Animal Feed Raw Materials Research Articles

Teknologi mesin pencacah pakan ternak bergerak terpadu di Pesantren Aufia Gibs Desa Minas Jaya, Minas, Siak

The farm sector is the sector that has the most potential in the progress of the Aufia pesantren. So far, farms in the Aufia Islamic boarding school are only given whole animal feed from the weeds found in the pesantren. This is certainly not effective because as time goes on and when the farm is growing, it will be difficult to get maximum animal feed. So we need a chopper technology to destroy food waste and agricultural products that have not been utilized which can then be consumed by the animals. The purpose of this activity is to optimize the potential of pesantren by processing an integrated mobile feed system to meet the nutrition and quantity of growth and development of sheep. This chopper machine can chop animal feed ingredients in the form of leaves and weeds in the pesantren environment more optimally. The research method used is the socialization of the chopping machine and continued with demonstrations on the use of the chopper and the fermentation process. The result of this activity is that the chopper machine functions well and can chop animal feed raw materials in the form of weeds, palm leaves and other plants perfectly, easy to operate and move by the students at the pesantren which will then be fermented for long-term storage.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Amino Acid Content Evaluation of Citric Acid by-Product Produced by Microbial Fermentation as a Potential Use in Animal Feed

The production of citric acid produces 70% waste product or by-product. This by-product is produced by microbial fermentation which could be used as an alternative raw material for animal feed because it still contains citric acid, which could help to reduce pathogenic bacteria. The objective of this study is to evaluate the physical and chemical value of citric acid by-product from rice (CABR) to compare the properties with those of rice bran and broken rice and to determine its potential as an alternative energy source in animal feed. The chemical composition of CABR was calculated using proximate analysis. The color of CABR was darker, and the bulk density value was 549.65 (g/L) (p < 0.05). With free flow, the angle of repose was 40°, and the particle size had less polygonal starch granules. CABR had a low pH of 4.77 and contained 19.80% crude protein, 11.97% crude fiber, and 4005.72 kcal/kg of energy. CABR had a higher crude protein value than broken rice and rice bran and a higher gross energy value than broken rice but less than rice bran. It also had a higher crude fiber value (p > 0.05). The results suggest that CABR could be utilized as an energy and protein source for animal feed formulations.

Exogenous Enzymes as Zootechnical Additives in Animal Feed: A Review

Enzymes are widely used in the food industry. Their use as a supplement to the raw material for animal feed is a current research topic. Although there are several studies on the application of enzyme additives in the animal feed industry, it is necessary to search for new enzymes, as well as to utilize bioinformatics tools for the design of specific enzymes that work in certain environmental conditions and substrates. This will allow the improvement of the productive parameters in animals, reducing costs and making the processes more efficient. Technological needs have considered these catalysts as essential in many industrial sectors and research is constantly being carried out to optimize their use in those processes. This review describes the enzymes used in animal nutrition, their mode of action, their production and new sources of production as well as studies on different animal models to evaluate their effect on the productive performance intended for the production of animal feed.

Price volatility of maize and animal protein commodities in Indonesia during the Covid-19 season

The demand for corn in Indonesia is dominated as raw material for animal feed, so the high and low price of corn will have a big impact on the price of livestock products such as chicken and chicken eggs. The Covid-19 gives an impact on the uncertainty of food commodity prices. As we know, food price stability is one of the supports for maintaining a balance of production and consumer buying power. This study aims to analyze the price volatility of corn, chicken meat, and chicken eggs in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic. The ARCH/GARCH model was used as an approach to analyzing volatility in the monthly prices of corn, chicken meat, and chicken eggs at the consumer level during the January 2011-June 2020 period. This research showed that the price of corn and chicken is categorized as high volatility category, while chicken eggs are a low volatility category with the form is asymmetric. It can be concluded that the price uncertainty faced by consumers in the future for corn and chicken meat will be bigger, while chicken eggs will be decreased. Therefore, it is expected that the government will make policies for maintaining the stability of food supply and prices.

Red dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) as feed biosupplement on performance of fattening rabbits

Peels of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) as an agricultural by-product contain antioxidants and nutrients that can be used as one of the raw materials for animal feed. This study aims to determine the effect of various concentrations of peels of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) as feed biosupplement on the performance of fattening rabbits. 20 rabbits were placed in individual cages and adapted to basal feed. They were fed with addition of the supplement concentration at 0% (DP0), 7% (DP7), 8% (DP8), and 9% (DP9) respectively for four weeks. Data were collected during the first, second, third and fourth weeks (including twenty-eight days) in the form of feed consumption, feed conversion, and weight gain. Data were subsequently analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a 5% significance level. The results indicated the significance between the control treatment (DFP0%) and other treatments. The treatment with the addition of 9% biosupplement of the dragon fruit peel showed the highest performance improvement, with a mean value of feed consumption of 165.95 grams/day, mean of feed conversion of 3.61 and weight gain of 703.29 grams. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the addition of fermented dragon fruit peel into the Rex rabbit feed can improve several aspects of rabbit performance.

ANALISIS BIAYA DAN PENDAPATAN USAHATANI JAGUNG HIBRIDA DI DESA CIHAUR KECAMATAN MAJA KABUPATEN MAJALENGKA

Corn is a food crop with high economic value considering its position as the main source of carbohydrates and protein substitute rice also be used as raw material for animal feed which has a fairly dominant composition. Majalengka Regency is one of the districts in West Java Province which has a position as a corn producing area with a total production of 151,646 tons in 2017. The purpose of this study is to determine: (1) The amount of production costs in hybrid corn farming per one planting season, (2) The amount of hybrid corn farming income and revenue per one planting season. This research is a quantitative research with descriptive analysis which conducted in Cihaur Village, Maja District, Majalengka Regency. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling of 180 population members and 64 respondents were taken. The results showed that: 1) The amount of production costs in hybrid corn farming is Rp3.686.567,97 per 0,77 ha per one planting season, 2) The amount of income in hybrid corn farming is Rp6.070.791,41 per 0,77 ha per one planting season and revenue in corn farming is Rp9.757.359,38 per 0,77 ha per one planting season. Based on R/C and B/C Ratio analysis, hybrid corn farming in Cihaur Village Maja District Majalengka Regency is feasible and profitable to cultivate.

PARTISIPASI PETANI DALAM PROGRAM PENGEMBANGAN JAGUNG HIBRIDA (SUATU KASUS PADA KELOMPOKTANI DI DESA MULYASARI KECAMATAN MANDE KABUPATEN CIANJUR)

Corn is a multipurpose commodity, the demand for corn needs especially as a raw material for animal feed continues to increase. In 2015, the Ministry of Agriculture made a breakthrough to achieve self-sufficiency in corn and make Indonesia as the world of corn granary in the future. The government developed hybrid corn to every area that had development potential including Cianjur Regency. Mande Subdistrict is one of the districts with quite large corn production and there are company that produce animal feed where its existence was a form of cooperation between the Ministry of Agriculture and the Association of Animal Feed Companies (GPMT) as an effort to absorb local corn. This study aimed to explain the level of farmer participation, determine the type of participation which provided by farmers in the hybrid corn development program. The sample in this study used simple random sampling technique with a sample of 82 respondents. The design used quantitative design with survey method. Data analysis used descriptive statistics with the scoring. The results showed that the level of farmer participation in the hybrid corn development program was in the good category. The types of participation provided by farmers are in the form of energy, thoughts, skills, goods and money.

Types and Percentations of Parasitization Egg Parasitoids Spodoptera frugiperda J, E. Smith in North Sulawesi

Corn (Zea mays L) is the main commodity of agricultural crops in Indonesia. There are two groups of corn that are cultivated, namely ordinary corn (food corn) and sweet corn. Food corn is mainly used as a raw material for making food, which is used as a raw material for making animal feed raw materials and other industrial products. Easy cultivation, can grow in various conditions, stable selling prices and easy to market are the main driving force for high interest of the farming community to cultivate it. Spodoptera frugiperda larvae are polyphagous and attack many plant species. S. frugiperda larvae feed on more than 350 species of plants in 76 families. S. frugiperda is a typical migratory pest and this migratory behavior is an adjustment strategy to find a more profitable habitat. S. frugiperda is one of the most dangerous invasive pests due to its short life cycle. An adult female lays 900 – 1200 eggs in her life cycle. The purpose of the study was to inventory and analyze the egg parasitoid of S. frugiperda and the percentage of parasitization The analysis of the types of egg parasitoids of S. frugiperda was carried out through an inventory and identification process, while the percentage of parasitization was carried out using a randomized block design consisting of 5 treatment groups of eggs from 5 regions and three replications. The results of the inventory and identification contained two types of parasitoids, namely: Telenomus sp. and Trichogramma sp. The highest percentage of total parasitization was from Manado City at 85% and the lowest was from Bolaang Mongondow at 5%. Telenomus sp. higher percentage of parasitization than Trichogramma sp. Parasitization percentage of Telenomus sp. on eggs of S. frugiperda the highest came from Manado by 63% and the lowest came from Tomohon by 3%, while the percentage of parasitization of Trichograma sp. The highest came from Manado at 22%, and the lowest came from Bolaang Mongondow Regency at zero percent. In conclusion, there are 2 types of egg parasitoids in S. frugiperda eggs, namely the parasitoid Telenomus sp and the parasitoid Trichogramma sp., the percentage of parasitization of Telenomus sp. on eggs of S. frugiperda the highest sample from Manado and the lowest sample from Tomohon. Percentage of parasitization of Trichograma sp. the highest sample of S. frugiperda eggs from Manado, and the lowest sample from Bolaang Mongondow.

Multi-criteria assessment of the viability of valorising vegetable by-products from the distribution as secondary raw material for animal feed.

Approximately 33% of food produced around the world is wasted. In the distribution sector, erroneous orders or demand predictions result in products that cannot be sold before the expiration date. Despite its enormous potential, a low percentage of this food wastage is valorised causing negative social, economic and environmental impacts. Vegetable food waste has potential as raw material for animal feed. However, the profitability of its valorisation depends on several key factors and there is a risk of underestimating any of them making this valorisation technically, economically or environmentally unfeasible. Moreover, the geographical dispersion requires selecting the appropriate location for the processing plant and optimising the logistics routes to collect and transport them from the origin points to the processing plant. GISWASTE tool, which combines Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method with ArcGIS, has been used to simulate the viability of this valorisation alternative from a holistic point of view. In addition, a sensitivity analysis in the economic modelling has been carried out to determine the economic viability factors with more influence in the global profitability. The valorisation of vegetable food waste from distribution and retailing sector for animal feed has been considered feasible in the case study region: Basque Country (Spain). However, there are some economic uncertainties for the return of the investment. The variable with more influence over the profitability is by far the incomes from waste management (81.4%).

Rule Based Method in Expert System for Detection Pests and Diseases of Corn

Corn is a multi-functional plant, both for direct consumption and as the main raw material for animal feed and the food industry. The need for corn in Indonesia, which continues to increase, needs to be balanced with an increase in production. So that various government policy strategies are carried out, in an effort to increase productivity. Constraints in the cultivation of corn, namely farmers have limitations in identifying diseases that attack plants, and ways to control pests and diseases. The purpose of this study is to propose the use of technology in agriculture by developing an expert system for the detection of corn pests and diseases, which will provide information and strategies for controlling pests and diseases, in order to reduce losses due to crop failure. The knowledge base in expert system contains a set of rules that use the IF-THEN pattern, and to reason on a rule base using forward cahaining method. Expert system is a tool to detection pests and diseases and how to control them like providing expert assistance. In addition, system also provides explanation facility related to the diagnosis results, according to the symptoms obtained from the user. The accuracy detecting pests and diseases 76.6%.

Inventories Analysis of Animal Feed Raw Materials by Using the Silver Meal Method and Wagner within Algorithm (Case Study of PT. XYZ Makassar)

PT. XYZ Indonesia is a national company engaged in animal feed production. through the Production Planning Inventory Control (PPIC) department has implemented the Material Requirement Planning (MRP) system for inventory control but in the implementation of the company’s MRP system, the PPIC department only considers the quantity of raw materials that can meet demand without regard to the issue of lot size inventory efficiency, so that the cost of raw material inventory is high. The purpose of this research is to compare the cost of procuring raw materials that have been carried out by the company with the cost of procuring raw materials using the silver meal method and Wagner Within algorithm. From the results of research and analysis conducted a comparison between the methods used by the company with the lot size silver meal method and Wagner Within algorithm in order to obtain the total inventory cost of raw materials in 2016, where yellow corn and rice bran raw materials have the same inventory costs between the methods used by the company, the silver meal method and the Wagner Within algorithm method are Rp. 1,080,000 so they do not have cost savings. As for the inventory of lime stone raw materials, it is more optimal to use the silver meal method and Wagner Within algorithm with a total inventory cost of Rp. 606,394 and can save costs by 35.08%.

Seaweed resources of Mexico: current knowledge and future perspectives

Abstract High diversity of marine macroalgae is reported for Mexican coasts, including numerous endemic species. Seaweed research in Mexico has focused on the northern regions of the Pacific coast (Temperate Pacific and Gulf of California) and on the Mexican Caribbean coast, leaving aside other regions (Tropical Pacific and Gulf of Mexico). Utilization of seaweed resources within the country has been based on artisanal collection of wild populations mainly for polysaccharide extraction, fertilizers, raw material for animal feed and cosmetic products. The main exploitation has occurred along the coasts of Baja California peninsula, based on few species (Gelidium robustum, Macrocystis pyrifera, Chondracanthus canaliculatus and Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis). Governmental regulations for management have allowed harvesting to reach approximately 11,500 wet tons per year (2013–2016). Nevertheless, in recent years (2014–2016) the total seaweed import volume has increased (5302 tons per year in average) over the export volume (2156 tons per year in average), suggesting a notably growing demand for seaweed resources in the country and representing an opportunity for investment projects. Several pilot studies on seaweed cultivation in Mexico propose that sustainable aquaculture techniques could complement the harvest in natural populations and ensure a homogeneous production with high quality in the long term.

The Potential Role of Insects as Feed: A Multi-Perspective Review.

Simple SummaryThe consumption of meat and fish is growing, and it is becoming increasingly difficult to meet the growing demand for protein by farming on land and in water, causing serious repercussions for the planet’s resources, socio-economic development, and environmental sustainability. The search for new food solutions with good nutritional value for direct and indirect human consumption is of fundamental importance. The use of insects for feeding farmed animals represents a promising alternative because of the nutritional properties of insects and the possible environmental benefits, given the sustainability of this type of farming. Yet, there is a lack of consensus among western consumers. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to report and discuss previous consumer and stakeholder studies related to insects as feed, including the main market challenges for this novel source. The results show that, despite a sparse body of research, consumer acceptance will not be a barrier towards the development of the insect protein industry for feed. However, further research should shed light on consumer willingness to pay for animal products from animals fed with insects and whether the overall acceptability, in general and from a sensory point of view, will be perceived better than conventional products.Recently, insects have received increased attention as an important source of sustainable raw materials for animal feed, especially in fish, poultry, and swine. In particular, the most promising species are represented by the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, HI), the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor, TM), and the common house fly (Musca domestica, MD). Although rapid development is expected, insects remain underutilized in the animal feed industry mainly due to technical, financial, and regulatory barriers. In addition, few works have analyzed consumer and stakeholder points of view towards the use of insects as animal feed. In this article, we summarize the main findings of this body of research and provide a discussion of consumer studies regarding the consumption of animals fed with insects. Our review suggests that consumer acceptance will not be a barrier towards the development of this novel protein industry. Furthermore, we conclude that it will be of interest to understand whether the use of this more sustainable feed source might increase consumer willingness to pay for animal products fed with insects and whether the overall acceptability, from a sensory point of view, will be perceived better than conventional products. Finally, the main challenges of the feed farming industry are addressed.

Corn quality identification using image processing with k-nearest neighbor classifier based on color and texture features

Corn is food crop commodity that is widely used, including as raw material for animal feed. Determination of corn quality at the farm level is often associated with drying time. This method has weaknesses, namely low efficiency, objectivity and level of consistency and also can lead to conflicts between traders and farmers. This study aims to identify the quality of corn using digital image processing based on color and texture features. This research uses Pertiwi-3 and Pertiwi-6 corn varieties. The corn quality identification system uses 7 features input (hue, saturation, value, contrast, correlation, energy, homogeneity) and KNN algorithm as classifiers. The number of image data used are 500 images with a test ratio of 70: 30. This research is able to classify the quality of corn into 10 quality categories. The highest accuracy is obtained at 90.00% when the k value (the nearest neighbor) is 5 and the distance calculation method is Cityblock.

Expression analysis of defense related genes in wheat and maize against Bipolaris sorokiniana

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) are important cereal crops grown worldwide. In Pakistan, various varieties of wheat and maize are grown and a number of biotic and abiotic factors influence its production. These are mainly used as a food source and raw material for animal feed. Bipolaris sorokiniana is a hemibiotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that affects various grass species and causes number of diseases on small grains. An investigation was undertaken to evaluate the comparative expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes in wheat and maize under B. sorokiniana stress. After stress, these crops showed disease resistance by improving biochemical parameters like proline, protein, sugar and chlorophyll content. Morpho-physiological parameters including shoot length, root length, relative water content and fresh as well as dry weight were affected by fungal stress. Expression analysis of PR-proteins in stressed plants of wheat confirmed their role in plant defence. PR-1, Thaumatin-like protein (TLP), and β 1,3 glucanase were highly expressed under stress in wheat variety (RWP13), it suggests the role of these genes in the prescribed variety. These genes did not show their expression in susceptible wheat variety (SWG13). Zm PR-5 and Zm 1,3 β-glucanase were highly expressed in maize variety (RMN27) after stress which suggests their role in defence mechanism of this variety. While on the other hand, no significant expression of these genes was observed in susceptible maize variety (SMIG). In future, these genes can be over-expressed in transgenic plants to make them resistant against a number of biotic and abiotic factors.

TEKNOLOGI PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH PADAT PENGOLAHAN KERIPIK SINGKONG MENJADI PAKAN PELET AYAM PEDAGING DI DESA BARATAN KABUPATEN JEMBER

Baratan Village, Patrang Sub-district, Jember District has a high potential production of cassava chips by Home Industry (IRT). Solid waste of cassava (cassava husk) from cassava processing into cassava chips has not been utilized properly. Cassava husk can be used as raw material for animal feed. The purpose of this program is the empowerment of the community of Baratan IRT in the processing of cassava husk into broiler feed and to increase the value of the waste and can improve the economic of the IRT in Baratan Village. Cassava husk has a deficiency because of the antinutrient content (Cyanide Acid) and dangerous when consumed. The methods used in this program are counseling and chipping of cassava with chipping tools, counseling and training of utilitation of cassava waste, counseling and training of broiler feed formulation, pelet making, mentoring, monitoring and evaluation. The result of this program is the IRT Baratan Village Jember Regency is able to process the solid waste from processing of cassava chips into broiler feed (pelet). Guidebooks can be used by IRT well so they can treat the waste into feed independently. IRT cassava chips as a partner of this program can implement and apply the technology that has been given and strive to always continuous in the manufacture of feed and pellet product development in an effort to improve the welfare and sustainability of the program. Keywords: cassava waste, pelet feed, Baratan Village

Agricultural land‐use change and its drivers in Terceira Island, Portugal (2008–2013)

AbstractThis work aims at analysing how compensatory direct payments regimes to farmers influence land‐use patterns and changes on agricultural landscape. For this purpose a case‐study examines land‐use changes in Terceira Island (Azores, Portugal) for the period of 2008–2013. It is specifically focused on the land‐use changes associated to maize for silage annually declared on the detailed land parcels by farmers which apply for direct payments under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). A total increase of 28 per cent is reported on arable crops area (mostly maize silage) for the period. This process should be related not only to the agricultural coupled support policy for arable crops but also to the relative prices of farm products and raw materials for animal feed. The access facilities to the land parcels appear to be another major farm‐related factor at local context. A logistic regression analysis is performed at the land parcel level and the occurrence of the agricultural land‐use ‘maize for silage’ is explained by a set of explanatory variables. The independent variables comprise biophysical factors and socio‐economic factors. Results indicate biophysical factors (average annual temperature, annual accumulated precipitation, slope and soil agricultural use capability), accessibility, farm typology, previous land‐use, arable crops aid, milk price and bovine meat price as key factors for maize silage land‐use occupancy on Terceira Island. These conclusions seem valuable for decision‐making on the implementation of coupled support schemes under agricultural policies and their impacts on spatial arrangements in land‐use dynamics and landscape change.

Aflatoxin B1 Contamination Correlation with Aspergillus flavus in Animal Feed Raw Materials Imported through the Port of Tanjung Perak Surabaya, Indonesia

This study aimed to measure the incidence rate of aflatoxin B1 contamination in feed raw materials (MBM and PPM) imported through Port of Tanjung Perak Surabaya, and its relation to the growth of the fungi that produce it. ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) competitive was conducted to identify Aflatoxin B1 and followed by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). Fungal identification was conducted as a macroscopic and microscopic observation. ELISA test showed 55 of 84 (55.95%) samples were positive for aflatoxin B1 contamination, while 3 of 7 (42.85%) samples tested by HPLC were positive. The result of fungal identification showed 1 of 12 samples positive Aspergillus flavus, and others types of fungi. AFB1 contamination in animal feed raw materials is likely to have occurred in the country of origin, whereas the growth of the fungus is due to the level of humidity and temperature during the transportation and storage process.

Sécurisation des flux d’approvisionnement en matières premières et de mise en marché des produits dans le secteur avicole : cas de la filière œufs au Bénin

Dans un contexte d’augmentation mondiale de la demande en produits avicoles et de fluctuation des prix de matières premières, il est intéressant de comprendre les dynamiques de structuration d’une filière avicole tropicale et les stratégies mises en place par les acteurs pour sécuriser leurs approvisionnements et leurs marchés. Cette étude présente le cas de la filière oeufs béninoise. Des entretiens semi-dirigés ont été réalisés auprès d’éleveurs de poules pondeuses et d’acteurs de l’amont, de l’aval et des structures d’appui et de régulation de la filière. Ces entretiens ont permis de mieux comprendre son organisation et son fonction­nement. Les résultats ont montré qu’en amont la production d’oeufs au Bénin est dépendante des fluctuations de prix et de la faible disponibilité des matières premières sur les marchés domestiques pour l’alimentation des animaux. En aval, les éleveurs et commerçants sont confrontés à une irrégularité des besoins des consommateurs déconnectée des cycles de production. Plusieurs stratégies ont été adoptées par les différents acteurs en termes d’approvisionnement en animaux vivants et d’écoulement des oeufs via des circuits parallèles ou infor­mels. Toutefois l’amélioration de la productivité ne peut être garantie que si les débouchés sont maîtrisés. La création d’une centrale d’achat et de distribution des oeufs pourrait favoriser un approvisionnement continu et équilibré des mar­chés, mais les mécanismes sous-jacents sont à déterminer. Les résultats de cette étude soulignent l’intérêt des systèmes d’alimentation alternatifs offrant plus de souplesse dans les types d’exploitations identifiés.

Valorisation of food waste to produce new raw materials for animal feed

This study assesses the suitability of vegetable waste produced by food industry for use as a raw material for animal feed. It includes safety and nutritional viability, technical feasibility and environmental evaluation. Vegetable by-products were found to be nutritionally and sanitarily appropriate for use in animal feed. The drying technologies tested for making vegetable waste suitable for use in the animal feed market were pulse combustion drying, oven and microwave. The different meal prototypes obtained were found to comply with all the requirements of the animal feed market. An action plan that takes into account all the stages of the valorisation process was subsequently defined in agreement with local stakeholders. This plan was validated in a pilot-scale demonstration trial. Finally, the technical feasibility was studied and environmental improvement was performed. This project was funded by the European LIFE+ program (LIFE09 ENV/ES/000473).