reed. Particular attention is given to temperature, as a parameter that affects the results of methane and biogas production.The yield of biogas and methane during the bioprocess depends on the effect of temperature. During the experiment, 2.78 L of biogas with an average methane content of 38.7% was obtained from a mixture of bog sludge and crushed reeds. If the content of organic compounds in the sludge was higher, the biogas yield would increase during the process. It is more advantageous to use the raw material mixture for biogas production.

Вплив антиоксидантів на окиснення ліпідної складової напою для спортсменів на основі шротів олійних культур

Goal. To identify the effect of antioxidants on the stabilization of the lipid component of the dry mixture of hypertensive drink for athletes based on oilseed cake. Methods. The stability to oxidation of the lipid fraction of raw materials and finished products was studied by determining the acidity of the batter. Stability at storing raw materials for a dry hypertonic drink and finished products correlates with the acidity of the batter got from the samples: a) raw materials / finished products; b) raw materials / finished products stored under normal conditions (temperature 22–24°C, relative humidity 65–75%); c) raw materials / finished products stored under conditions of accelerated aging (temperature 40–42°C, relative humidity 65–75%). Results. The lowest oxidative stability is inherent in flax cake and whey protein concentrate. The highest is the stability to oxidation of the lipid component of the cake of sesame seed. The ability to oxidize the basic mixture of white raw materials necessitates the use of antioxidants in the technology of hypertonic drink. The highest oxidative stability is inherent in the basic mixture of hypertonic drink with the addition of antioxidants E300 and E306 (250 and 100 mg/kg, respectively). The base mixture of the hypertonic drink with the addition of E306 (200 mg/kg) has slightly lower stability of the lipid component to oxidation. The lowest is the stability of the lipid component to the oxidation of the base mixture of the hypertonic drink with the addition of E300 (500 mg/kg). Conclusions. The influence of antioxidants on the stabilization of the lipid component of the dry mixture of hypertonic drink for athletes based on oilseed cake has been revealed. The need for application and technological properties of antioxidants in the basic mixture of white raw materials for a hypertensive drink — a mixture of tocopherols of 30% dry (E306) and ascorbic acid (E300) were substantiated. New scientific data on the rational content of complex antioxidant (combination of E300 and E306) in a dry mixture based on sesame and flax cake, as well as whey protein concentrate — 350 mg/kg of product (the content of E306 in complex antioxidant — 30, E300 — 70%).

Structural and Optical Properties of Pure and Sulfur-Doped Silicate-Phosphate Glass.

A series of silicate–phosphate glass materials from the SiO2-P2O5-K2O-MgO system (pure and doped with sulfur ions) were synthesized by melting raw material mixtures that contained activated carbon as a reducer. The bulk composition of glass was confirmed with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The homogeneity of the glass was confirmed through elemental mapping at the microstructural level with scanning electron microscopy combined with an analysis of the microregions with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The structural and optical properties of the glass were studied by using spectroscopic techniques. The infrared spectroscopy studies that were conducted showed that the addition of sulfur caused changes in the silicate–phosphate networks, as they became more polymerized, which was likely related to the accumulation of potassium near the sulfur ions. By using irradiation with an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) nanosecond laser system operating at the second harmonic wavelength, the glass samples emitted a wide spectrum of luminescence, peaking at about 700 nm when excited by UV light (210–280 nm). The influence of the glass composition and the laser-processing parameters on the emission characteristics is presented and discussed. This work also referred to the density, molar volume, and theoretical optical basicity of pure and sulfur-doped glass.

New Mold Slag Compositions for the Continuous Casting of Soft Steels

Several fluorine‐free mold slag compositions have already been established in the literature. In all cases, the formation of a crystalline phase exhibiting behavior similar to that of cuspidine is emphasized to control horizontal heat transfer without influencing the lubrication performance for the casting of peritectic steel grades. In contrast, for casting soft steels, glassy solidification of the slag is required. Herein, different slag compositions involving the selected oxides are developed with the help of FactSage calculations. Mixtures of pure raw materials are melted at 1673 K and quenched to 295 K. It is observed that B2O3 increases the glass‐forming ability of the slags. To obtain the glassy phase, the composition must satisfy the conditions and . For TiO2 content <10 wt%, glassy solidification is detected after quenching to room temperature. However, this phenomenon‐is not observed for slags with TiO2 content >15 wt%. Moreover, the addition of alumina and alkali oxides enhances crystallization. Based on these findings, promising mold slag compositions are designed and characterized in the laboratory using a furnace crystallization test, mineralogical investigations, and the single/double hot thermocouple technique. From the investigated mixtures, three compositions are suggested for use in continuous casting processes.

The Effect of Class C Fly Ash on the Plasticity and Ageing of Ceramic Mixtures Based on Kaolin.

The main aim of the presented article is to describe the behavior of class C fly ash—kaolin plastic doughs during the ageing process. Class C fly ash (CCFA) from the fluidized technology of fuel combustion in a thermal power plant was used as a non-plastic admixture to modify the plasticity in a kaolin–quartz sand mixture (for example, the base of a porcelain mixture). The ageing of plastic ceramic dough determined the effect of the CCFA admixture (0–10–20 wt. %) on the initial water content, plasticity (according to the Pfefferkorn test) and bulk density of a dried green body. The main feature of the CCFA admixture in the kaolin–quartz sand mixture is a solidifying effect. Fly ash increases the initial (mixing) water for the preparation of ceramic dough with constant plasticity (30 mm height of deformed cone Hf, according to the Pfefferkorn test), and Hf increases as the dough ages (the dough solidifies faster and loses its plasticity) with the addition of class C fly ash. The effect of CCFA addition on the plasticity and ageing of kaolin–quartz sand dough is documented on Bigot curves: higher content of fly ash decreases the drying shrinkage of the plastic dough, especially when drying samples that have been aged for 24 h in a plastic wrap (without the possibility of drying). The plastic dough’s ageing increases the porosity of the dried green body with increased content of CCFA in the raw materials mixture and increased ageing time.

Study on Volume Index Test and Control of Large Stone Porous Asphalt Mixture

Due to the large proportion of coarse aggregate, the key index void ratio of Large stone porous asphalt mixture is difficult to control in the production process. In order to solve this problem, this paper first carries out the raw material testing and mixture design of LSPM-30; then carries out the comparative analysis of the calculation method and Corelock method for the volume index of Large stone porous asphalt mixture; finally, according to the sample test and porosity calculation, the difference of porosity between the laboratory sample and the field sample is calculated, and based on this, the porosity of the field and laboratory sample is proposed control requirements.

МИНЕРАЛО-ПЕТРОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗА ГЛИНИСТОГО СЫРЬЯ ТУРКЕСТАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМОГО В КАЧЕСТВЕ ДОБАВОК К ТЕПЛОИЗОЛЯЦИОННЫМ МАТЕРИАЛАМ

The article discusses the contributes to the development of a new focus on the use of various mixtures of natural raw materials and waste in the construction materials industry as a strategically important direction for solving the environmental burden and recycling industrial waste with a feasibility study that improves the state of the environment. This problem is particularly relevant in the production of building materials used in environmentally distressed areas of the republic and in conditions of intense corrosion and erosion wear. The production of efficient building materials and products that meet the modern requirements of environmental friendliness, basic physical and mechanical characteristics, availability and cost is an important and not fully solved task in the field of construction and the construction materials industry. Analysis have been conducted on the current state of the local availability of perspective materials for high-quality composite construction materials, their chemical and mineralogical and granulometric properties have been studied, the influence of the granulometric composition of the basic properties of a composite material and features of the structure formation during heat treatment were studies; physical and mechanical properties of the obtained compositions were tested. Optimal compositions and technological schemes for the production of composite materials based on the use of technogenic waste, natural raw materials and their mixtures have been developed to ensure the production of high-quality construction products with specified thermomechanical properties.The optimization of compositions and properties of compositions was carried out using mathematical planning methods, which made it possible to predict changes in the properties of composite materials depending on the number, weight of the components and the size of the filler granules. Experimental batches of at least 3 main types of construction products were obtained.

Synthesis and characterization of cordierite ceramic through reaction sintering kaolin and spent magnesia-carbon bricks

The main objective of this work is to study and characterization of a refractory material made of a mixture of natural raw material and spent refractory bricks. Relative weight ratios of 25/75 and 75/25 were studied in order to obtain cordierite ceramics having an important class in the field of refractories with the stoichiometric formula (2MgO. 2Al2O3. 5SiO2), by mixing the raw material of Kaolin with spent brick powder magnesia-carbon (MgO-C). The mixtures were sintered at 1200, 1300 and 1400°C for 2 h. The phase composition of the sintered samples was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), porosity and density are presented and discussed. The results obtained reveal that when the level of spent brick is high ≥75%, the formation of only a spinel phase and periclase were observed, however where the kaolin level is predominant we observe the formation of the cordierite phase at 1300°C. The morphology obtained by SEM confirmed these results.